Chapter 10 - Interpersonal Violence (real) soci 2301

felony murder

A homicide in the context of another felony, such as robbery or rape; legally defined as first-degree murder.

Nature and Extent of Assault from PPT

FBI records 800,000 assaults, a rate of about 275 per 100,000 inhabitants • Offenders are usually young, male (about eighty percent), and white • Assault rates are highest in urban areas, during summer, and in southern and western regions • NCVS indicates that only about half of all serious assaults are reported to the police

The Roots of Hate

In their book Hate Crimes, Jack McDevitt and Jack Levin identify three motivations for hate crimes:

Types of Serial Killers

James Alan Fox and Jack Levin have developed the following typology of serial killer motivations: Thrill killers strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. This is the most common form of serial murderer. Mission killers want to reform the world or have a vision that drives them to kill. Expedience killers are out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived threat

shield laws

Laws designed to protect rape victims by prohibiting the defense attorney from inquiring about their previous sexual relationships.

retaliatory hate crimes

McDevitt and Levin with Susan Bennett used data from the Community Disorders Unit (CDU) of the Boston Police Department to uncover a new category of hate crime A hate crime motivated by revenge for another hate crime, either real or imaginary, which may spark further retaliation. Their more recent research indicates that most hate crimes can be classified as thrill motivated (66 percent) followed by defensive (25 percent) and retaliatory (8 percent). Few cases were mission-oriented offenders in addition to the traditional hatemongers, hate crimes can be committed by "dabblers"—people who are not committed to hate but drift in and out of active bigotry. Levin also notes that some people are "sympathizers": they may not attack African Americans but think nothing of telling jokes with racial themes or agreeing with people who despise gays. Finally, there are "spectators," who may not actively participate in bigotry but who do nothing to stop its course. They may even vote for politicians who are openly bigoted because they agree with their tax policies or some other positions, neglecting to process the fact that their vote empowers prejudice and leads to hate

deliberation

Planning a homicide after careful thought, however brief, rather than acting on sudden impulse.

aggravated rape

Rape involving multiple offenders, weapons, and victim injuries.

virility mystique

The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from needs for love, respect, and affection.

first degree murder

Unlawful killing that is both willful and premeditated, committed after planning or "lying in wait" for the victim.

causes of violence

a) personal traits and makeup (psychological/biological abnormality - neurological impairment, low intelligence, psychotic symptoms - violence as a result of impaired communication between limbic system and frontal cortex -Dorothy Otnow Lewis, a psychologist, suggested that kids who kill may be suffering from multiple symptoms of psychological abnormality: neurological impairment (e.g., abnormal EEGs, multiple psychomotor impairments, and severe seizures), low intelligence, and psychotic symptoms such as paranoia, illogical thinking, and hallucinations. -death row inmates have a history of mental impairment and intellectual dysfunction. • Neuroscientists claim to have found differences in both the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex of the brain that separates aggressive, violent people from the more level headed and reasonable b) evolutionary factors - human instinct - pacification process "But violence declined during the period of human evolution when our hunter-gatherer ancestors began to settle into agricultural civilizations"- Jared Diamond - hunters to farmers, violence is instinctual and part of human condition, Freud eros - the life instinct which drives people to self-fulfillment and enjoyment and the Thanatos - the death instinct which produces self-destruction, Thanatos can be expressed externally or internally c) substance abuse 3 different formats: 1. psychopharmacological relationship - violence as the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances drug use induces a reactive or brazen temperament 2. economic compulsive behavior - drug users resort to violence to obtain the financial resources to support their habit 3. systemic link: drug dealing gangs flex for dominance and drug dealers having to defend their turf and themselves results in violence d) socialization and upbringing - who children become has to do with their up. bringing, absent parents/ deviant parents, inconsistent discipline, physical abuse lack of supervision = violent offending, (infant temperaments growing up, murray straus - early physical punishment of children can lead to later aggression, people who have been abused are 59% more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult and 30% more likely to commit violent crime as the nonabused, lower-class children are more likely to be mistreated, abused boys are at greater risk to commit crime than girls, sexually abused children have greater risk of getting involved in crime and substance abuse than physically abused children, abuse in lower-class doesn't have as a great effect because of habituation to surrounds that are more violent and abusive e) exposure to violence - desensitization when violence in common can occur, People who are constantly exposed to violence may adopt violent methods themselves or become crusted over • Between thirty and forty percent of the children who reported exposure to violence also displayed significant violent behavior themselves • Exposure to gun violence doubles the chance a young person will later engage in violent behavior f) cultural values/subculture of violence, national values -In some cultural subgroups, then, violence has become legitimized by custom and norms. It is considered appropriate behavior within culturally defined conflict situations in which an individual who has been offended by a negative outcome in a dispute seeks reparations through violent means -nations with high violence rates embrace value structures that support violence, while those that have a strong communitarian spirit and an emphasis on forgiveness and restorative justice have low violence rates nations with high violence rates also have negative structural factors such as a high level of poverty, income inequality, illiteracy, and alcohol consumption, and it is these components, rather than a regional culture of violence, that produce high crime rates. Violence is the product of cultural beliefs, values, and behaviors that develop in poor and disorganized neighborhoods National characteristics predictive of violence are: approval of violence as a retaliatory method, where machismo is glorified, political corruption, an inefficient justice system • American Values • Relatively high violence rates in the United States can be traced to a frontier culture that was characterized by racism and preoccupation with personal honor

Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence

criminologists have recognized relatively new subcategories within these crime types, such as serial murder and date rape. Additional new categories of interpersonal violence are now receiving attention in criminological literature; the next sections describe three of these forms of violent crime.

Cultural Retaliatory Homicide

due to lack of faith in police and weak social control, members of society take their own personal issues out and solve the problem on their own, sometimes leading all the way up to homicide

Can workplace violence be controlled

use third parties to mediate disputes. The restorative justice movement (discussed in Chapter 8) advocates the use of mediation to resolve interpersonal disputes. Restorative justice techniques may work particularly well in the workplace, where disputants know one another and tensions may have been simmering over a long period. This may help control the rising tide of workplace violence. Another idea is a human resources approach, with aggressive job retraining and continued medical coverage after layoffs; it is also important to use objective, fair hearings to thwart unfair or biased terminations. Perhaps rigorous screening tests can help identify violence-prone workers so they can be given anger management training. Most importantly, employers may want to establish policies restricting weapons in the workplace: recent research shows that workplaces where guns were specifically permitted are five to seven times more likely to be the site of a worker homicide than those where all weapons were prohibited

expressive violence

violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration

Causes of rape

-evolutionary, biological factors - rape may be instinctual, developed over the ages as a means of perpetuating the species. In more primitive times, forcible sexual contact may have helped spread genes and maximize offspring. males still have a natural sexual drive that encourages them to have intimate relations with as many women as possible -male socialization - rape is a function of modern male socialization. Some men have been socialized to be aggressive with women and believe that the use of violence or force is legitimate if their sexual advances are rebuffed—that is, "women like to play hard to get and expect to be forced to have sex." Diana Russell, a leading expert on sexual violence, suggests that rape is actually not a deviant act but one that conforms to the qualities regarded as masculine in U.S. society.from an early age boys are taught to be aggressive, forceful, tough, and dominating. Men are taught to dominate at the same time that they are led to believe that women want to be dominated. men are socialized to be the aggressors and expect to be sexually active with many women; consequently, male virginity and sexual inexperience are shameful. Similarly, sexually aggressive women frighten some men and cause them to doubt their own masculinity. -psychological abnormality - rapists suffer from some type of personality disorder or mental illness. Research shows that a significant percentage of incarcerated rapists exhibit psychotic tendencies, and many others have hostile, sadistic feelings toward women. -social learning - men learn to commit rapes much as they learn any other behavior. For example, sexual aggression may be learned through interaction with peers who articulate attitudes supportive of sexual violence. Nicholas Groth found that 40 percent of the rapists he studied were sexually victimized as adolescents -gender conflict view - as women make progress toward social, political, and economic equality, men fear them as a threat to their long-held dominance. Men react through efforts of formal and informal controls over women. One informal method of social control is to dominate women sexually through the commission of rape. -sexual motivation- rape is a violent act that is not sexually motivated. Yet it might be premature to dismiss the sexual motive from all rapes.rape victims tend to be young and that rapists prefer younger, presumably more attractive, victims. Richard Felson and his associates found this effect when they studied the risk of sexual and physical assault in prisons and jails male inmates of all ages tend to sexually assault young men and that the young are sexually assaulted because of their sexual attractiveness rather than because of their vulnerability.

Psychological and biological trait theories (why vincent van gogh severed his ear)

1. his homosexual feelings for another artists 2. tremendous feelings of inadequacy in relations to his younger brother 3. he needed to show the prostitute he delivered the ear to a deeper love 4. he self mutilated as a form of castration in a failure to find a stable relationship with a woman

Rape in colleges

15 to 30 percent of all college women are victims of rape or attempted rape; 27 percent of the sample had experienced unwanted sexual contact ranging from kissing and petting to sexual intercourse -many rapes on college campuses go unreported; relatively few victims (less than 20 percent) report the incident to police. A recent survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that rape and sexual assault victimizations were more likely to go unreported to police among victims who were college students (80 percent) than nonstudents (67 percent); in both groups far less than half of the incidents were reported

Goldstein's Tripartite Model of Drug-Crime

3 reasons for the homicides: psychopharmacologic: homicide occurred bc of the effects of the drugs on the offender 7.5% of the homicides in NYC 1988 (drugs include - not addictive drugs or drug addicts - bath salts and PCP more common, alc number one drugs used to kill people or fought over (number one drug associated with drug related events was crack cocaine) economic compulsive: 2% of homicides - drug users are turning to violence to obtain financial means to continue drug habits (addicts) systemic: 39% of homicides - violence is systemic in drug culture, violence escalates when drug selling organizations clash with one another over territory, clients, they are at war for dominance delinquents violent events: 40.2% is cate 1. 13.6% is economic 12.7% systemic (alc was highest for delinquents)

The extent of workplace violence

572,000 nonfatal violent crimes—rape, robbery, or assault—occur annually against persons age 16 or older while they were at work or on duty. The number of incidents has declined by almost 75 percent since 1993. About 750 workplace violence incidents involved homicides; 40 percent of workplace homicide offenders were robbers and 32 percent were committed by some other non-workplace assailant. Work associates—current and former co-workers, customers, and clients—accounted for about 21 percent of workplace homicide offenders. Spouses, relatives, and other personal acquaintances accounted for about 8 percent of offenders. these events cost the American workforce approximately $36 billion per year, including lost work time, employee medical benefits, legal expenses, replacing lost employees and retraining new ones, decreased productivity, higher insurance premiums, raised security costs, bad publicity, lost business, and expensive litigation.

Robbery

6 types: Robbery in an open area. - These robberies include street muggings, purse snatchings, and other attacks. Street robberies are the most common type, especially in urban areas, where this type of robbery constitutes about 60 percent of reported totals. -street robbery is most closely associated with mugging or yoking, which refers to grabbing victims from behind and threatening them with a weapon. Street muggers often target unsavory characters such as drug dealers or pimps who carry large amounts of cash because these victims would find it awkward to report the crime to the police. Most commit their robberies within a short distance from their homes. Commercial robbery. This type of robbery occurs in businesses ranging from banks to liquor stores. Banks are among the most difficult targets to rob because they have more personnel and a higher level of security. Robbery on private premises. This type of robbery involves breaking into people's homes. FBI records indicate that this type of robbery accounts for about 10 percent of all offenses. Robbery after a short, preliminary association. This type of robbery comes after a chance meeting—in a bar, at a party, or after a sexual encounter. Robbery after a longer association between victim and offender. An example of this type of robbery would be an intimate acquaintance robbing his paramour and then fleeing the jurisdiction. Carjacking. This is a completed or attempted theft of a motor vehicle by force or threat of force.

Nature and Extent of Hate crime

6,000 hate crime incidents are reported to police each year. And like other violent crimes, the number has been in decline since they peaked at about 8,000 in 2005. However, according to data collected by the NCVS, this number significantly undercounts the actual incidence of hate crimes. The latest data indicate that an estimated 293,800 nonfatal violent and property hate crime victimizations occurred in the United States. While there has been no significant change in the number of reported hate crimes, motivations have shifted significantly during the past decade. Today, about half of hate crimes were motivated by ethnicity bias (i.e., the victim's ancestral, cultural, social, or national affiliation), up from 22 percent in 2004. The percentage of hate crimes motivated by religious bias nearly tripled from 10 percent in 2004 to 28 percent, and the percentage of hate crimes motivated by gender bias more than doubled, from 12 percent to 26 percent during the same period. About 90 percent of all hate crimes are violent victimizations, and about 27 percent of hate crimes were classified as serious violent crimes—rape or sexual assault, robbery and aggravated assault—while the majority of hate crimes (63 percent) were simple assaults. In all, hate crimes accounted for 1.2 percent of total victimizations, 4.2 percent of violent victimizations, and 0.2 percent of property victimizations victims could actually identify the culprits, most victims reported that they were acquainted with their attackers or that their attackers were actually friends, coworkers, neighbors, or relatives. Younger victims were more likely to be victimized by people known to them. Hate crimes can occur in many settings, but most are perpetrated in public settings.

assault and battery

70 percent of all female deaths are domestic homicides, for this reason criminologists conduct studies on domestic assault. Nearly one in four women will experience violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime, and most of these are subjected to multiple acts of violence over extended periods of time. -Battery requires offensive touching, such as slapping, hitting, or punching a victim. Assault requires no actual touching but involves either attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed. Although common law originally intended these twin crimes to be misdemeanors, most jurisdictions now upgrade them to felonies either when a weapon is used or when they occur during the commission of a felony (for example, when a person is assaulted during a robbery) Under common law, battery required bodily injury, such as broken limbs or wounds. However, under modern law, battery occurs if the victim suffers a temporarily painful blow, even if no injury results. Battery can also involve offensive touching, such as if a man kisses a woman against her will or puts his hands on her body.

narcissistic personality disorder

A condition marked by a persistent pattern of self-importance, need for admiration, lack of empathy, and preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.

Voluntary Manslaughter, also called nonnegligent manslaughter

A homicide committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel; although intent may be present, malice is not; also called voluntary manslaughter. -Death resulting from a misdemeanor is considered voluntary manslaughter: Two people get into an argument and exchange blows. One falls, hits his head, and dies. The punch is technically a battery, a misdemeanor, and the resulting death would be considered manslaughter.

Involuntary Manslaughter or negligent manslaughter

A homicide that occurs as a result of acts that are negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others, such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. -car crashes

second degree murder

A homicide with malice but not premeditation or deliberation, as when a desire to inflict serious bodily harm and a wanton disregard for life result in the victim's death.

cycle of violence

A hypothesis that suggests that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes survivors to becoming violent themselves in later years (cathy spatz widom)

3 situations defined as second degree murder

A killing done impulsively without premeditation but with malice aforethought. This occurs when two people get into a heated argument and one pulls out a knife and stabs the victim. The killer did not have an original intent to kill or plan to kill, but he did intend to kill once the argument started or else why did he pull out and use his knife? A killing that results from an act intended to cause serious bodily harm. During a fight, someone grabs a baseball bat and hits her opponent, resulting in death. Even though she merely intended to seriously injure and not kill her opponent, her actions caused death. A person can also be held criminally liable for the death of another even if she or he did not intend to injure another person but exhibited deliberate indifference to the danger her or his actions might cause. The deliberate indifference standard is met when a person knows of, and yet disregards or ignores, an excessive risk to another's health or safety.

causes of child abuse

A number of factors have been commonly linked to abuse and neglect: Family violence seems to be perpetuated from one generation to another within families. The behavior of abusive parents can often be traced to negative experiences in their own childhood—physical abuse, lack of love, emotional neglect, incest, and so on. Blended families, which include children living with an unrelated adult such as a stepparent or another unrelated co-resident, have also been linked to abuse. Children who live with a mother's boyfriend are at much greater risk for abuse than children living with two genetic parents. Some stepparents do not have strong emotional ties to their nongenetic children, nor do they reap emotional benefits from the parent-child relationship. Parents may also become abusive if they are isolated from friends, neighbors, or relatives who can help in times of crisis. Potentially abusive parents are often alienated from society; they have carried the concept of the shrinking nuclear family to its most extreme form and are cut off from ties of kinship and contact with other people in the neighborhood.

Stalking

A pattern of behavior directed at a specific person that includes repeated physical or visual proximity, unwanted communications, and/or threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person. Stalking is generally defined as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person. All 50 states and the federal government now have stalking statutes that cover a wide range of behavior, ranging from physical attacks to using surveillance technology such as GPS-equipped cell phones or involving third parties such as family and friends in the stalking scheme. There are significant differences in how the states legally define stalking. Some require that the defendant's behavior cause the victim actual fear, which typically requires the victim to show how his or her behavior changed due to the stalking; others only require that the behavior would cause a reasonable person to feel fear. There are also state-level differences in the amount of fear required before an act can be considered stalking, ranging from mere emotional distress to feelings of being terrorized, intimidated, or threatened; some require that the victim fear serious bodily injury or death. Many states require that the offender pose a credible threat. At times a charge of stalking (sometimes know as "lying in wait") is a misdemeanor and at times a felony.Only 14 states prosecute first offense of stalking as a felony . Thirty-five states classify it as a felony only if there is a second offense and/or when the crime involves aggravating factors such as use of a weapon or violation of a court order. Most victims know their stalkers and women are more likely to be stalked. Many stalkers making harassing phone calls or online entries to alarm their victims. Victims take out a protective order in hopes of keeping potential stalkers away. Stalking only stops when a victim moves away from her stalker or informs the police or when the stalker loses interest in the person they have stalked. 16 percent of women and 5 percent of men had been stalked during their lifetime and "felt very fearful or believed that they or someone close to them would be harmed or killed as a result of the perpetrator's behavior." stalkers victimize more than 3 million people each year; while males can be victims, females are nearly three times as likely to be stalked. in about 30 percent of cases, the stalker is a current or former intimate partner. Former partners have leverage over their victim; they can use the information they have about their former partner's friends and family members—where they work, shop, and go for entertainment—to terrorize victims. Women are most likely to be stalked by an intimate partner—a current spouse, a former spouse, someone they lived with, or even a date. In contrast, men typically are stalked by a stranger or an acquaintance. The typical female victim is stalked because her assailant wants to control her, scare her, or keep her in a relationship. Jennifer Owens shows that females are much more likely to report being afraid of their stalkers, a criterion to define an act as stalking under the law. When women and men were similarly subjected to serious stalking behaviors, females were far more likely than males to meet the fear criterion, helping to explain gender differences in the stalking rate

Dating violence

A significant portion of all teens have been the target of dating violence, and it is estimated that one high school girl in five may suffer sexual or physical abuse from a boyfriend. Dating violence has been linked to substance abuse, unsafe sex, and eating disorders -Physical dating violence can involve a wide spectrum of activities—scratching, slapping, pushing, slamming or holding someone against a wall, biting, choking, burning, beating someone up, and assault with a weapon—ranging from moderate to severe. There is also emotional and psychological abuse, including insulting, criticizing, threatening, humiliating, or berating.

active shooter incidents

A term used by law enforcement to describe a situation in which a mass shooting is in progress when police and law enforcement agents arrive at the scene. survey by the FBI of active shooting incidents between 2000 and 2013 found an average of 11 active shooting incidents occurred annually, including 6 incidents in the first seven years studied, and an average of 16 in the last seven years. As the data show, active shooting incidents have now become routine. About 70 percent of the incidents occurred in either a commerce/business or educational environment. Shootings occurred in 40 of 50 states and the District of Columbia. In all, active shooting incidents produced 1,043 casualties: 486 victims killed and 557 wounded. All but two incidents involved a single shooter. In at least nine incidents, the shooter first shot and killed one or more family members in a residence before moving to a more public location to continue shooting. In 64 incidents (40 percent), the shooters committed suicide; 54 shooters did so at the scene of the crime more than 900 mass killings took place between 1900 and 1999. Mass killings were nearly as common during the 1920s and 1930s as they are today. More of the earlier incidents involved familicide (killing one's family), and killers were more likely to be older and more suicidal than they are today. The most significant difference between contemporary mass murders and those in the past: more killers use guns today and more incidents involve drug trafficking.

road rage

A term used to describe motorists who assault each other.

Stranger Murders

About 20 percent of all murders involve strangers. Stranger homicides occur most often as felony murders during rapes, robberies, and burglaries, where the perpetrator applied too much force in completing the crime. David Luckenbill found that many homicides follow a sequential pattern. First, the victim makes what the offender considers an offensive move. The offender typically retaliates verbally or physically. An agreement to end things violently is forged with the victim's provocative response. The battle ensues, leaving the victim dead or dying. The offender's escape is shaped by his or her relationship to the victim or by the reaction of the audience, if any.

thrill-seeking hate crimes

Acts by hatemongers who join forces to have fun by bashing minorities or destroying property; inflicting pain on others gives them a sadistic thrill. -In the same way some kids like to get together to shoot hoops, hatemongers join forces to have fun by bashing minorities or destroying property. Inflicting pain on others gives them a sadistic thrill.

Female serial killers

An estimated 17 percent of serial killers are women. They are typically white, educated, have been married, and held a caregiving role (e.g., mother, health care worker); about 40 percent experience some form of mental illness. Why do they kill? Usually for financial gain: they tend to poison family members or friends in order to collect an inheritance or insurance policy. They target people who have little chance of fighting back, children, elderly, or the infirm Males are much more likely than females to use extreme violence and torture, beating, bludgeoning, and strangling their victims. In contrast, females are more likely to poison or smother their victims. Men choose victims whom they can render helpless, and women choose victims who are already helpless Female killers, somewhat older than their male counterparts, abuse both alcohol and drugs; males are not likely to be substance abusers. Women were diagnosed as having histrionic, manic-depressive, borderline, dissociative, and antisocial personality disorders; men were more often diagnosed as having antisocial personalities. Because they use stealth and cunning rather than overt brutality, and are older and more mature, women are more likely to remain at large longer before arousing suspicion than males. The misconception that women cannot be serial murderers may also help them avoid capture

Child abuse

Any physical, emotional, or sexual trauma to a child for which no reasonable explanation, such as an accident, can be found. Child abuse can also be a function of neglecting to give proper care and attention to a young child. Child abuse can result from actual physical beatings administered to a child by hands, feet, weapons, belts, sticks, burning, and so on. Another form of abuse results from neglect—not providing a child with the care and shelter to which he or she is entitled. estimated 3.4 million referrals of children being abused or neglected each year. Of these, CPS estimate that 678,000 children (9 per 1,000) were actual and confirmed victims of maltreatment. Of the child victims, 78 percent were victims of neglect, 18 percent of physical abuse, 9 percent of sexual abuse, and 11 percent were victims of other types of maltreatment, including emotional and threatened abuse, parent's drug/alcohol abuse, or lack of supervision 1,600 children die from maltreatment each year (2.2 per 100,000). If anything, the CPS data underestimate the true occurrence of abuse because so many cases go unreported and many victims are too young to seek help. The number and rate of abuse have actually been in decline. Fifteen years ago more than 1 million children were identified as victims of abuse or neglect nationwide, and the rate of victimization of children was approximately 15 per 1,000 children. While these results are encouraging, trends in reported child maltreatment may be miscounted which is reflective of the effect budgetary cutbacks or fewer CPS workers or cases that fall under the juvenile courts whose records often are private. Women who were abused as children are also at greater risk to be re-abused as adults than those who avoided childhood victimization. The amount of force used during the abuse, its duration, and its frequency are all related to the extent of the long-term effects and the length of time needed for recovery.

stages of violentization process

Brutalization stage - young victim develops a belligerent, angry demeanor as a result of being mistreated by abusive parents or caregivers - violent subjugation: person is coerced into compliance by physical or verbal force, coercive violence ends at submission whereas retaliatory violence continues regardless with the goal of gaining long term submission -personal horrification: individual is exposed to violence directed at someone else close to them leading to an inner conflict and guilt - violent coaching: a brutalizer through ridicule, threats or coercion advises the brutalized to depend only on themselves encourages defensiveness and insists that they have a personal responsibility to commit violence Belligerency stage: target of brutalization begins to understand their dilemma and conclude that resorting to violence is sometimes necessary in the world violent performance stage: brutalized youth may become belligerent and angry and they may respond to stressors with violent performances of angry hostile behavior when violence is success they feel power and achievement virulency stage: emerging criminal develops a violent identity that makes them feared. thoughts of invincibility and now they are ready to repeat cycle

crusted over

Children who have been victims of or witnesses to violence and do not let people inside, nor do they express their feelings. They exploit others and in turn are exploited by those older and stronger; as a result, they develop a sense of hopelessness.

premeditation

Consideration of a homicide before it occurs.

creating workplace violence

Experts believe that workplace violence is not spontaneous—individuals do not "snap" and suddenly become violent. Instead, the path to violence is taken in small steps, consisting of such behaviors of concern as brooding and odd writings or drawings, which keep building in intensity. A number of factors precipitate workplace violence. One suspected cause is a management style that appears cold and insensitive to workers. As corporations cut their staffs because of some economic downturn or workers are summarily replaced with cost-effective technology, long-term employees may become irate and irrational; their unexpected layoff can lead to violent reactions. The effect is most pronounced when managers are unsympathetic and nonsupportive; their callous attitude may help trigger workplace violence. In some incidents coworkers have been killed because they refused romantic relationships with the assailants or reported them for sexual harassment. Others have been killed because they got a job the assailant coveted. Irate clients and customers have also killed because of poor service or perceived slights. While hospital employees are taught to handle agitated patients, sometimes people whose demands have not been met may turn on these caregivers: health care and social services workers have the highest rate of nonfatal assault injuries. Nurses are three times more likely to experience workplace violence than any other professional group Some people take out their anger and aggression by attacking their supervisors in an effort to punish the company that dismissed them; this is a form of murder by proxy. Disgruntled employees may also attack family members or friends, misdirecting the rage and frustration caused by their work situation. Others are content with sabotaging company equipment; computer databases are particularly vulnerable to tampering. The aggrieved party may do nothing to rectify the situation; this inaction is referred to as sufferance. unresolved conflict may be compounded by other events that cause an eventual eruption.

Sexual abuse

Exploitation of a child through rape, incest, or molestation by a parent or other adult. t 61,000 cases of sexual abuse were reported. However, these reported cases may vastly undercount the true nature of the problem. In a classic study, Diana Russell's survey of women in the San Francisco area found that 38 percent had experienced intra- or extrafamilial sexual abuse by the time they reached age 18 Although sexual abuse is still prevalent, the number of reported cases has been in a significant decline, being reduced from about 78,000 reported cases in 2003. This trend must be interpreted with caution. While it is possible that the actual number of cases is truly in decline because of the effectiveness of prevention programs, increased prosecution, and public awareness campaigns, declines might be the result of more cases being overlooked because of (a) increased evidentiary requirements to substantiate cases, (b) increased caseworker caution due to new legal rights for caregivers, and (c) increasing limitations on the types of cases that agencies accept for investigation. children who have been abused experience a long list of symptoms, including fear, posttraumatic stress disorder, behavior problems, sexualized behavior, and poor self-esteem. Women who were abused as children are also at greater risk to be reabused as adults than those who avoided childhood victimization. The amount of force used during the abuse, its duration, and its frequency are all related to the extent of the long-term effects and the length of time needed for recovery. Regardless of its cause, child abuse can have devastating long-term effects, ranging from depression to loss of self-esteem. Not surprisingly, a history of childhood sexual and physical abuse among persons with severe mental illness is disproportionately high.

gang rape

Forcible sex involving multiple attackers. (25% or more of rapes involve multiple offenders - people are more likely to resist and face injury and call the police seek therapy and contemplate suicide - more severe in violence and outcome

Causes of Violence

Human instinct Freud • Humans possess two opposing instinctual drives that interact to control behavior: Eros = the life instinct and Thanatos = the death instinct. Opposites. • Lorenz • Aggressive energy is produced by inbred instincts that are independent of environmental forces • Collins • Humans are inherently passive, and violence is a function of social interaction

consent

In prosecuting rape cases, it is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim did not give voluntary consent to her attacker. In a sense, the burden of proof is on the victim to show that her character is beyond question and that she in no way encouraged, enticed, or misled the accused rapist. Proving victim dissent is not a requirement in any other violent crime.

Work place violence

Irate employees or former employees attack coworkers or sabotage machinery and production lines; now considered the third leading cause of occupational injury or death. one of the leading causes of occupational injury or death. It consists of such acts as overt violence causing physical harm, nonfatal assaults with or without weapons, and lethal violence. It may also involve disruptive, aggressive, hostile, or emotionally abusive conduct that interrupts the flow of the workplace and causes employees concern for their personal safety, such as bullying, stalking, and threatening. been on the rise and employers have been called on to respond and address violence as a workplace safety issue. -63% of corporate leaders considered domestic violence a major problem in today's society; 55% cited its harmful effect on productivity; 70% believed it has a harmful effect on employee attendance; and 43% said their company's bottom line performance had been damaged as a result. This awareness of the problem, combined with concerns regarding liability, has led employers to develop a range of responsive policies and procedures. Workplace violence can take a number of different forms: Violent acts by criminals who have no other connection with the workplace but enter to commit robbery or another crime Violence directed at employees by customers, clients, patients, students, inmates, or any others for whom an organization provides services Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee Violence committed in the workplace by someone who doesn't work there but has a personal relationship with an employee—an abusive spouse or domestic partner The typical offender is a middle-aged white male who faces termination in a worsening economy. The fear of economic ruin is especially strong in agencies such as the U.S. Postal Service, where long-term employees fear job loss because of automation and reorganization. In contrast, younger workers usually kill while committing a robbery or another felony.

Multiple Murder

James A. Fox, who you can see in a posted online video and Jack Levin, have devised a criminal serial killer typology, which describes three types of serial killers. Thrill killers - sex sadists, dominating A-type males, make up most common Types of Serial Killers - wanderers, sadists, psychopaths, or those who rationalize the killings -Dennis Rader, are people who have killed more than one victim. Based on the patterns of their murders, multiple killers are classified into three basic categories—serial killers, mass murderers, and spree killers. Serial killer - The killing of a large number of people over time by an offender who seeks to escape detection. -a person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events. In between the murders, the serial killer reverts to his normal lifestyle. Mass murderers - The killing of a large number of people in a single incident by an offender who typically does not seek concealment or escape. Spree killers - occur in commission of multiple crime or circumstances which quickly bring them to the notice of authorities. -engage in a rampage of violence taking place over a period of days or weeks. Unlike mass murderers, their killing is not confined to a single outburst, and unlike serial killers, they don't have a "cooling off" period between murders or return to their "normal" identities in between killings. Some spree killers target a specific group or class. Others,kill randomly and do not seek out a specific class of victim; their targets included young and old, African Americans and whites, men and women.

Intimate partner murder

Many murders involve husbands and wives, boyfriends and girlfriends, and others involved in romantic relationships. In some jurisdictions, upward of 40 percent of all murders involve an intimate partner. Intimate partner murder is a gendered phenomenon. When women commit homicide, the most likely victim is an intimate partner; about 40 percent of all female homicide incidents involve killing a male partner. Less than 10 percent of all murders committed by men involve a female partner. Men who kill romantic partners typically have a long history of violence, while for women killing their partner may be their first violent offense. most females who kill their mates do so after suffering repeated violent attacks. Women who kill or seriously assault intimate partners are often battered women unable to flee a troubled relationship. Perhaps the number of males killed by their partners has declined because alternatives to abusive relationships, such as shelters for battered women, are becoming more prevalent around the United States.

Murderous Relations

Most murders are expressive—that is, motivated by rage or anger—and they typically involve friends, relatives, and acquaintances.

acquaintance murders

Most murders occur among people who are acquainted. Although on the surface the killing might seem senseless, it is often the result of a long-simmering dispute motivated by revenge, dispute resolution, jealousy, drug deals, racial bias, or threats to identity or status.

subculture of violence

Norms and customs that, in contrast to society's dominant value system, legitimize and expect the use of violence to resolve social conflicts. (Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti)

parental abuse

Parents are sometimes the target of abuse from their own children. Research conducted by Arina Ulman and Murray Straus found: The younger the child, the higher the rate of child-to-parent violence (CPV). At all ages, more children were violent to mothers than to fathers. Both boys and girls hit mothers more often than fathers. At all ages, slightly more boys than girls hit parents. Ulman and Straus found that child-to-parent violence was associated with some other form of violence by parents, which could either be husband-to-wife, wife-to-husband, corporal punishment of children, or physical abuse. They suggest that if the use of physical punishment could be eliminated or curtailed, then child-to-parent violence would similarly decline

reactive (defensive) hate crimes

Perpetrators believe they are taking a defensive stand against outsiders whom they believe threaten their community or way of life. -Perpetrators of these crimes rationalize their behavior as a defensive stand taken against outsiders whom they believe threaten their community or way of life. A gang of teens that attacks a new family in the neighborhood because they are the "wrong" race is committing a reactive hate crime.

factors that predict spousal abuse

Presence of alcohol. Excessive alcohol use may turn otherwise docile husbands into wife abusers. Access to weapons. A perpetrator's access to a gun and previous threats with a weapon may lead to abuse. Stepchild in the home. Having a stepchild living in the home may provoke abuse because the stepparent may have a more limited bond to the child. Estrangement. This may occur especially in the case of a controlling partner and subsequent involvement with another partner. Hostility toward dependency. Some husbands who appear docile and passive may resent their dependence on their wives and react with rage and violence; this reaction has been linked to sexual inadequacy. Excessive brooding. Obsession with a wife's behavior, however trivial, can result in violent assaults. Social learning. Some males believe society approves of spouse or mate abuse and use these beliefs to justify their violent behavior. Peer support helps shape their attitudes and behaviors. Socioeconomic factors. Men who fail as providers and are under economic stress may take their frustrations out on their wives. Flashes of anger. Research shows that a significant amount of family violence results from a sudden burst of anger after a verbal dispute. Military service. Spousal abuse among men who have served in the military service is extremely high. Those serving in the military are more likely to assault their wives than civilian husbands. The reasons for this phenomenon may be the violence promoted by military training and the close proximity in which military families live to one another. Having been battered children. Husbands who assault their wives were generally battered as children. Unpredictability. Batterers are unpredictable, unable to be influenced by their wives, and impossible to prevent from battering once an argument has begun.

Type of robbers

Professional robbers. These robbers have a long-term commitment to crime as a source of livelihood. This type of robber plans and organizes crimes prior to committing them and seeks money to support a hedonistic lifestyle. Some professionals are exclusively robbers, whereas others engage in additional types of crimes. Professionals are committed to robbing because it is direct, fast, and profitable. They hold no other steady job and plan three or four "big scores" a year to support themselves. Planning and skill are the trademarks of the professional robber, who usually operates in groups with assigned roles. Professionals usually steal large amounts from commercial establishments. After a score, they may stop for a few weeks until "things cool off." Opportunist robbers. These robbers steal to obtain small amounts of money when an accessible target presents itself. They are not committed to robbery but will steal from cab drivers, drunks, the elderly, and other vulnerable persons if they need some extra spending money. Opportunists are usually teens and gang members who do not plan their crimes. Although they operate within the milieu of the juvenile gang, they are seldom organized and spend little time discussing weapon use, getaway plans, or other strategies. Addict robbers. These people steal to support their drug habits. They have a low commitment to robbery because of its danger but a high commitment to theft because it supplies needed funds. The addict is less likely to plan crime or use weapons than the professional robber but is more cautious than the opportunist. Addicts choose targets that present minimal risk; however, when desperate for funds, they are sometimes careless in selecting the victim and executing the crime. They rarely think in terms of the big score; they just want enough money to get their next fix. Alcoholic robbers. These people steal for reasons related to their excessive consumption of alcohol. Alcoholic robbers steal (a) when, in a disoriented state, they attempt to get some money to buy liquor or (b) when their condition makes them unemployable and they need funds. Alcoholic robbers have no real commitment to robbery as a way of life. They plan their crimes randomly and give little thought to their victim, circumstance, or escape. For that reason, they are the most likely to be caught. the typical armed robber is unlikely to be a professional who carefully studies targets while planning a crime. People walking along the street, convenience stores, and gas stations are much more likely robbery targets than banks or other highly secure environments. Robbers, therefore, seem to be diverted by modest defensive measures, such as having more than one clerk in a store or locating stores in strip malls; they are more likely to try an isolated store

relational aggression

Psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and private information in order to harm their partner.

the nature and extent of spousal abuse

Richard Gelles and Murray Straus found that 16 percent of surveyed families had experienced husband-wife assaults. In police departments around the country, 60 to 70 percent of evening calls involve domestic disputes. Males are also the target of abuse. One recent study of 12,000 male abuse victims serving in the U.S. Army found that abused men were at greater risk for early army discharge and hospitalization than were nonvictims—particularly hospitalizations for depression, alcohol dependence, and mental health problems.

acquaintance robbery

Robbers who focus their thefts on people they know. However, despite this threat, acquaintance robbery may be attractive for a number of rational reasons: Victims may be reluctant to report these crimes because they do not want to get involved with the police. They may be involved in crime themselves (drug dealers, for example), or they may fear retaliation if they report the crime. Some victims may be reluctant to gain the label of "rat" or "fink" if they go to the police. Some robberies are motivated by street justice. The robber has a grievance against the victim and settles the dispute by stealing the victim's property. In this instance, robbery may be considered a substitute for an assault: the robber wants retribution and revenge rather than remuneration. Because the robber knows the victim personally, the robber has inside information that there will be a "good take." Offenders may target people they know to be carrying a large amount of cash or who just purchased expensive jewelry. A person in desperate need of immediate cash may target people in close proximity simply because they are convenient targets. Richard Felson and his associates studied acquaintance robbery, they found that victims were more likely to be injured in acquaintance robberies than in stranger robberies, indicating that revenge rather than reward was the primary motive. Similarly, robberies of family members were more likely to have a bigger payoff than stranger robberies, an indication that the offender was aware that the target had a large amount of cash on hand.

spousal abuse

Roman men had the legal right to beat their wives for minor acts such as attending public games without permission, drinking wine, or walking outdoors with their faces uncovered. More serious transgressions, such as adultery, were punishable by death. During the later stages of the Roman Empire, the practice of wife beating abated, and by the fourth century, excessive violence on the part of husband or wife was grounds for divorce. During the early Middle Ages, there was a separation of love and marriage. The ideal woman was protected, cherished, and loved from afar. In contrast, the wife, with whom marriage had been arranged by family ties, was guarded jealously and could be punished severely for violating her duties. A husband was expected to beat his wife for "misbehaviors" and might himself be punished by neighbors if he failed to do so. Through the later Middle Ages and into modern times (from 1400 to 1900), there was little community objection to a man using force against his wife as long as the assault did not exceed certain limits, usually construed as death or disfigurement. By the mid-nineteenth century, severe wife beating fell into disfavor, and accused wife beaters were subject to public ridicule. Nonetheless, limited chastisement was still the rule. By the close of the nineteenth century, England and the United States outlawed wife beating. Yet the long history of husbands' domination over their wives made physical coercion hard to control. Until recent times, the subordinate position of women in the family was believed to give husbands the legal and moral obligation to manage their wives' behavior. Even after World War II, English courts found physical assault a reasonable punishment for a wife who had disobeyed her husband. These ideas form the foundation of men's traditional physical control of women and have led to severe cases of spousal assault.

Why mass murder?

Some of these killers were suffering from obvious mental distress and their violent outburst might be considered a product of mental disease.

Sexually based murders

Some people kill their mates because they find themselves involved in a love triangle. Interestingly, women who kill out of jealousy aim their aggression at their partners; in contrast, men are more likely to kill their rivals (their mates' suitors). Lethal violence is more common when (1) the rival initiated the affair, (2) the killer knew the spouse was already in a steady relationship outside the marriage, and (3) the killer was repeatedly lied to or betrayed different forms of sexually related homicide: Domestic disputes involving husbands and wives, men and women, boyfriends and girlfriends, same-sex couples, and even on occasion siblings. Sometimes these events are triggered by a partner's unwanted or unexpected pregnancy: homicidal injury is a leading cause of death among pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Love triangles involving former husbands and/or wives and jilted lovers. Rape and/or sodomy-oriented assault in which a person intends to commit a rape or sexual assault but uses excessive force to overcome resistance, resulting in the victim's death. "Lust murders" that are motivated by obsessive sexual fantasies. Vengeance for sexual violence. In these cases, someone exacts vengeance on a sexual violence perpetrator, either on his or her own behalf or on the behalf of a sexual violence victim. Self-defense during sexual violence. In these incidents, sexual violence was taking place and the victim defended herself or himself resulting in the death of the sexual violence perpetrator; or another person intervened to defend the sexual violence victim and this resulted in the death of the sexual violence perpetrator. These killers displayed behavioral problems, were poor achievers, and experienced social isolation. In adulthood, they became isolated single men who abuse substances and have criminal records long history of antisocial acts that included a variety of violent crimes in addition to murder; physical abuse and parental conflict are often present.

Why do serial killers kill?

Such disparate factors as mental illness, sexual frustration, neurological damage, child abuse and neglect, smothering relationships with mothers and childhood anxiety are suspected. Most experts view serial killers as sociopaths who from early childhood demonstrate bizarre behavior, such as torturing animals. Some are sadists who enjoy the sexual thrill of murdering and who are both pathological and destructive narcissists

legal controls

The U.S. Supreme Court helped answer this question in the case of Virginia v. Black (2003) when it upheld a Virginia statute that makes it a felony "for any person ... with the intent of intimidating any person or group ... to burn ... a cross on the property of another, a highway or other public place," and specifies that "[a]ny such burning ... shall be prima facie evidence of an intent to intimidate a person or group." The Court ruled that cross burning was intertwined with the Ku Klux Klan and its reign of terror throughout the South. The Court has long held that statements in which the speaker intends to communicate intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a particular individual or group of individuals is not protected free speech and can be criminalized; the speaker need not actually intend to carry out the threat

sufferance

The aggrieved party does nothing to rectify a conflict situation; over time, the unresolved conflict may be compounded by other events that cause an eventual eruption.

Robbery part 1

The common-law definition of robbery (and the one used by the FBI) is "the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear." A robbery is considered a violent crime because it involves the use of force to obtain money or goods. Robbery is punished severely because the victim's life is put in jeopardy. In fact, the severity of punishment is based on the amount of force used during the crime, not the value of the items taken. 325,000 robberies each year, a rate of about 102 per 100,000 population. As with most other violent crimes, there has been a significant reduction in the robbery rate during the past decade; the robbery rate is down almost 40 percent. northeastern states have the highest robbery rates by far. Whereas most crime rates are higher in the summer, robberies seem to peak during the winter months. One reason may be that the cold weather allows for greater disguise; another reason is that robbers may be attracted to the large amounts of cash people and merchants carry during the Christmas shopping season. Robbers may also be more active in winter because days are shorter, affording them greater concealment in the dark.

infanticide

The murder of a newborn or very young baby.

eldercide

The murder of a senior citizen.

Filicide

The murder of one's own child.

nature and extent of assault

The pattern of criminal assault is similar to that of homicide; one could say that the only difference between the two is that the victim survives. Assaults may be common in our society simply because of common life stresses. Every citizen is bound by the law of assault, even police officers. Excessive use of force can result in criminal charges being filed even if it occurs while police officers are arresting a dangerous felony suspect. Only the minimum amount of force needed to subdue the suspect is allowed by law, and if police use more aggressive tactics than required, they may find themselves the target of criminal charges and civil lawsuits that can run into the millions of dollars 740,000 assaults each year, a rate of about 230 per 100,000 inhabitants. Like other violent crimes, the number of assaults has been in decline, down about 20 percent in the past decade. Preliminary 2014 data indicate that that trend may be over; assaults increased about 2 percent in the first 6 months of 2014. NCVS also indicates that the number of assault victimizations has been in steep decline, dropping more than 50 percent during the past decade; even weapon-related assaults have dropped sharply. However, unlike the UCR data, the NCVS found that more than 1 million serious assaults occur each year and that the number of assaults actually rose slightly (1 percent) between 2013 and 2014 People arrested for assault and those identified by victims are usually young, male (about 80 percent), and white, although the number of African Americans arrested for assault (about one-third of the total) is disproportionate to their representation in the population. Assault victims tend to be male, but females also face a significant danger. Assault rates are highest in urban areas, during summer, and in southern and western regions. The most common weapons used in assaults are blunt instruments and hands and feet. The NCVS indicates that only about half of all serious assaults are reported to the police.

murder

The unlawful killing of a human being (homicide) with malicious intent. -It is the most serious of all common-law crimes and the only one that can still be punished by death. Western society's abhorrence of murderers is illustrated by the fact that there is no statute of limitations in murder cases. Whereas state laws limit prosecution of other crimes to a fixed period, usually 7 to 10 years, accused killers can be brought to justice at any time after their crimes were committed: -legally prove that a murder has taken place, most state jurisdictions require prosecutors to show that the accused maliciously intended to kill the victim. "Express or actual malice" is the state of mind assumed to exist when someone kills another person in the absence of any apparent provocation. "Implied or constructive malice" is considered to exist when a death results from negligent or unthinking behavior. In these cases, even though the perpetrator did not wish to kill the victim, the killing resulted from an inherently dangerous act and therefore is considered murder.

Crime of Murder with great great grandson of van goghs

Theo van gogh - descendant of brother o vincent -he was assassinated in amsterdam in 2004. -

Controlling serial killers

To date, law enforcement officials have been at a loss to control random killers who leave few clues, constantly move, and have little connection to their victims. Catching serial killers is often a matter of luck. To help local law enforcement officials, the FBI has developed a profiling system to identify potential suspects. Because serial killers often use the same patterns in each attack, they leave a signature that might help in their capture Justice Department's Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP), a computerized information service, gathers information and matches offense characteristics on violent crimes around the country. This program links crimes to determine if they are the product of a single culprit.

Mission hate crimes

Violent crimes committed by disturbed individuals who see it as their duty to rid the world of evil. -Some disturbed individuals see it as their duty to rid the world of evil. Those on a "mission," such as skinheads, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), and white supremacist groups, may seek to eliminate people who threaten their religious beliefs because they are members of a different faith or threaten "racial purity" because they are of a different race

The calculating robber

While many robbers are amateurs, robbery remains a crime of rationality and planning. Some robbers target fellow criminals—for example, drug dealers. Although these fellow criminals may be dangerous, robbers recognize that people with "dirty hands" are unlikely to call police and get entangled with the law. Ripping off a dealer kills three birds with one stone, providing both money and drugs at the same time, while targeting victims who are quite unlikely to call the police. some specialize in targeting drug dealers because they believe that even though their work is hazardous, the rewards outweigh the risks: drug dealers are plentiful, visible, and accessible, and they carry plenty of cash. Their merchandise is valuable, is easily transported, and can be used by the robber or sold to another. Drug dealers are not particularly popular, so they cannot rely on bystanders to come to their aid. Of course, drug dealers may be able to "take care of business" themselves, but surprisingly, Jacobs found that many choose not to carry a pistol. Drug dealers may be tough and bad, the robbers claim, but they are tougher and badder. Scott Decker and Richard Wright interviewed active robbers in St. Louis, Missouri, and found that robbers are rational decision makers who look for easy prey. One ideal target is the married man who is looking for illicit sexual adventures and hires a prostitute, only to be robbed by her and her pimp. experienced robbers use discretion in selecting targets. People whose clothing, jewelry, and demeanor mark them as carrying substantial amounts of cash make suitable targets; people who look like they can fight back are avoided. Jody Miller, female armed robbers are likely to choose female targets, reasoning that they will be more vulnerable and offer less resistance. When robbing males, women "set them up" to catch them off guard; some feign sexual interest or prostitution to gain the upper hand. Wright and Decker found that most armed robberies are motivated by a pressing need for cash. Robbers had a "here and now" mentality and required a constant supply of cash to fuel their appetites. Marcus Felson describes robbers as foragers, predators who search for victims, preferably close to their homes, where numerous "nutritious" victims are abundant, where the robbers know the territory so that their prey cannot easily escape, and where their victims may be less vigilant because they are on their home turf. Robbers, then, select targets that are vulnerable, accessible, and profitable. During the robbery itself, victims who fight back are the ones most likely to be attacked and injured. Victim passivity may be the best way to avoid injury during a robbery.

School Murders

about 25 students are killed each year at school, or on the way to or returning from regular sessions at school, or while the victim was attending or traveling to or from an official school-sponsored event Research shows that most shooting incidents occur around the start of the school day, the lunch period, or the end of the school day. In most of the shootings (55 percent), a note, threat, or other action indicating risk for violence occurred before the event. Shooters were also likely to have expressed some form of suicidal behavior and to have been bullied by their peers tend to be committed by both males and females, the former most likely to use a firearm, the latter a knife or some other instrument.

incidence of rape

about 85,000 rapes or attempted rapes are now being reported to U.S. police each year. Has been in a decade-long decline -according to NCVS - 285,000 people are the victims of rape and sexual assault each year but over the prior year 1% increase with traditional definition and 9.6% with new definition (penetration no matter how slight of vagina or anus with any body part or object or oral penetration by sexual organ of another person without consent) • Rape is underreported—as many as ten percent of all adult women have been raped during their lifetime half of offenders are under 25 and 2/3 are white (warm weather crime) - july and august and lowest rates decemeber january and feburary underreported crime = 18% of women in US have been raped with only 16% reported fail to be reported because of embarrassment, believe nothing can be done and also blame themselves

violentization process

according to Lonnie Athens, the process by which abused children are turned into aggressive adults. This process takes violent youths full circle from being the victims of aggression to being its initiators, they are now the same person they grew up despising, ready to begin the process with their own children -One must complete the full cycle of the violentization process—brutalization, belligerence, violent performances, and virulency—to become socialized into violence. Many brutalized children do not go on to become violent criminals, and some later reject the fact that they were abused as youths and redefine their early years as normative.

hate crimes

acts of violence or intimidation designed to terrorize or frighten people considered undesirable because of their race, religion, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation -usually involve convenient, vulnerable targets who are unlikely to fight back: vagrants, homeless people, religious minorities, LGBTQ people, and the mentally and physically challenged. factors that precipitate hate crimes: Poor or uncertain economic conditions Racial stereotypes in films and on television Hate-filled discourse on talk shows or in political advertisements The use of racial code language such as "welfare mothers" and "inner-city thugs" An individual's personal experiences with members of particular minority groups Scapegoating—blaming a minority group for the misfortunes of society as a whole

Controlling hate crimes

almost every state jurisdiction has enacted some form of legislation designed to combat hate crimes: 45 states have enacted laws against bias-motivated violence and intimidation; 27 states have statutes that specifically mandate the collection of hate crime data. Some critics argue that it is unfair to punish criminals motivated by hate any more severely than those who commit similar crimes whose motivation is revenge, greed, or anger. There is also the danger that what appears to be a hate crime, because the target is a minority group member, may actually be motivated by some other factor such as vengeance or monetary gain Frederick Lawrence argues that criminals motivated by bias deserve to be punished more severely than those who commit identical crimes for other motives. He suggests that a society dedicated to the equality of all its people must treat bias crimes differently from other crimes and in so doing enhance the punishment of these crimes. Some criminals choose their victims randomly; others select specific victims, as in crimes of revenge. Bias crimes are different. They are crimes in which (a) distinct identifying characteristics of the victim are critical to the perpetrator's choice of victim, and (b) the individual identity of the victim is irrelevant. Lawrence views a bias crime as one that would not have been committed but for the victim's membership in a particular group. Bias crimes should be punished more severely because the harm caused will exceed that caused by crimes with other motivations: Bias crimes are more likely to be violent and involve serious physical injury to the victim. Bias crimes will have significant emotional and psychological impact on the victim; they result in a "heightened sense of vulnerability," which causes depression, anxiety, and feelings of helplessness. Bias crimes harm not only the victim but also the "target community." Bias crimes violate the shared value of equality among citizens and racial and religious harmony in a heterogeneous society. McDevitt found that the victims of bias crime experience more severe post-crime psychological trauma, for a longer period of time, than do victims of similar crimes that are not motivated by hate or bias. Hate crime victims are more likely to suffer intrusive thoughts, feelings of danger, nervousness, and depression at a higher level than other crime victims. Considering the damage caused by bias crimes, it seems appropriate that they be punished more severely than typical common-law crimes.

disputatiousness

behavior within culturally defined conflict situations in which an individual who has been offended by a negative outcome in a dispute seeks reparations through violent means

Carjacking

element of rationality and planning in the strategies of one type of robber: carjackers, who attack occupied vehicles for the purpose of theft. Carjacking is not a random event committed by amateurs but is carefully planned and carried out by experienced criminals. To be successful, carjackers must develop both perceptual (choosing the vehicle) and procedural (commandeering the vehicle) skills. Carjackers must learn when their efforts are having a desired effect—scaring the victim. Developing these perceptual skills lets carjackers know exactly how effective their efforts are and helps them instantly adjust the application of those skills. They must constantly process information and make split-second decisions to react properly to a rapidly changing environment, not a task for amateurs. to get the upper hand, robbers avoid the likelihood of victims fighting back by devoting attention to selecting "proper victims" who are the least likely to resist. Ironically, some steer clear of women drivers, fearing that their victims will panic and start to yell for help or act erratically, making them difficult to control. carjackers carefully form a line of attack designed to shock the victim into compliance. Some use a blitz method, attacking so rapidly that the target does not have time to respond. Others manipulate their appearance, posing as a street vendor, in order to approach potential victims without causing alarm. Some wait for an opportune moment, lurking in parking lots and approaching inattentive victims as they enter their cars, demanding that they surrender their keys. carjackers used and reused scripts when committing their crimes. Sticking to their scripts enabled carjackers to reduce danger and to use their skills and experience to prevent detection. Sticking to the script also prolongs a criminal career. It builds confidence and helps the carjacker act quickly and decisively, analyzing the situation and figuring out what must be done. No matter what the strategy, carjackers seem rational and calculating.

acquaintance rape

forcible sex in which offender and victim are acquainted with each other (family members and friends) Subcategories date rape - Forcible sex during a courting relationship. first identified as a significant social problem in the 1980s when Mary Koss conducted surveys finding that a significant number of college-age women had been sexually assaulted by a dating partner; about 27 percent of the respondents were the victim of rape or attempted rape. only about a quarter of the women considered what had happened to them "real" rape; the majority either blamed themselves or denied they had really been raped statutory rape - Sexual relations between an underage individual and an adult; though not coerced, an underage partner is considered incapable of giving informed consent. the law says that young people are incapable of giving informed consent, so the act is legally considered nonconsensual. Typically a state's law will define an age of consent above which there can be no criminal prosecution for sexual relations. Although each state is different, most evaluate the age differences between the parties to determine whether an offense has taken place. "Romeo and Juliet provisions" is to prevent a sexual act that occurred between individuals with a few years' age difference from being considered a criminal offense. The age range allowed is typically between two and four years. In some states, it can only apply if the younger of the individuals has reached a certain age, such as 15. The state may also require the older of the individuals to be under a certain age, such as 21. marital rape - Forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other. Greta Rideout filed rape charges against her husband, John. This Oregon case grabbed headlines because it was the first in which a husband was prosecuted for raping his wife while sharing a residence with her. John was acquitted, and the couple briefly reconciled; later, continued violent episodes culminated in divorce and a jail term for John - legally married husband could not be charged with rape so it was referred to as marital exemption - The practice of prohibiting the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives. about 50 percent of rapes involve acquaintances, a number that is not surprising considering the prevalence of negative attitudes toward women and attitudes that support sexual coercion among some groups of young men. Stranger rapes are typically more violent than acquaintance rapes; attackers are more likely to carry a weapon, threaten the victim, and harm her physically. Stranger rapes may also be less likely to be prosecuted than acquaintance rapes because victims may be more reluctant to recount their ordeal at trial if the attack involved a stranger than if their attacker was someone they knew or had been involved with in an earlier relationship.

manslaughter

homicide without malice (intent to hurt out of spite)

Konrad Lorenz

humans lack capability to prevent self extinction

History of rape

in early civilization: common - men staked a claim of ownership on women this led men to solidify their power and domination of women -under babylonian and hebraic law - rape of virgin was a crime = death but if woman was married both she and her attacker were considered at fault and unless the husband intervened both put to death during middle ages - men abduct and rape wealthy women as an effort to force them into marriage -"heiress stealing" late 15c forcible sex outlawed but law only applied to wealthy women (peasants and married women were not considered rape victims until 16c

Types of rape (Nicholas Groth)

involve 3 elements: anger - occurs when sexuality becomes a means of expressing and discharging pent-up anger and rage, rapist uses far more brutality than would have been necessary if his real objective had been simply to have sex with his victim. His aim is to hurt his victim as much as possible; the sexual aspect of rape may be an afterthought, power, - This type of rape involves an attacker who does not want to harm his victim as much as he wants to possess her sexually. His goal is sexual conquest, and he uses only the amount of force necessary to achieve his objective. The power rapist wants to be in control, to be able to dominate women and have them at his mercy. sadism - This type of rape involves both sexuality and aggression. The sadistic rapist is caught up in ritual—he may torment his victim, bind her, or torture her. Victims are usually related, in the rapist's view, to a personal characteristic that he wants to harm or destroy.

mass murder

killing of a large number of people in a single incident by an offender who typically does not seek concealment or escape the killing of four or more victims by one or more assailants within a single event. James Alan Fox and Jack Levin have identified at least four other types of mass murderers: Revenge killers seek to get even with individuals or society at large. Their typical target is an estranged wife and "her" children or an employer and "his" employees. Love killers are motivated by a warped sense of devotion. They are often despondent people who commit suicide and take others, such as a wife and children, with them. Profit killers are usually trying to cover up a crime, eliminate witnesses, and carry out a criminal conspiracy. Terrorist killers are trying to send a message. Gang killings tell rivals to watch out; cult killers may actually leave a message behind to warn society about impending doom

serial rape

multiple rapes committed by one person over time 25% of these rapist tend to be white males who attack multiple victims who are older than the norm -"blitz rapes," in which they attack their victims without warning, whereas others try to "capture" their victims by striking up a conversation or offering them a ride. Others use personal or professional relationships to gain access to their targets.

Rape by deception

occurs when the rapist uses fraud or trickery to convince the victim to engage in sex or impersonates someone with whom the victim has been intimate

Expedience killers

out for money - I court watched the trial of a gang killer Jose Reyes, known as El Feo,in NYC, who was convicted of multiple (14?) drug gangland slayings, would be an example of an expedience killer.

Rape and the law

proving guilt in a rape case is extremely challenging for prosecutors. Although the law does not recognize it, jurors are sometimes swayed by the insinuation that the rape was victim precipitated; thus the blame is shifted from rapist to victim. To get a conviction, prosecutors must establish that the act was forced and violent and that no question of voluntary compliance exists. They may be reluctant to prosecute cases where they have questions about the victim's moral character or if they believe that the victim's demeanor and attitude (i.e., they were dressed provocatively) will turn off the jury and undermine the chance of conviction It is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that the victim did not give voluntary consent to her attacker. In a sense, the burden of proof is on the victim to show that her character is beyond question and that she in no way encouraged, enticed, or misled the accused rapist. some states, such as California and Illinois, now recognize that once given consent can be withdrawn if a woman changes her mind about sex even after relations have begun. Once she says stop, the act must end or else a rape has occurred. Proving victim dissent is not a requirement in any other violent crime: robbery victims do not have to prove they did not entice their attackers by flaunting expensive jewelry, yet the defense counsel in a rape case can create reasonable doubt about the woman's credibility. A common defense tactic is to introduce suspicion in the minds of the jury that the woman may have consented to the sexual act and later regretted her decision. Conversely, it is difficult for a prosecuting attorney to establish that a woman's character is so impeccable that the absence of consent is a certainty. Such distinctions are important in rape cases because male jurors may be sympathetic to the accused if the victim is portrayed as unchaste. Referring to the woman as "sexually liberated" or "promiscuous" may be enough to result in exoneration of the accused, even if violence and brutality were used in the attack. Efforts for rape law reform include changing the language of statutes, dropping the condition of victim resistance, and changing the requirement of use of force to include the threat of force or injury A number of states and the federal government have replaced rape laws with the more gender-neutral term crimes of sexual assault This involved the need for independent evidence from police officers, physicians, and witnesses that the accused was actually the person who committed the crime, that sexual penetration took place, and that force was present and consent absent. This requirement shielded rapists from prosecution in cases where the victim delayed reporting the crime or in which physical evidence had been compromised or lost. Reform—most states and the federal government have developed shield laws and other laws enabling victim restoration

Rape and War

spoils of war is the conquering arimes having sxual posession of enemies women

Rape

the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will -almost every state and the federal gov revised their rape statutes making them gender neutral and including other forms of sexual assault beyond nonconsensual sexual intercourse as well as that rape can occur in married couples and people who have been sexually intimate in the past -Many rapes are labeled acquaintance rapes or date rapes. We'd say date rape may affect college aged students, combined with the abuse of alcohol. This leads to victimization concentrated around the college campuses. The most well known of these was the 2016 rapist, Brock Turner, at Stanford University whose light sentence was protested worldwide. More college women killed by partners. -From the Latin rapere, to take by force, we get the origin of the word rape.

instrumental violence

violence used in an attempt to improve the financial or social position of the criminal

Mission Killers

want to reform us, or vision killers

born and alive

whether a murder victim can be a fetus that has not yet been delivered (feticide - Endangering or killing an unborn fetus.) -Today at least 38 states have some form of fetal homicide laws and more than two-thirds of the states have passed some form of legislation that criminalizes the killing of a fetus as murder even if it is not "born and alive." -In some states, there exists legislation creating a separate class of crime that increases criminal penalties when a person causes injury to a woman they know is pregnant, and the injury results in miscarriage or stillbirth. At the federal level, the Unborn Victims of Violence Act of 2004 makes it a separate crime to harm a fetus during an assault on the mother. If the attack causes death or bodily injury to a child who is in utero at the time the conduct takes place, the penalty is the same as that for conduct had the injury or death occurred to the unborn child's mother.

Assault in the home

women often face the greatest risk for violence in their own homes and in familiar settings. Almost half the women who die due to homicide are killed by their current or former husbands or boyfriends; in some countries about 70 percent of all female deaths are domestic homicides. It is possible that nearly one in four women will experience violence by an intimate partner in their lifetime, and most of these are subjected to multiple acts of violence over extended periods of time. In addition to physical abuse, a third to over half of these cases are accompanied by sexual violence; in some countries, up to one-third of adolescent girls report forced sexual initiation. The WHO report found that the percentage of women assaulted by a spouse or intimate partner varied considerably around the world: less than 3 percent in the United States, Canada, and Australia, up to 38 percent of the married women in the Republic of Korea, and 52 percent of Palestinian women on the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In many places, assaults and even murders occur because men believe that their partners have been defiled sexually, either through rape or sex outside of marriage. In some societies, the only way to cleanse the family honor is by killing the offending female.

nature and extent of hate from PPT

• FBI—7,000 hate crime incidents reported each year • Racial bigotry was the motivation for more than half the crimes • Intimidation the most common form of hate crime

The nature and extent of murder

• Murder rates are declining • Murder tends to be an urban crime • Murder victims and offenders (Ninety percent of those arrested) are male • Half of all victims are young African Americans • Murder tends to be an intraracial crime • Murderers typically have a long involvement in crime The murder rate peaked in 1933, a time of high unemployment and lawlessness, and then fell until 1958. Then the homicide rate began to skyrocket, doubling from the mid-1960s to a peak in 1991 when almost 25,000 people were killed in a single year, a rate of about 10 per 100,000 people. The murder rate has since been in a decline. In 2014, there were about 14,000 murders, a rate of about 4.5 per 100,000 population. Preliminary 2015 data show that the decline in the murder rate may be over: murders increased more than 6 percent in the first half of 2015. Murder tends to be an urban crime. More than half of homicides occur in cities with a population of 100,000 or more; almost one-quarter of homicides occur in cities with a population of more than 1 million. Large cities experience the greatest rates of structural disadvantage—poverty, joblessness, racial heterogeneity, residential mobility, family disruption, and income inequality—that are linked to high murder rates. Murder victims and offenders tend to be males: about 80 percent of homicide victims and nearly 90 percent of offenders are male. Males are more likely to kill others of similar social standing in more public contexts; women kill family members and intimate partners in private locations. Murder, like rape, tends to be an intraracial crime: about 90 percent of victims are slain by members of their own race. About half of all murder victims are African Americans. Approximately one-third of murder victims and almost half the offenders are under the age of 25. The UCR indicates that about 350 juveniles are murdered each year. The younger the child, the greater the risk. At the opposite end of the age spectrum, less than 5 percent of all homicides involve people age 65 or older. Males age 65 or older are more likely than females of the same age to be homicide victims. Although most of the offenders who committed eldercide were age 50 or younger, elderly females were more likely than elderly males to be killed by an elderly offender. people arrested for homicide are significantly more likely to have been in trouble with the law prior to their arrest than people arrested for other crimes prior criminal offenses up to age 14 was the most important; 95 percent of offenders had records of violence at the time they committed murder. intimate relationship with the victim are more likely to use a weapon found at the scene—a knife or blunt instrument—and attack their target in the head or face; stranger homicides are more likely to use a gun Unlike other crimes, more than two-thirds of all murders are cleared by arrest or other means. Why are murders so solvable? Police devote more time and resources to identifying murderers, most victims and killers were acquainted, and there is a significant chance of forensic evidence being left at the scene.