Chapter 10 Med term and exam

• Burn o "Baernam in Anglo-Saxon means to burn. Burn severity is described in terms of degrees. A 1st degree burn is on the upper surface without a lot of damage to the skin, and is similar to a sunburn. With 2nd degree burns, blisters form on the surface. These are often seen in severe sunburns, cooking accidents and caustic chemical exposure. A 3rd degree burn is destruction of the skin with charring of the underlying tissues. A 4th degree burn involves significant damage to the underlying structures of the body, such as fat or bone, often burning up all connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves at the burn site. These may be abbreviated to B1, B2 and the like. The second-degree ammonia burn of the eye on this slide shows blistering on the external surface of the cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids."} • Electrical burn o "With an electrical burn, you can see 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree burns. A 1st degree burn is a superficial burn; 2nd degree burn will show blistering; a 3rd degree burn involves deep skin tissue damage; and a 4th degree burn causes severe damage to the underlying tissue, burning and destroying connective tissue, muscle tissue, ligaments, tendon, nerves, and in some cases even bone. Burns can be caused by heat from electricity, chemicals, radiation and gases. The degree of burning varies with the amount of a substance a person is exposed to and the length of exposure. Burn treatment varies based on the degree of damage. 1st degree burns are treated with cool water immersion and analgesics. 2nd degree burns are treated similarly to 1st degree burns, but with greater concern for contamination of the wound site and for the possibility of shock. 3rd and 4th degree burns require rapid medical care. 3rd degree burns are treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics, analgesics and skin grafts to attempt to restore lost skin. 4th degree burns may necessitate prolonged medical observation, amputation of burned extremities, antibiotics, and further procedures to address common complications like thrombosis, sepsis, and respiratory failure."} • Boil o "In Anglo-Saxon, a byl means a sore or a swelling. A boil, or a furuncle, is an acute inflammation of a hair follicle or sebaceous gland. It is characterized by pain, redness and swelling. Pus collects in this area, and eventually an opening may appear from which the pus will drain. The deep tissue is inflamed and can cause blood clots in the area blood vessels. Irritation or squeezing the boil spreads the staphylococcus bacterial infection to surrounding follicles and tissues. Treatment is moist heat application and antibiotics when deemed appropriate. Surgical incision and drainage may be desired. Topical and systemic antibiotics are used to prevent regional spreading of the bacterial infection and to prevent complications from meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and the spinal cord, and to prevent septicemia, which literally means poison in the blood."}) • Furnculosis o "Furuncle means a boil. Furunculosis is a condition of many boils, which are found in succession throughout the body or in a specific region. This is an acute skin disease which is usually caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria, but it can also be caused by streptococcus bacteria, affecting the follicle or the sebaceous oil gland. Rupturing causes discharge of pus and dead cells or tissues. It's an acute, phlegmonous inflammation of the skin, ending in suppurative and necrotic areas. Phlegmonous means it is an inflammation that produces phlegm, suppurative means pus-producing, and necrotic means cells and tissues are dead or dying. It usually begins in a hair follicle and produces pus around a hair shaft. The skin becomes smooth, shiny and tender. Pain from inflammation and pus buildup convinces many patients to seek treatment."}) • Carbuncle o "Carbuncle in Latin means a small, glowing ember. A carbuncle is a staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes bacterial infection of a localized skin area. It's similar to a furuncle except that there are many follicles that are infected. The bacteria causes carbuncle pockets to develop deep in subcutaneous tissues. These pockets may drain by themselves or may be so deep in the tissue that a physician must drain it. Carbuncles often develop in the groin, buttocks and thighs, but are seen in other body regions as well. Carbuncles are treated with oral or topical antibiotics, analgesics and surgical drainage when needed. Fever often occurs because of this bacterial infection, and it may lead to leukocytosis and prostration, an extreme state of exhaustion."}) • Cellulitis, cellulite o "Cellulitis is the inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous fat layers. It is localized in that area by the body's immune system. It is usually caused by streptococcus pyogenes, but may be caused by staphylococcus aureus. Cellulite, an unrelated condition, is a type of adipose tissue presentation that is virtually ubiquitous among adult women. It produces a dimpled appearance on the buttocks and thighs. Cellulite development is believed to be hormonally linked. In males, cellulite may be an indication of a hormone disorder. Laser therapy and radiofrequency therapy may provide an alteration or reduction in the appearance of cellulite, but these treatments will in many cases not provide permanent results, as cellulite may redevelop."} • Chemotherapy o "Chemotherapy is the treatment of infections and other diseases with chemical agents. The term has been applied over the centuries to various forms of therapies, including malaria therapy with herbs and the use of mercury for syphilis. The modern usage of chemotherapy usually entails the use of chemicals to treat cancer. The agents used in cancer therapy generally function in the same manner as ionizing radiation. They do not kill the cancer cells directly but instead impair their ability to replicate. Most anticancer drugs act by interfering with DNA and RNA activities associated with cell division. Chemotherapeutic agents are often used in combination with radiation treatment. A cytotoxic agent may be used to render a tumor cell more sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation, thus allowing the cancer to be controlled with smaller doses of radiation. Chemotherapy extravasation is the process of fluids or drugs escaping into the tissues of the body by way of the body's blood vessels, causing slight or major damage to those body tissues. The potential positive benefits of a treatment have to be weighed against the possible consequences or side effects."}) • Blister o "Bluyster in Middle Dutch means a swelling. Blisters are pockets of fluid below or in the epidermis. They may be seen on the skin�s surface or on mucus membranes. This slide shows sucking blisters, a form of cheilosis. This baby's feeding patterns caused these blisters to develop on the lips. No treatment may be required if the cheilosis is not severe. Topical antibiotics, bandaging or petroleum jelly usage may be indicated, but should only be done with physician approval. The blister may be punctured to relieve pressure. Sucking blister cheilosis is found on the lips and mouth, often with scales developing in the same area. Cheilitis is inflammation or cracking of the skin around the lips. Cheilitis may be caused by allergic reactions to cosmetics, dehydration, lip-licking, Candida fungus and as a side effect of various medications." • Cheilitis o Cheilitis may manifest in various forms, based on the cause. One form is referred to as chapped lips, and chappen is a Middle English term. Chapped lips show inflamed, roughened tissue, often with fissures. It is caused by exposure to cold or moisture. Other types of cheilitis may be caused by exposure to the candida albicans fungus."} • Chicken pox o "Chicken pox, also called varicella, may be so named because its characteristic lesions may be seen to resemble the pits left in a chicken�s skin after the feathers have been pulled out. It is caused by the herpes zoster virus. It is acute viral disease characterized by headaches, fever, malaise and nausea. Characteristic chicken pox lesions appear on the limbs, face and trunk. The herpes virus creeps along nerve endings, causing blisters at the end of these nerve fibers. It is the most contagious during the winter and spring months. The virus incubates in the body for approximately seven to 21 days, or one to three weeks. Chickenpox lesions generally begin as reddened papules, which develop into pustules, before crusting over in the end-stage of the illness. Secondary infections by staphylococcus aureus bacteria often cause complications for chicken pox. It can cause septicemia, severe ulceration and cellulitis, which is an inflammation of cellular tissue underneath the area."} • Small pox o "Smallpox means small pits or pustules that form on the skin. This is a highly acute, febrile � or fever-causing � viral disease that is highly communicable. Smallpox has been declared eradicated, but samples of the virus still exist in a small number of research facilities internationally. Smallpox symptoms include a severe fever, headaches, fatigue, back pain, nausea and an outbreak of pustules over much of the body�s surface, especially the face and limbs. These characteristic pustules have a pale, nodular appearance, often with dimples or dents in the center. These pustules appear about 3 days after other symptoms begin. These lesions generally crust over in about 12 days. Smallpox vaccinations, once common, have been largely discontinued internationally, except among some military personnel and laboratory workers. However, the United States maintains a stockpile of smallpox vaccine, usable in the event of a smallpox bioweapon attack."} • Cold sores o "Cold sores are caused by Herpes Simplex Virus I. Herpes means to creep. The virus creeps along the spinal nerve fibers to the point where the lesions appear. Cold sores reoccur on the lip, mouth or other places where mucous membranes join the skin. It can lead to meningitis and encephalitis, or inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and the brain itself. These lesions are treated with antiviral medication, such as acyclovir and famciclovir. Antibiotics are used for secondary infections. Recurrence can be triggered by stress, injury to the mouth or lips, pregnancy and other illnesses. Symptoms include sore throat, fever and swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck. The virus is communicable even when an individual is not showing any symptoms, but transmission may be more likely when lesions are present. Cold sores usually begin as a burning or itching sensation in a particular spot on the mouth or lip. A blister will generally proceed to form in this area. Canker sores are painful oral mucous membrane ulcers, also known as aphthous stomatitis. The cause is unknown, but it's thought to be an immune system response reaction. Outbreaks may be triggered by stress, hormone fluctuations and injuries to the inside of the mouth."}) • Shingles o "Shingles is caused by the herpes zoster virus. This virus also causes chicken pox. After a person has chicken pox, the herpes zoster virus remains in the body, living at the nerve ganglia, just outside the spinal cord. When the immune system is compromised these viruses will multiply and creep down the spinal nerve. These blisters or lesions appear all along this spinal nerve. This band of lesions starts out on top of the spinal nerve but eventually spreads out peripherally, forming a wider band of lesions. You can see this band of herpes zoster virus lesions in Figures 3 and 4. In Figure 3, you can see the sequence of lesions that start out close to the spinal column, running down the leg; and in Figure 4, the lesions started out in the thoracic area of the spine, running around the front of the body. In Figures 1 and 2, you see genital herpes caused by Herpes Simplex Virus Type II. Herpes Simplex Virus I may be found on the genitals, however, and Herpes Simplex Virus Type II may be found on the mouth. HSV-I infections of the genitals have increased in recent decades, an increase which may be attributable to increased oral sex among adolescents and young adults compared to previous generations. Figure 5 shows you keratitis, or an inflammation of the cornea caused by the herpes virus. Herpes may be spread to the cornea by inserting a contact lens into the mouth or dampening it with saliva and then placing it on the eye." • Measles o "Measles is sometimes referred to as rubeola, meaning red. Measles in Dutch means a rash and in Middle English it means skin spots. The measles rash lasts from day 2 or 3 through day 9 or 10 of the illness. Measles is an acute, highly contagious viral disease that involves the respiratory system. It spreads on the skin with maculopapular rashes. MACULO means a large spot and PAPULE means a pimple-like structure. The causative agent is a paramyxovirus referred to as the measles virus that is transmitted through the nose, throat or mouth during the prodromal stage, or the interval from the earliest signs or symptoms to the first appearance of the rash. The incubation period is from 10-12 days. Anyone who is not immunized to measles due to vaccination or previous infection may develop measles, but it is most common among unvaccinated preschool-age children. There's a gradual onset of various symptoms, including rhinitis, which is inflammation of the nose, drowsiness, anorexia, coughing, conjunctivitis, photophobia and coryza, which is discharge from the nose and throat, also called catarrh. The rash begins as brownish-pink spots that appear around the head and neck and spread rapidly over the body after the Koplik Spots appear in the mouth during the first two days of the illness. These Koplik Spots are small, red lesions with blue-white centers on the buccal or oral mucosa near the molars. Dr. Henry Koplik was a pediatrician who lived in the United States from 1858 to 1927. Dr. Koplik wrote on the diagnostic significance of these spots in patients with measles. The body's temperature during the early phase or first two days of the illness usually does not exceed 101 to 102 degrees. During days 3 to 5, the fever may elevate to 103 to 105 degrees. The patient also experiences malaise, chills, nasal congestion and sneezing. The treatment is the use of antipyretic drugs to reduce the fever, vitamin A supplementation, rest and hydration. This illness is vaccinated against through the mumps, measles, and rubella vaccination, or the MMR vaccination, that is given after one year of age, with a follow-up vaccination shortly before the child enters kindergarten. Immune serum globulin is used to treat unvaccinated individuals who are exposed to the virus. Life-long immunity is acquired by the individual after they have had this viral infection. There are complications that can appear after measles infection. They include encephalitis, which is an inflammation of the brain; meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and the spinal cord; otitis media, which is an inflammation of the middle ear; and pneumonia."} • Rubella o "Rubella is a viral infection that causes a red spotty rash on the body, similar to that seen in measles. The rashes that extend over the body are without desquamation or shedding of the epithelial tissue; and the rash disappears in 2-3 days. As a result, this disease is sometimes referred to as 3-day measles, despite being unrelated to measles. It is also referred to as German or French measles. Fevers seen in individuals with rubella are generally of lower grade than seen in rubella. The incubation period for rubella is generally from 12 to 23 days. The patient has low to moderate fever, cervical or lymph node swelling and viral infection. Rubella contracted during pregnancy may cause miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, or severe fetal abnormalities, such as blindness, heart defects, intellectual disability and other issues."}) • Contracture o "Contractura in Latin means the pulling together or the contraction of something. This abnormal condition usually affects the body joint or joints permanently. Contracture may be treated through stretching, continuous passive motion or CPM machines, casts, and surgical techniques such as skin grafts. It is the contraction or the shortening of muscle fibers which causes atrophy or a shrinking of that particular body tissue. It also causes the loss of normal skin elasticity. This usually causes extreme scar tissue or keloid tissue development on the body over a particular joint with a fixation of the joint, with partial or total loss of flexion and extension. This condition is often caused by burns. Burning of the muscles and the skin can lead to spasming of muscles or body paralysis."} • Contusion o "Contundere in Latin means to bruise. A contusion is any injury to the body in which the skin is not disrupted or broken. It is usually caused by a blow to the body, but contusions may result from other things such as bites or vigorous exercise. It is characterized by swelling, pain and discoloration. Cold packs may be applied to the area to limit the amount of swelling. After 48 hours, heat and gentle massage should be applied." • Corn o "A corn is also known as a clavus. Cornu in Latin means a horn or horn-shaped structure. These horny masses of condensed keratin overlie a bony prominence or bony segments of the body. These cone-shaped, horny masses compress the underlying dermis, making the skin thin and tender. Corns may be firm or soft, depending on their location on the body. This thickened skin, most commonly on the toes, is caused by long-term friction or pressure. Corns are not generally a serious complaint, and can be corrected through a change to less abrasive footwear, moisturizing, minor surgery to remove the top layers of the corn, and pads to reduce friction between the callus and surrounding tissue or fabric. The word keratin in Greek, similar to cornu in Latin, means horny. Keratin is an extremely tough, protein substance found in hair, nails, and other tissues of the body."} • Dehydration o "Dehydration literally means the process of water going away. This is body-tissue water loss, and it's caused by fluid deprivation, excess sweating, loss of electrolytes � especially sodium, potassium and chloride � or injections of a hypertonic solution. It is associated with many diseases, especially those that cause diarrhea, like cholera and dysentery. Cholera comes from a Greek word that refers to bile. It's caused by the bacteria vibrio cholerae. Dysentery literally means the process of having an intestinal problem. Dehydration usually follows prolonged diarrhea, high fevers, vomiting, and renal failure, which leads to acidosis, an increased acidity in the blood that causes a pH of less than 7.35. Dehydration also follows blood-ketone body increases, which are seen during starvation, and muscle-tissue breakdown. Usually you see poor skin turgor, which is a lack of tension within the skin. It doesn't snap back to its original position after it has been stretched, and may have a loose or swollen appearance. If you push on the skin, it does not bounce back to its normal position quickly, and may remain indented and discolored for a period of time. If the person has a pale skin tone, the indented skin often appears light-colored or white. Flushed skin, dry mouth and oliguria or scanty urination are seen, along with irritability and confusion. Dehydration is treated with rehydration therapy, which may be delivered orally or intravenously. Intravenous rehydration is generally only used in cases of severe dehydration."} • Eczema o "Eczema in Greek means to boil out, and is so named for the bubbled appearance of the skin of people with an eczema outbreak, similar to that of boiling water. It is also known as allergic dermatitis or an inflammation of the skin caused by allergens. This is a superficial form of dermatitis that usually affects the face, neck and arms. It is not a distinct disease entity in itself. Vesicles or blisters, redness, swelling, itching, and pustules appear and lead to dry scales, crusts, and scabs. It is characterized by itching and burning. It is not infectious, but often recurs. There is no cure for eczema, but outbreaks may be treated with topical corticosteroids, UV therapy, and immunosuppressants in severe cases. There are a variety of types of eczema. One of the more common forms is contact eczema, also called contact dermatitis, which is caused by coming in contact with irritating substances in our environment, such as chemicals, creams, perfumes and detergents. This condition is exacerbated, or made worse, by changes in temperature, changes in humidity, psychological stress and various types of chemical substances."}

• Flea bites o "Fleas are wingless parasitic biting insects that transmit a variety of bacteria, viruses and protozoal organisms. They are found on warm-blooded animals, including rats, squirrels, rabbits, and humans. The bubonic plague, called the Black Death during the Middle Ages, is believed by many to have been caused by fleas that carried the bacteria Yersinia pestis, which produces an endotoxin which causes the signs and symptoms associated with bubonic plague. Bubo in Middle English means enlarged swellings or bulbs, and a plague in Middle English means a calamity. The Black Death resulted directly and indirectly in the deaths of millions of people worldwide. It caused a fever as high as 106 degrees, delirium, hypotension, tachycardia, swollen and painful buboes, swollen lymph nodes � which is referred to as adenitis � and inflammation of the glands, specifically in the armpit, neck and groin. Death often occurred through sepsis. Bubonic plague is treated with antibiotics, including streptomycin and tetracycline. Flea bites often cause hemorrhagic points, usually forming bulbs or blisters. They're surrounded by red areas and individual or patches of hives, usually caused by the saliva of the flea. Flea bite prevention and treatment includes flea control with pest products like powders, shampoos and collars, thorough home cleaning after a potentially flea-carrying animal has entered it, and antihistamines to reduce itching." • Gangrene o "Gangraina in Greek means rotting of tissues. Gangrene is tissue death due to insufficient blood supply into the tissue. Gangrene may result from infections, injuries, boils, frostbite, diabetes, and Raynaud's Phenomenon. Any emboli or clot may lead to a sloughing of the soft tissue and possibly death of bone. The dead matter must be removed before healing can take place. There are a variety of types of gangrene. On this slide you can see gas gangrene in a wound that's been infected by the Clostridium perfringens bacteria, which is a bacillus bacteria that produces gas bubbles in the soft tissue. It's usually seen after surgery or trauma to the area. Symptoms include pain, swelling and tenderness of the wound area. There is a moderate fever, tachycardia or rapid heartbeat, and hypotension or a lowered blood pressure. The skin around the wound becomes necrotic and ruptures, revealing necrotic muscle, or dead and dying muscles, in the area. A characteristic finding is toxic delirium, in which the patient is confused, has trouble focusing on tasks or conversations, experiences impairments in orientation and may experience hallucinations. If untreated, gas gangrene is rapidly fatal. Prompt treatment includes excision of the gangrenous tissue and intervention with penicillin or clindamycin. With prompt treatment, about 80 percent of people with gas gangrene survive. Vascular gangrene is caused by arteriosclerosis, or a cutoff of blood supply to the tissues. This insufficient blood supply caused the deaths of the surrounding tissue, and surgery was required to remove the damaged, dead, and dying tissue. The putrefaction of tissues can occur in any part of the body, including the intestines and the gallbladder, but it is usually seen in the hands, arms, legs or feet. An internal form of gangrene may be the result of complications from a strangulated hernia, appendicitis, cholecystitis or thrombosis of the mesenteric arteries in the gut or the blood vessels behind the intestines. The dry form of gangrene is a late complication of diabetes mellitus that is already complicated by arteriosclerosis. It affects the extremities, causing them to become cold, dry, and shriveled; eventually, the tissue turns black. Wet gangrene may follow a crushing injury or the obstruction of blood flow by an embolism. This form of gangrene involves bacterial infection, generally by Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio vulnificus. This form of gangrene has a strong odor, spreads rapidly and may result in death in just a few days. In all types of gangrene, surgical debridement is necessary to remove the necrotic tissue before healing can take place."} • Ingrown toenail o "An ingrown toenail is also known as unguis incarnatus. This is the nail growth or nail pressing into the nail margin, the soft tissue around the nail, causing pain and inflammation. It is caused by improper cutting of the toenails or downward pressure on the toenails due to poorly-fitting shoes. Tissue granulation and secondary infections are common. Treatment is the proper trimming of the toenails, surgery to narrow the toenail, reduction of the lateral nail fold, properly-fitting shoes, and sometimes antibiotics to treat secondary infections of the area."}) • Paronychia o "Paronychia means a condition near the nail. This acute or chronic inflammation of the nail margin is often caused by trauma and bacterial or fungal infections. The lesion is characterized by redness, swelling and suppuration, the production of pus around the nail edge. Minor cases of paronychia may resolve with topical antibiotics and soaking in hot water. More severe paronychia may be treated with oral antibiotics and surgical drainage of the affected area. Whitlow is an inflammation of any finger or toe near its tip. In Middle English, whitlow means white flaw. A felon is a suppurative abscess at the end of the finger or toe."} • Callus, Verruca, Bunion o "A callus is also known as a clavus, and on the toes it is usually referred to as corns. Callus in Latin means hard skin. A callus is the horny mass of condensed epithelial cells in the stratum corneum layer of the skin that becomes thickened. These lesions are usually painless. These cells are overlying any bony prominence within the body. It is usually caused by repeated pressure or friction. The conic form is compressed dermis. The skin here is thin and because of that, the area is also tender. The treatment for the thickened form is surgical paring and chemical peels of excessive keratin. Verruca in Latin means a wart. Verrucae are caused by papilloma viruses that affect the epidermis, causing branching, lobular or circumscribed tumors or neoplasms to develop. Warts often go away on their own over time, but can be removed with at-home kits. If these prove ineffective, doctors may perform procedures like cryotherapy, in which the wart is killed with freezing cold liquid nitrogen, laser treatment, in which the wart is cauterized with lasers and falls off, and salicylic, bichloracetic or trichloracetic acid application. The word bunion comes from a Middle French term, buigne, meaning a bump. It is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the beginning of the big toe. This is referred to as the metatarsal phalangeal joint, which is the joint between the proximal phalange or the nearest portion of the toe to the foot and the distal portion of the metatarsal. It is usually seen on the big toe. It is caused by joint inflammation, chronic pressure, degenerative joint or bone diseases, and heredity."}) • Onychomycosis o "Onychomycosis is fungal infection within the nail. The causative fungus is usually Candida albicans, but others, such as Trichophyton rubrum, may also be implicated. The Candida albicans fungus is present in the membranes of the body, particularly the mucous membranes of the mouth, intestinal tract, vagina, and skin. It is also found in the nail and nail beds. Immune system failure, like with HIV, can trigger systemic fungal infection, causing it to spread to different tissues throughout the body. These fungal infections may lead to a diagnosis of AIDS in a patient."} • Helminth, Ascaris, Vermis o "Helmins or helminth means worm in Greek. Helminthic infections are some of the leading killers throughout the world. Some of these infections are referred to as ascaris infections, and ascaris means intestinal worms. Vermis also means worm. The enterobius vermicularis roundworm is a small worm that infects the end of the digestive tract, referred to as a pinworm or threadworm infection. Any parasitic worm that affects humans usually affects the skin, digestive system circulatory system. Tapeworms are another type of parasitic worm found in the human body. The proboscis structures around the mouth of the tapeworm attach themselves to the intestines of the human body, interfering with nutrient absorption and potentially leading to malnutrition. Roundworms form a matting within the intestine and can cause an intestinal blockage. The eggs of most worms that cause human diseases mature in the digestive tract. After being swallowed by humans, the eggs hatch and the larvae enter the venous circulation of the body passing to the lungs, from which they migrate up the respiratory tract and are swallowed down the digestive tract. The adult worms lay millions of eggs and a new cycle starts again. In the case of threadworms, eggs are swallowed and mature within the body, migrating to the anal area, and the worms lay eggs around the anus. This causes anal itching, which may lead the person to scratch the area, transferring the pinworm eggs from the anus to the fingernails. From here, the eggs may be transferred to the individual�s mouth through thumb sucking, eating or accidental contact, or be transferred to another individual through cooking, affectionate touching or play. The treatment is mebendazole or albendazole to kill these parasitic worms." • Hookworm disease o "Hookworm disease is a type of roundworm infestation. In Anglo-Saxon, HOK and WYRM are the word-part derivatives for this disease. This parasitic roundworm nematode is usually found in warm, moist climates, in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation. The hookworm enters the bottom of the foot and causes pus-filled blisters, inflammatory tissue and pruritus, which is an itching in the area. These roundworms migrate through the blood to the lungs by the bloodstream. They are expelled up to the trachea and then swallowed into the digestive tract. Once in the intestines, they attach themselves to the intestinal mucosal walls and suck blood from the individual. These hookworms burrow through the mucosal wall into the circulatory system and migrate to different tissues of the body, especially the muscles. They can attack the heart muscle, diaphragm muscle and muscles and tissues of the arms and legs. These marks are often the symptom that leads people to become aware of and seek treatment for their worm infestation. In the United States, the variety of hookworms seen are usually Necator Americanis, or American killers. They are about a half-inch long, with sharp, hook-like teeth. The female lays about 10,000 eggs per day. They are usually found in cats and dogs and then migrate into the soil or sand, where humans contract them. The patient is weak because of internal bleeding from these blood suckers, and the person has an increased appetite because of weakness. Bleeding usually causes iron deficiency anemia. The patient also experiences abdominal cramping and pain. There are also complications associated with damage to muscles that may have been attacked by these parasitic worms. When the hookworms burrow into the skin of the feet, they form blisters, inflammation and itching. Therefore, this condition is also sometimes referred to as ground itch or creeping eruption."} • Drakounculiasis o "Dracunculiasis is a parasitic disease that's caused by guinea worm infestation. These worms are found in Mali, Chad, South Sudan and Ethiopia, but concerted efforts directed towards eradicating this disease will likely reduce this list over time. The form that affects humans is referred to as Dracunculus medinensis, and the form usually found in the United States is Dracunculus insignis. The larvae are consumed in water. They mature in the stomach and small intestines and then migrate to the organs and skin, particularly the hands and feet, where the adult worms cause ulceration and raised sores. Treatment is careful extraction of the adult worms by winding them a bit at a time around a stick, referred to as stick therapy, analgesics to alleviate the often intense burning pain, and surgery to remove the worm. Further cases of Dracunculiasis may be prevented in a community by filtering drinking water to remove larvae, keeping potentially infected people from setting foot in community water, and treating community water with larvicides to kill larvae. Here you can see the raised, thread-like worms that are burrowing under the skin of the body. The superficial sores you see on the surface of the hand are where the worms come close to the surface of the skin. This is where the larvae are discharged from, usually into the environment or into the water, continuing the cycling of this worm infestation into the bodies of other humans. If the worms attack vital organs of the body, death may occur, but is uncommon."} • Filariasis o "Filariasis is caused by a thread-like nematode that lives in the lymphatic or circulatory system. It also lives in connective and subcutaneous tissues. Larvae live in the blood or lymph and are ingested by blood-sucking arthropods such as flies, gnats and mosquitoes. They mature and deposit the larvae of these thread-like worms into human tissues or other vertebrates. Aedes Egypti, the mosquito that carries the organisms that cause Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever, and Culex quinquefasciatus are two species of mosquitoes that often transmit filariasis larva. The thread-like nematodes can live in the superficial arteries and veins in arms and legs. This can cause elephantiasis, or lymphatic filariasis, in which the tissues of the legs become thickened and dramatically enlarged." • Dyshidrosis o "Dyshidrosis is also known as pompholyx. DYS means bad or difficult, HIDRO, with an I, means sweating, and OSIS means a condition of. Thus, dyshidrosis is a difficult condition of sweating. This is a sweating disorder that leaves vesicles, which are blister eruptions, on the skin, usually on the hands and feet, that cause intense itching. The treatment is control of sweating with the use of socks and well-ventilated shoes. Corticosteroids are used at night to treat the inflammatory condition. Phototherapy and immune-suppressing lotions like Pimecrolimus are also used. Botox injections are used in more severe cases."} • Hirsutism o "Hirsutism is excessive hair growth on the body, particularly on the face. The woman on this slide has an ovarian cyst. This condition caused a change in the hormones produced by the ovaries. A greater amount of androgens were produced than estrogen, resulting in male-pattern hair growth. It also can be caused by heredity, porphyria and medications of various kinds. This condition may be treated by addressing the causes of the condition, such as attempting to restore hormone balance. If it is acceptable to the patient, typical hair removal techniques such as shaving, electrolysis and laser hair removal may be used. This condition is also known as hypertrichosis, literally a condition of increase in hair growth." • Aspergillosis o "Aspergillosis means a sprinkling. It's like a fine sprinkling of mold or fungus fibers throughout the body or fibrous tissues. This is the fungal mold infection that affects primarily the respiratory system that is often seen in spelunkers, or people that explore caves. It is found in the soil and in manure. It is found in the ears, nose, and lungs of humans and birds. There are a variety of types of fungal infections in humans that affect the ears, bronchial tubes, skin, lungs, mucous membranes � especially the eyes, nose and urethra � bones, subcutaneous tissue and scalp. It produces granulomatous, or granular lesions. It extends to the viscera or organs, especially the lungs, liver, kidney, and spleen, producing nodular mycotic, or fungal, lesions. Treatment is voriconazole, surgery and corticosteroids. Here you can see a microscopic view of the spores of this fungus, as well as the lesions it produces, referred to as mycetomas, or fungal tumors. It is also known as Madura foot or hand. The etiologic agent or causative agent of this case is Aspergillus fungus, and common strains include Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus."}) • Histoplasmosis o "Histoplasmosis is also referred to as Darling�s disease. The word part HISTO means tissue, PLAS means growth or formation, and OSIS is the condition of. So this is the condition of a growth of tissue within the body. Specifically, what's growing in and on the body's tissue is a fungus, referred to as histoplasma capsulatum. This disease is caused by inhaling airborne spores from the soil contaminated with excreta from infected birds or bats. These infections generally result in at least partial immunity to further histoplasmosis infections. This fungus is a budding yeast at body temperature and a mold at room temperature. It is diagnosed with skin or lung biopsies, CT scans and fluid sample testing. It is seen in the Mississippi River valley and the Ohio River valley, as well as caves found throughout the world. The parasitic spores attack the cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system. This system is crucial to the body�s immune response. It disposes of products from cells that are being broken down. The body does this with the use of macrophages, which are large white blood cells, Kupffer liver cells, and reticulum cells found in bone marrow, the spleen and lymph throughout the body. The system's cells line all of the body's circulatory vessels, including lymph and blood vessels, and are capable of phagocytosing, or eating foreign matter, and forming immune bodies against foreign particles. The fungal spores also attack the skin and respiratory system. The disease is characterized by dry coughing because of infection in the lung, a fever up to 103 degrees, malaise, anemia, leukopenia, adenopathy � which is a disease of the lymph glands � splenomegaly caused by the spleen working overtime to break down worn-out red blood cells in the body, hepatomegaly caused by the liver working overtime trying to purify the blood, adrenal necrosis, and ulcers that form in the digestive system, especially the mouth and nose. The disease is classified as being mild, in which the affected person usually recovers without any problems. Histoplasmosis generally responds well to antifungal medication like itraconazole, but surgical procedures may be required for certain types of histoplasmosis. The person is often left with calcifications in the lung tissues or lymph nodes. This is a result of the body walling off the infection within the tissues with calcium and other minerals."} • Ichthyosis o "ICHTHYO means fish or fish-like, and OSIS is a condition. Ichthyosis is a condition of having fish-like skin that's dry, scaly, and hyperkeratotic, or showing excessive growth on the surface of the skin. There are a variety of types of ichthyosis. The most common type is ichthyosis simplex, or ichthyosis vulgaris. Acquired ichthyosis is a part of several syndromes, including lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Treatments include topical moisturizers, anti-keratinizing medications like propylene glycol, oral retinoids, and potentially skin grafting for severe cases. A mild form is referred to as xeroderma, or dry skin. It is observed in older people and people that bathe excessively." • Impetigo o "Impetigo in Latin means to attack. Impetigo is an acute inflammatory skin disease that causes circinate, or ring-like bulbous, and gyrate, or circular, lesions. It can cause acute glomerulonephritis, or an inflammation of the round tufts that filter blood in the kidneys, usually caused by the organism that causes impetigo, which is either staph, strep, or both staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria. Often it is staphylococcus aureus bacteria. It is seen in children but can also occur in adults that are continuously exposed to moisture or heat. The bacteria form crusted papules which are pus-filled and rupture, spreading the bacterial organisms regionally. It begins with vocal erythema, or redness, and progresses to pruritic itching, and eventually the condition forms blisters on the skin or vesiculation. These blisters erode, showing a straw-colored material on the inside. This eventually dries up and forms a honey-colored crust on the surface of the skin. This condition is usually found on the face and spreads regionally, but it can be found on other parts of the body. It is contagious if you make contact with the discharge or lesion."}) • Laceration, lentigo o "A laceration is a tear, often irregular and jagged, of the tissues in the body. This occurs when pressure or stretching is put on the skin or a blow is given to the skin, causing tearing. It also happens when there is a tear in the perineum, the floor of the female pelvis between the anus and the vagina, during delivery when a baby is excessively large. As it exits the vagina, it tears this tissue of the body. It is referred to as a perineal laceration or a perineal tear. A lentigo is a small brown or yellowish-brown macule, which is a spot on the surface of the skin or lip. It is caused by excessive exposure to the sun, actinic dermatitis and UV therapy."} • Leprosy o "Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease. Lepros in Greek means scaly, and it is named for the type of lesions that are seen on the body. It is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by mycobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis, a cousin to the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacillus. It forms colonies on nerves that block the flow of nerve impulses, leading to a form of anesthesia, or lack of feeling within the body. Leprosy is diagnosed using skin examination and skin smears or biopsies to detect the mycobacterium that cause leprosy. The first signs of leprosy are skin numbness and lesions. The incubation period for leprosy is lengthy, with a five year average, and may last as long as 20 years or more. The lepromatous form of leprosy shows a lowered body resistance, meaning an individual can develop many types of infection, including tuberculosis and pneumonia. Often we see asymmetrical nerve lesions in both the nodular and flatter forms of skin lesions. The anesthetic effect of leprosy on the nerves leads to ulcers, usually pressure ulcers, and traumatic amputations because of lack of feeling in certain parts of the body. Due to the numbness present, individuals may be unaware of injuries inflicted to their body parts; without proper care, secondary infections develop, leading to amputations of fingers, toes, and other parts of the body. Leprosy can affect many body systems, and it forms plaques or plate-like lesions and skin nodules. Iritis, or inflammation of the iris of the eye, occurs, as does keratitis, which is an inflammation of the cornea, and destruction of bone and cartilage in the body, particularly in the nose. Testicular atrophy, or shrinking of the testicles, occurs in males, peripheral edema or swelling in the extremities takes place, and blindness occurs as a result of ocular inflammation. Leprosy itself rarely directly results in death. Death occurs from suicide, as a result of secondary infections of lesions, and organ failure. Amyloidosis, which is a condition of improper starch metabolism commonly seen in people affected by leprosy, can also lead to death. Leprosy is communicable through prolonged contact with an individual who has leprosy. Leprosy transmission from patients to medical personnel is uncommon. It is more communicable in children."} o "Here is the tuberculoid form of leprosy that causes these unusual types of swellings on the skin of the body. This form of leprosy is characterized by asymmetrical, scaly skin lesions. These types of lesions give leprosy its true meaning, a form of scaliness. The patient also shows muscle weakness and peripheral nerve involvement that may lead to loss of feeling in the extremities and possible paralysis for the individual. The first signs are often leucoderma or white skin tissues, white milky skin patches, and a type of vitiligo. These acquired leprosy patches are seen in individuals in the tropical areas of the world and Africa. The chance of recovery is good with proper therapy, including dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. The United States had two primary leper colonies, one in Carville, Louisiana, which is about 90 miles upstream of New Orleans on the Mississippi River, and in the village Kalaupapa on a small isolated Hawaiian island, Moloka�i. Contrary to popular misconception, leprosy does not cause spontaneous amputation of parts of fingers or toes. Untreated secondary infections of injuries to the hands and feet may result in gangrene, which can necessitate amputation. It has been alleged that rats may also consume the flesh of those affected by leprosy, which may lead to the loss of fingers or toes. Dr. Gerhard Armauer Hansen was a Norwegian physician that lived from 1841 to 1912. He was the discoverer of the mycobacterium leprae bacillus in 1871."} • Lichen planus o "Lichen means a symbiotic organism, and PLANUS means a plane or a flat surface. Lichen planus is a nonmalignant chronic skin disease, with small flat papules, which are pimples or plaques, with fine gray lines on the surface. Lichen planus is most common in middle aged adults and women, but has been seen in all groups. The cause is unknown, but the condition has been associated with disorders of immune response. The symptoms of lichen planus are characteristic lesions and itching. There is no cure for lichen planus, but symptoms may be lessened by topical or oral corticosteroids, antihistamines to reduce itching and inflammation, and calcineurin inhibitors. Lichen planus will often eventually go away on its own, but may persist for years. It is not generally a dangerous condition, with the main associated issues being aesthetic concerns and pain or itching. However, the presence of lichen planus may indicate an increased risk of cancer in the areas affected."} • Milium, Ingrown hair o "Milium, or milia, are white or flesh-toned pinhead sized papules on the face or genitals that are keratin-filled cysts. These form below the epidermis and usually disappear in time. An ingrown hair is a hair that grows through or follows an abnormal hair channel to the surface of the skin. The free end often embeds itself in the skin and acts like a foreign body, causing suppuration, or pus formation."

dermal abscess

"A dermal abscess is a swollen, pus-filled area on the body. This is usually a localized bacterial infection surrounded by inflamed tissue. This results in the disintegration and displacement of body tissue. This is where we derive the term abscess. It means a going away of localized tissue or a displacement or disintegration of the body tissue. The buildup of pus causes edema, which is swelling, and pressure, which results in pain. The area also experiences erythema. Erythema means a redness of the tissue. The etiology is usually staphylococcus bacteria, but strep can also cause the same problem. Healing usually occurs when the abscess is drained of pus through a minor surgical incision. Antibiotics may be used in some cases. Some abscesses resolve on their own, but individuals should always seek treatment for abscesses which seem to be getting worse. Deep abscesses are drained by developing a sinus track to the surface of the body. These abscesses are usually named for the body part affected. For example, an axillary abscess is an armpit abscess, and a lumbosacral abscess is an abscess in the lower back. These abscesses can lead to septicemia, and they can also cause materials to circulate in the bloodstream, causing clots. Dental abscesses can occur anywhere along the tooth root. Pain and erythema results from the separation or the pressure caused by pus on the nerve root."}

albinism

"ALBUS, like LEUCO, spelled with a "C" or "K," means white. Albus in Latin pertains to whiteness. ISM as a suffix means a state of or condition of. Albinism is a congenital, non-pathological partial or complete absence of pigmentation in the skin, hair or eyes. It is often accompanied by astigmatism, which is an irregularly-shaped cornea, usually oval in nature; photophobia, or sensitivity to light; and nystagmus, which is a jumping of the eyeball. It shakes and jumps very rapidly because of the muscles of the eye contracting. A patching of normal pigmentation and whiteness is called vitiligo. The word vitiligo means to corrupt, and it is an incomplete form of albinism. With albinism of the eye, the choroid layer is not protected. The choroid layer is the layer between the sclera or hard membrane of the eye, the white part of the eye, and the retina. There are five layers to this choroid layer, and one of them is a pigmented layer. The absence of this layer is the cause of photophobia in people with Albinism. When there is albinism of the skin, there is a lack of melanin, the pigment produced in the stratum basale layer."

acne

"Acne means a point. Acne is an inflammatory disease of the sebaceous oil glands and hair follicles of the skin. This condition causes patches of skin, commonly on the face, upper chest, and back to be marked with pustules referred to as pimples and comedones in the form of blackheads and whiteheads. Comedo in Greek means to eat up or a glutton, and was the name of a variety of worm. Comedones are so named because the material extracted from a comedo has a thin, wormlike appearance. Blackheads are comedones that are open, while whiteheads are closed comedones. An increase in androgen during puberty increases pilosebaceous gland activity. This increase in oil causes the follicle to open up, causing acne vulgaris. The word vulgare in Middle English means common. It is the common form of acne. Acne can lead to cyst formation and eventual scarring of the facial tissue. A variety of topical treatments may be used for acne, including benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid. Antibiotics such as clindamycin and erythromycin may be used for severe cases of acne. In some cases, boils form deep within the hair follicle itself. A boil is referred to as a furuncle, and is an acute, circumscribed inflammation of the skin, gland or hair follicle. These deep-tissue inflammations cause severe blood clots in the vessels and form a core, and this core is the cause of the pain. Ultimately the core is expelled or reabsorbed. Boils are most often caused by staphylococcus organisms within the hair follicle."}

Actinodermatitis contact dermatitis

"Actinodermatitis, or actinic dermatitis, is caused by sun exposure. A first-degree burn manifests in a reddening of the skin, while a second-degree burn will often show blisters. Contact dermatitis is caused by contact between the skin and an irritating substance. Hairdresser contact dermatitis is caused by substances found in salons. With dermatitis, the skin becomes inflamed and irritated. There are various degrees of inflammation, from a mild redness to severe blistering. Irritating substances include plant oils, acid or base substances, X-rays, fungus, the sun, ivy, herpes lesions, cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, heat and cold. This may lead to a secondary bacterial infection if the skin happens to be broken or damaged. Contact dermatitis is treated by cleansing the area to remove remnants of the irritating substance, topical hydrocortisone, antihistamines, and analgesics and moisturizers to reduce pain and itching."}

alopecia

"Alopecia literally means fox mange. Alopecia is an absence or loss of hair, especially on the head. There are many different forms or types of alopecia. It can result from genetics, autoimmune abnormalities, hypothyroidism, fungal infections, lupus, malnutrition, chemotherapy and other conditions. Treatment varies with the cause and type of alopecia, and includes topical application of minoxidil, cortisone and the use of wigs, false eyelashes and false eyebrows to cover bald areas."}

anthrax

"Anthrax is a Greek term that means coal or like a carbuncle. This disease is so named for the black and dark brown eschar lesions of necrotic flesh that appear on the body. The bacterium that causes this disease is Bacillus anthracis. The cutaneous form is contracted when anthrax spores come into contact with cuts or other openings in the skin. These spores generally come from contact with animal hides, such as among hunters or workers in the fur or wool industry. The pulmonary, or inhalation, form is caused by spore inhalation. The spores penetrate the lungs, spreading from there to lymph nodes and other body sites and producing more spores. Early signs of pulmonary anthrax infection include muscle aches, headache, fever, nausea, vomiting and respiratory distress. Anthrax spores produce toxins that cause destruction in the heart and liver. These toxins are not removed or destroyed by antibiotics, which is why there is a high mortality rate even among people who receive adequate medical treatment. Anthrax is treated with a combination of antibiotics, such as doxycycline or quinolone, and antitoxins, such as raxibacumab. Anthrax vaccines are mandatory for segments of the US armed forces, such as those that are stationed in areas of concern for bioterrorism, or who work in bioterrorism defense units."

dermatoplasty

"Dermatoplasty means the process of repairing the skin. Dermatoplasty is one of the more common forms of plastic surgery along with rhinoplasty, or repair of the nose. A common dermoplasty procedure is blepharoplasty, commonly referred to as an eyelift. When a strip of skin is removed or excised, there is usually a plug of fat behind it that also has to be removed. The skin is sutured together, and the eyelid is pulled up above the pupil and the iris, giving the person the appearance of a young eye. Both eyes are usually done at the same time so that one doesn't sag more than the other. If the eyelid sags, it can be referred to as blepharoptosis or palpebroptosis. BLEPHARO and PALPEBRO both mean eyelid, and PTOSIS means to droop. A facelift in its entirety is referred to as a facial plasty, or surgical repair of the entire face. In some cases the eye is included in it. You can see the excision of the skin and the sutures that are applied to the skin on this slide. Surgery of this type is carried out by plastic surgeons, reconstructive surgeons and cosmetic surgeons. Cosmetic surgeons and plastic surgeons have separate certifying boards and undergo different training. A reconstructive plastic surgeon is certified to reconstruct the face or body parts after serious injuries or surgery. It is legal for any licensed physician to perform cosmetic procedures. Liposuction, where fat is taken out of the body, is another common cosmetic surgical procedure."}

dermabrasion eschar

"Dermoplasty, or dermabrasion, is the surgical repair of skin. This is a treatment involving wire brushes, sandpaper and other tools. This procedure removes the upper, superficial layers of the skin. It's used to remove undesired marks on the skin, such as scars, tattoos or wrinkles. Other procedures have been developed to treat these conditions, such as laser resurfacing. Eschar specifically means a scab. This area of dead tissue appears during the healing process after burns, bedsores, Typhus infection and other injuries and illnesses."

neoplasm cylindroma cutaneous horn

"Here are three types of neoplasms. In Greek, NEO means new, and PLAS or PLASM means the growth or the formation of something. A cephalic benign neoplasm is a noncancerous growth. Cephalic means head, and benign means it's not cancerous. A cylindroma is a tumor that looks like a cylinder surrounded by epithelial tissue. A cutaneous horn is a hard, epidermal projection, usually on the head or the face. Cutaneous horns are uncommon, and are generally only seen on older individuals who have experienced significant sun exposure over their lifetime. Tumors are usually classified as being benign or malignant. Benign tumors are non-cancerous and generally respond well to treatment. Malignant neoplasms often grow invasively into the tissues, spreading throughout the body and causing death by replacing normal tissues with these fast-growing neoplastic tissues. Despite being non-cancerous, benign tumors may still cause damage or death, especially if tumors are present in vital tissues of the body, like the heart or the brain. Cephalic turban benign neoplasms are usually pink or maroon neoplasms that are found on the head in this case but can be found throughout the body. They are a result of genetics, and they often reoccur after they have been excised or cut out."}

sarcoma carcinoma

"Here we're looking at two types of cancers: sarcoma and carcinoma. The image of sarcoma is a microscopic view and the image of carcinoma is a macroscopic view. Sarcoma means a tumor of fleshiness. These are flesh-like tumors that are soft-tissue, malignant neoplasms. They arise from muscular tissue, fatty tissue, vascular tissue, neural tissue, fibrous tissue and synovial tissue, which is tissue from the egg-like, membranous capsule around a body joint. Carcinomas are crab-like tumors. CARCINO or cancer means crab, and it's the rapid multiplication of the cells that invade surrounding tissue, growing outward like crab's legs. This neoplastic tissue reaches the blood and lymph systems of the body, or the vascular system of the body. These two body systems carry cancerous cells throughout the body, replacing normal body structure. Eventually, one or more parts of the body fail, triggering the failure of a body system, causing death. Shown here is a carcinoma of the lung, or a pulmonary carcinoma. Lung tissue and alveolar sacs have been replaced by these rapidly multiplying cancer cells. Cancer is shown by the dark, discolored patches on this lung tissue. Lung cancer is one of the more common forms of cancer."}

squaminous cell carcinoma curettalage

"Large squamous cell lesions are actually several small squamous cell carcinomas that have grown together, giving the appearance of one large lesion. The word squamous in Latin means a scale. Squamous cells are the flat, pavement-like sheets of scaly cells or uppermost layer of the skin. The epithelial cells are attached to one another at their edges. These tend to be convex or outwardly protruding on the skin, lungs, cervix, bladder and nose. The word curettage in French means a scooping, and it is the scraping or the scooping of the tissue surface of the skin or a wall of a cavity of a tumor. Squamous cell carcinoma can be removed with this procedure. Curettage is also used for some types of abortion procedures, and for the treatment of incomplete miscarriages. It's also used in some cases for clearing out infectious material found in body structures. Squamous cell carcinoma lesions, like basal cell carcinoma lesions, are caused by excessive exposure to the sun's radiation."})

Skin

"Let's take a look at the skin in detail. CUTIS means skin, as does DERMA. Both refer to the outer covering of the body, which is generally referred to as the integumentary system. Integument means a covering. It is the largest organ of the body. It prevents foreign organisms from entering the body and causing disease. The skin itself is made up of the epidermis, the small layer on top of the true skin, which is the dermis. The epidermis has keratinized cells, which are constantly moving toward the surface and dying. The dermis is the true skin, and those cells do not undergo replacement as frequently. The dermis contains nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatics, appendages � such as the hair follicle itself � sebaceous or oil glands and sudoriferous or sweat glands. The epidermis is a tough outer layer divided into the stratum corneum, which is the horny cell layer or the outermost layer, and the stratum germinativum, which is the layer that produces new, upper-layer skin cells that produce keratin. Keratin is the protein-based substance that gives the outer skin a tough, waterproof, tight, protective barrier. Underneath this stratum corneum is the stratum germinativum, which contains melanocytes. Melanocytes are cells that specifically produce melanin, which is the coloring material of the skin. Genetic characteristics, hormones and environment cause these cells to produce certain types of this coloring material. New cells move from this basal layer of the stratum germinativum up to the stratum corneum as they die. The stratum corneum is composed of dead, keratinized cells that are shed and replaced by new cells coming to the surface. The upper region of the dermis is composed of a nipple-like structure referred to as the papilla area of the true dermis. Papilla means nipple-like. This helps keep the skin together and also forms ridges and grooves that give fingerprints and wrinkles to a person's skin. A person's skin is replaced about once a month. About 1.6 pounds of skin is shed in a year. Millions of skin cells have to be produced daily to replace the skin that's shed. The dermis consists of connective tissue or collagen, which is a tough protein surface that prevents the skin from tearing. It is this elastic tissue within the skin that allows for stretching as the body moves. The dermis also contains nerve endings, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatics, appendages such as hair follicles, and sebaceous or sweat glands. In the lower half of the diagram, you can see the subcutaneous layer which stores fat for energy. This fat, along with sweat glands, helps regulate body temperature, which is a key function of this system of the body. If you look at the arrector pili muscle, you can see that this muscle is attached to the hair follicle, and when this muscle contracts, it causes the hair to stand up straight on the surface of the skin. Also in the hair follicle you have a sebaceous gland that secretes oil into the hair follicle and the surface of the skin, which lubricates it. SEBO means oil. You also see the papilla in the base of the root of the hair follicle. This papilla has a little arteriole that brings nourishment to the hair so that it can grow. The sudoriferous or sweat gland is an eccrine or an apocrine gland, meaning that it secretes out or it secretes upon the surface of the skin. EC means out, APO means above and CRINE means to secrete. Meissner's corpuscles detect superficial pressure, such as from an insect on the skin�s surface."}

malignant melanoma

"MAL means bad, and MELANO means black. Melanoma is a tumor of blackness. Melanoma lesions are characterized by their dark brown or black pigmentation. These lesions can take on various appearances, including a ripening strawberry, where you will see colors of red, brown, yellow and black. It has a highly vascular network within the lesion, and these cancerous cells can be spread throughout the body very rapidly because of the heavy vascularization of this malignant melanoma. It is not uncommon for these cancer cells to metastasize or spread throughout the body very rapidly, causing new cancerous lesions to appear in various body systems. Life expectancy for late-stage melanoma is extremely poor."} "Early-stage malignant melanoma has many color variations. Variegation means a variance in color or some other characteristic. There are irregular margins of pigmentation. A cancerous malignant melanoma is referred to as carcinoma in situ. In situ means it is in the original position. It has invaded surrounding tissues."}

striae gravidarum skin turgor

"STRIAE means stripes, and GRAVIDUM pertains to heaviness. These striated stripes on the body are red or purple depressions caused by the stretching of the skin, either because of being overweight or because of the increase in abdomen size during pregnancy. They are often seen on the abdomen as well as the thighs or buttocks. The word skin is of Old Norse origins. The Latin word turgere means a swelling. This specifically is a test for skin resilience. By pinching, compression, or other forms of distortion of the skin, you can determine if the skin returns to its normal shape and appearance in a specific amount of time. This can indicate conditions such as dehydration. Most people don't consume enough fluid on a daily basis, and in older people dehydration is a common problem. In individuals with dehydration, the body is not able to carry out its metabolic functions and other chemical reactions. If turgor is observed, the skin swells or stretches outward and doesn't return to normal in an adequate amount of time. With normal hydration and in normal skin, the skin resumes its normal appearance in a very short amount of time."})

skin cancer

"The picture to the upper left shows you the different aspects of the skin, including the basal cell layer and the superficial squamous cell layer. You can see melanocytes. MELANO means black. Melanocytes produce melanin, a dark pigment that gives us our skin color. People with albinism have a complete or near-complete absence of melanocyte production. The two pictures on the right show you the two most common forms of skin cancers: squamous cell carcinoma, which tends to be convex, and basal cell carcinoma, which tends to be raised, hard and reddened, with an eroded center. Skin cancer is a cutaneous form of neoplasm caused by ionizing radiation, genetic defects and certain carcinogens, including arsenic, petroleum, tar products and fumes from molten metals or by exposure to the sun or other sources of ultraviolet radiation. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer, as well as one of the more preventable and treatable types. Risk factors are a fair complexion, a family history of skin cancer, frequent sun exposure, sunburns and past or present usage of UV tanning beds. The most common skin cancers are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Tumors of the sebaceous glands and sweat glands occur infrequently and are referred to as adenocarcinomas or cancerous growths of the glands of the body. Basal cell carcinoma is typically a raised, hard, reddish lesion with a pearly surface. It rarely metastasizes. Squamous cell carcinoma usually resembles warts, red patches, or open sores. Skin cancer may be diagnosed through skin examinations and biopsies of any suspicious lesions. Small lesions may be removed entirely with biopsies. Despite the efficacy of treatment of skin cancer, particularly in early stages, individuals will in many cases only seek treatment for skin cancer when it has developed to a more serious degree. About 5,000 to 10,000 people each year die from malignant melanomas in the United States."}

abrasion

"The word part AB means away or away from, and RADERE in Latin means to scrape. An abrasion is a scraping away of the material on the surface of the skin or another body surface, such as a tooth. A common type of an abrasion is chafing, a superficial inflammation that develops when skin is subjected to friction from clothing or adjacent skin. It may occur in the armpit, groin, anal region or between fingers. Erythema and fissures occasionally occur. Bacterial or fungal infections may develop as a result from the chafing of the skin. It is often referred to as erythema intertrigo. INTER means between, and TRIGO means to rub. Friction from a rope caused the dermal abrasion on this slide. A common form of abrasion or chafing is seen in people who ride horses, commonly called saddle sores. Improper brushing can cause dental abrasion by rubbing away the surface of the teeth."}

• Papillomatosis o "Papillomatosis is a condition in which you see numerous nipple-like growths on the surface of the skin. They're caused by the papillomavirus. These are benign epithelial neoplasms characterized by lobular or small branching tumors. They are sometimes referred to as papillary tumors. These tumors can occur on the skin and mucous membranes, and consist of numerous widespread nipple-like skin growths that resemble warts, condylomas and polyps. The appearance of these lesions is very similar to the type of papilloma lesions seen in sexually transmitted infections. This condition can indicate a propensity for colon cancer."} • Papilloma o "Here are additional papillomas or skin tags. There are a variety of different types of papillomas, or nipple-like growths on the skin. They can range in size. The etiology is the papillomavirus."} • Mumps o "Mumps is also referred to as acute viral parotitis. PAR means near or beside, OT or OTO means ear, and ITIS is an inflammation. This is an inflammation beside the ear, or of the parotid or salivary glands. It is also known as sialadenosis, or literally a condition of a salivary gland. There is a classic swollen cheek appearance caused by the swollen salivary gland. Other symptoms include a low-grade fever, mild headaches, loss of appetite and abdominal pain. The symptoms usually go away in 7-10 days. There are two major problems with mumps. The first is that about a third of males who develop mumps develop an inflammation of one or both of the testes, referred to as mumps orchitis. An affected male will develop a high fever and considerable pain in that particular part of the body. These symptoms usually go away in about 7-14 days. However, sterility may be the end result if mumps spreads to the gonads. Another major problem is that the mumps virus can also cause viral meningitis, or an inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain. This is not nearly as serious as bacterial meningitis, but can be dangerous. The mumps vaccine is part of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. It is usually administered to children in two doses: first at about 12-15 months of age, and again at about the time they start school, which is age 4 to 6. People in their early 20s are also advised to undergo revaccination."}) • Parotitis o "Acute viral parotitis is an inflammation of the salivary glands found inside the skin tissue just below the ear. This is an acute, infectious, febrile disease. Painful and restricted jaw movement may also be seen patients. Occasionally the virus affects the submaxillary salivary glands in addition to the parotid saliva glands. Often the patient will experience orchitis, an inflammation of the testes, or oophoritis, an inflammation of the ovaries. Mastitis, an inflammation of the breast, is rarely seen in individuals with mumps. Hearing loss and meningoencephalitis rare, with 1 in 20,000 and 1 in 1000 cases of mumps respectively. Mumps is treated with hydration, cool compresses for swollen areas, over-the-counter analgesics and bed rest."} • Pediculosis o "Pediculosis capitus is colloquially called head lice. Pediculosis means a condition of having lice, and capitus means head. Head lice causes itching, scratching and possible secondary bacterial infections when pustules develop. A variety of treatments exist for head lice. The most common treatments are topical pediculocides like malathion and lidane. Head lice are spread by sharing combs, brushes and head gear, as well as direct contact between the hair of an infested person and another person�s hair. Lice can affect the body, called pediculosis corpus, or it can affect eyelashes, referred to as pediculosis ciliaris. If it affects the pubic area it�s called pediculosis pubis. Body lice may transmit certain diseases, such as typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever. Lice and eggs on the eyelashes require topical treatment with an ophthalmic ointment. Infestation sometimes may be prevented by avoiding contact with the organism, washing bedding and clothing with hot water, and avoiding the use of other people's hats and combs. Infestations in schools usually take place right after the summer break, right after the winter holiday, and right after spring break."} • Pediculosis corpus o "Here we're looking at pediculosis corpus, or body lice. Lice are blood-sucking parasitic insects found on the bodies of children and adults if they are crowded together or in unhygienic conditions. The typical infestation is seen in school-age children who share brushes or combs, or participate in sleepovers. Bedding should be sterilized at 140 degrees Fahrenheit or dry-cleaned. This particular infestation is characterized by severe itching, redness, eruptions on the skin, mild fever, lethargy, malaise, weakness and irritability. It�s spread through sharing head apparel, bedclothes, or combs. Lice are primarily responsible for the laws that require hotels and motels to change bedding on a regular basis."} • Pediculosis pubis, pediculosis ciliaris o Here is the typical male louse that causes pediculosis pubis, referred to as pubic lice or crabs. The scientific name of this variety of louse is phthirus pubis. This particular form of pediculosis is caused by close personal contact � including sex acts � and contracting the organism from toilet seats and clothes. With pediculosis ciliaris, nits are attached to eyelashes and eyebrows."} • Cimex o "Cimex means a bug. Cimex lectularius is more commonly known as a bed bug. The saliva of this bug contains an irritant that causes purpuric reactions, or a pimple-type reaction on the skin. It can also cause hives or urticarial wheals on the skin, from very small to large red areas. Bed bug bites may be treated with oral or topical antihistamines. Topical antibiotics may be used if the lesions have become infected. Bed bugs may be prevented by thoroughly cleaning any secondhand furniture, clothing or bedding before using it, and quickly cleaning suitcases and clothing used while traveling. Bed bugs are found throughout the United States, and particularly in the Southeast."} • Phytophotodermatitis o "Phytophotodermatitis is an inflammation of the skin caused by a plant's oils and light activating a sensitive reaction. This rash is caused by many different types of plant oils. The most common plants involved are citrus fruits, especially limes, wild parsnips and rue. Photodermatitis is an abnormal response by the skin to sunlight, specifically ultraviolet radiation. It may occur as a result of an allergic reaction, as a symptom of an immune disorder, as a result of chemical exposure, or an individual may be born with a predisposition for this condition." • Poison ivy and oak, dermatophytosis o "Here are several manifestations of dermatitis. The first is damage to a hand from poison oak, likely caused by grabbing a leaf in the palm of the hand. The next is poison ivy dermatitis. This linear form was likely caused by a vine coming into contact with the person�s arm. Also shown is dermatitis caused by exposure of an arm to the sap of the poison ivy plant, causing a lesion with a differing appearance. The substance that causes dermatitis from poison ivy and poison oak is urushiol, a substance also found in poison sumac and mangos. Dermatophytosis is a form of dermatitis that's caused by a mold filament. This type of fungal infection of the skin usually attacks the skin of the hands, feet, and between the toes. This condition is characterized by itching, redness of the skin, and skin lesions. This condition is treated with antifungal medications and proper cleaning of the affected area and the hands to prevent the spread of the fungus."} • Pyoderma gangrenosa o The diagnostic term pyoderma literally means pus found on the skin. It is any type of acute inflammatory purulent disease of the skin or dermatitis caused by bacteria. There are several recognized varieties of pyoderma gangrenosum, including bullous, vegetative, pustular and ulcerative. It may be difficult to effectively treat pyoderma gangrenosum, as treatments may vary in efficacy between different cases. Corticosteroids, cyclosporine, TNF-alpha inhibitors and other medications may be used. Recovery may occur slowly over a prolonged period of time, even with ideal treatment."} • Pilonidal cyst o A pilonidal cyst often develops in the sacral region of the skin or in the area just above the anus, next to the coccygeal segment of the spinal column. The pilonidal cyst may be recognized at birth by a depression, sometimes by a hairy dimple in the midline of the back in the sacrococcygeal area. A sinus, which is a cavity, or a fistula, which is a pipe-like tube, develops in early adulthood that communicates with the surface of the skin, resulting in infections, usually from bacteria. A fistula may also rarely develop in the spinal tract from a pilonidal cyst. A pilonidal cyst is usually treated with surgical drainage and cleaned, with more extensive surgery potentially required if the cyst does not heal."} • Epidermoid cyst o "An epidermoid cyst is a common, benign cavity lined with keratinized epithelium and filled with cheesy material composed of sebum and epithelial debris. It is connected to the surface of the skin by a pore. It is similar to a trichilemmal cyst, which is seen usually on the head or near the anus. A trichilemmal cyst is filled with firmer, less cheesy material. The epidermoid cyst is frequently seen on the scalp and near the neck. It can grow large and reoccur. It is caused by closure of the oil gland or oil duct and by poor circulation. Trichilemmal cysts and epidermoid cysts are treated surgically through excision, sometimes using a punch biopsy. The cyst wall is removed through the opening created, and the area cleaned and covered with gauze. Antibiotics may also be prescribed. These cysts may not require treatment if they do not cause irritation to the patient and there is no sign of infection or irregular growth."} • Replantation o "Shown here is a hand that has been severed by a saw, and the same hand after it has been reattached to the person�s wrist in a procedure referred to as replantation. It is the surgical reattachment of body tissues removed by surgery or through an accident. Replantation in dentistry refers to the restoration to the mouth of a tooth that has been knocked out through trauma. The word replacer in French literally means to put in place again. • Psoriasis o "Psoriasis in Greek literally means to itch. Psoriasis is a common condition of the skin characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery adhesive scales that are the result of excessive development of epithelial cells. The condition may go through periods of worsening and improvement in a cyclical fashion. The lesions may be anywhere but are more common on the extensor surfaces of the body, bony prominences, scalp, ears, genitalia, and the area around the anus. Arthritis may accompany this particular skin condition, referred to as psoriatic arthritis, especially in the distal joints of the hands and feet. A variety of treatments for psoriasis exist, including biologic drugs like TNF-alpha blockers, phototherapy, topical corticosteroids and medications like cyclosporine. Some types of psoriasis are guttate psoriasis and pustular psoriasis. Here you see examples typical of psoriasis lesions. They are pink or dull red and have silvery scales, and may bleed. Leukoplakia, literally meaning a white-plate appearance, is also associated with psoriasis."}) • Rash o "There are different types of rashes in the body. Drug rashes and diaper rashes are two of the more common types of dermatitis found in the human body. It's also common to see butterfly and heat rashes. The term itself is of French origins and means a scurf or a skin eruption. It is any eruption of the skin, usually associated with a communicable disease or allergic responses. The rash itself varies in shades from a pink to a deep red. The color, shape, location and diameter of the lesions are used for diagnosing specific types of diseases. The treatment used varies based on the cause of the rash, but topical hydrocortisone and antihistamines are commonly used." • Scarlet fever o "Scarlet fever is also known as scarlatina. Scarla in French and scarlatina in Latin means red. Februs means fever in Latin. This is an acute, contagious disease that is characterized by a sore throat, a fever of 101 to 105 degrees, a punctiform scarlet-red rash, rapid pulse and a strawberry tongue which is coated, has enlarged papules on the surface and is very red, usually with a sudden onset. There are swollen tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, chills and convulsions. Incubation lasts from one to four days. There are more than 40 strains of type A hemolytic toxins produced by streptococcus bacteria. The patient often vomits. There is generally a rash on the face, neck and chest, extending to the rest of the body. Mild cases have a mild rash that may last as short as one day. In some cases no rash is seen. Leukocytosis, which is an increase in the white blood count, is seen with ranges from 10,000 to 25,000 leukocytes, with 90 percent of them being neutrophils, which are the types of white blood cells that are elevated during infections. Scarlet fever is treated with antibiotics like penicillin and erythromycin."}) • Rickettsial diseases o "The term Rickettsia originated with an American pathologist Dr. Howard Taylor Ricketts, who died in 1910. Rickettsial organisms are carried by parasitic organisms such as ticks, fleas, lice and mites. They require body cells for growth. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is characterized by a rash on the wrist or ankles that spreads to other body parts. Tick diseases show fever, headache, muscle pain, nervousness, tingling, loss of appetite and/or dyspnea, which is difficult breathing. The treatment is usually the antibiotic tetracycline. Tick derives from tyk in Middle English. Many diseases in humans and animals are spread by this blood-sucking, tooth-beaked arachnid. These diseases include Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which is often see throughout the United States, and other diseases such as typhus, Q fever, tick bite fever, tularemia � which is also known as deerfly fever or rabbit fever � as well as relapsing fever, brucellosis, and human babesiosis, which is a disease named for a Romanian bacteriologist, Victor Babes. All of these diseases are transmitted through tick-borne rickettsial organisms. The bite from the tick produces a mild itching, and if the tick is not removed properly, a papule develops. Ticks should be removed carefully and quickly using tweezers close to the surface of the skin. Ticks should not be burned off, crushed on the body, or covered in any substances like toothpaste or nail polish. Ticks are reservoirs for not only rickettsial diseases but also viral, bacterial, and various protozoal diseases. These can produce toxins and in many cases neurotoxins, which can lead to the death of an individual."} • Rocky mountain spotted fever o "The etiologic agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever is rickettsia rickettsiae. Another name for the condition is Mountain Fever. It occurs through the temperate zones of North and South America. This particular disease causes chills, fever, severe headaches, myalgia � which is muscle pain � mental confusion, and a rash. This erythematous macule, or these large red spots, appear first on the wrist and the ankles, spreading rapidly to the extremities, the trunk and the face. They are present on the palms and the soles in many cases. Hemorrhagic lesions, constipation, and abdominal distention are also often seen with this condition. Less than 0.5 percent of patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever die from shock or renal failure. Prevention includes insect repellants and protective-type clothing with long-sleeved shirts and pant cuffs tucked into socks. Diagnosis includes clinical exams and laboratory tests. Immunity to reinfection generally follows an infection of this particular disease." • Lyme disease o "Lyme disease was named for the community for which it was first identified: Lyme, Connecticut. The disease is caused by a spirochetal bacteria or a corkscrew-type bacteria referred to as the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria, which is carried by ticks that live on animals like deer and mice. This disease was identified in 1975. It is rare as a primary cause of death. The bull's-eye rash and flu symptoms are seen early in the disease. It can lead to arthritic conditions in one or more joints of the body, especially the knees, hips, elbows, shoulders and jaw. Cardiac and neurological disorders also appear. At present time there is no vaccine for Lyme disease on the market in the United States. The symptoms of Lyme disease include chills, fever, rash, joint pain, headache, skin eruptions, meningitis, heart problems and Bell's Palsy. Signs usually appear during the first week and reoccur periodically for weeks at a time. This condition is treated with antibiotics like amoxicillin and doxycycline. After treatment is completed, some individuals will continue to experience symptoms, a condition referred to as Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome."} • Scables o "Scabere in Latin means to scratch. Scabies is a contagious disease caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei. It's characterized by intense itching of the skin and excoriation from scratching. The mite, transmitted by close contact with infected humans or domestic animals, burrows into the outer layer of the skin where the females lay eggs. Two to four months after the first infection, sensitization to the mites and their products begins, resulting in a pruritic, papular rash most common on the webs of the fingers, flexor surfaces of the wrists, and the thighs. Secondary bacterial infections may occur. Diagnosis may be made by microscopic identification of the adult mites, larvae, or eggs and scrapings from the burrows. All affected areas are treated simultaneously with topical scabicidal medication like malathion, lindane and permethrin. Oral antihistamines can help reduce the itching. This highly communicable disease is characterized by vesicles or blisters, pustules, which are blisters filled with pus, and burrows on the skin. Females live in these burrowed lines that can extend several inches under the skin. Eggs are deposited and hatch usually within two days." • Tinea cruris o "Tinea cruris is also known as jock itch. Tinea literally means worm. Here it refers to a fungus infection on the body. The term cruris literally means leg or thigh. This fungus grows on the legs and thigh area as well as the abdominal area, genitals and scrotum as shown here. Tinea barbae affects the beard, and tinea capitus affects the scalp. Tinea corporis is a fungus infection of the body. Tinea pedis is a fungus infection of the foot; and tinea cruris affects the leg, anus and genital areas. Tinea incognito literally means a fungus that causes a nonrecognizable condition on the body. It is caused by iatrogenic mistreatment of a fungal infection of the skin, usually with topical steroids. Tinea versicolor means the color changes on the body. Sometimes it is referred to as tinea corpus, and it forms yellow patches on the skin. In some cases it is referred to as pityriasis versicolor, meaning it is a bran-cereal marking that varies from normal in color." o "Here are three examples of candida infections, or fungus infections that cause a white, glowing appearance, caused by the candida albicans fungus. Thrush is a term from Danish that means dryness, and we can see this creamy white, speckled, patchy exudate on the inflamed tongue and buccal mucosa. This type of stomatitis or inflammation of the mouth can be a signal of immunodeficiency. Fungal infections referred to as candida can be seen in many places on the body. You can see candida albicans infection of the nails, as well as a diaper rash seen in infants. This is usually caused by diapers that are wet and next to the skin for a prolonged period of time. Fungus grows best if it is in a dark, moist place that has an ideal temperature for growth. In this case, body temperature, roughly 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, is a good temperature for candida albicans fungus growth."} o "MYCO, TINEA, and CANDIDA all refer to fungus growth. Tinea pedis, or athlete's foot, is treated with topical antifungal medications. Candida intertrigo, which literally means a glowing white fungus infection, is caused by skin being rubbed together, in this case the toes. This weakens the skin and creates an opening for secondary infections. It's characterized by itching, red or gray patches, dryness of the skin, and possible brittleness of the hair shaft. Deep forms often form scaly tumor-like areas on the skin. The signs and symptoms, including itching and patches and dry skin, are common in ringworm. Ringworm is identified through the circular, outward-growing patches that form on the surface of the skin. Most types of skin fungus are treated with similar topical antifungal medication, but more resistant cases of ringworm may require oral antifungal medications like itraconazole."}) • Intertrigo o Intertrigo literally means rubbing against. It's friction that causes a weakness in the skin which results in a fungal infection. It's a form of dermatitis and mycosis. This condition is seen between skin folds, usually between fingers or toes, under the breasts, in the underarm area, between the thighs and on or around genitals. It is usually caused by trichophyton, epidermophyton or microsporum fungus. Intertrigo may be prevented with efforts to reduce moisture and rubbing between skin folds through absorbent undergarments, ointments, and weight loss to reduce the size of skin folds. Antibiotics may be required if the area becomes secondarily infected with bacteria."} • Moniliasis o "Moniliasis is also called candida intertrigo. CANDIDA means a glowing white. INTER means between, and TRIGO means to rub. So it is friction or rubbing together that weakens the tissues that allows the fungus to grow on the skin. The term moniliasis is an older term for the candida infection, but some doctors still refer to it as moniliasis. Specifically, it is the candida albicans yeast fungus that causes this kind of infection. This fungus attacks the skin, nails, mouth, vagina, intestines, lungs and mucous membranes of the body. It can also invade the blood. Candida albicans means glowing white, white, or extremely white in color. It is a small, oval, budding fungus that causes a glowing white necklace to form around the irritated tissues. Monole in Greek means a necklace. So moniliasis literally means a glowing white necklace. Treatment includes antibiotics systemically and topical ointments to kill the fungus."} • Sun spots dermatophytosis o "Dermatophytosis literally means a condition of plants growing on the skin. This is a fungal parasite that grows in and on the skin. It's rarely deeper than the epidermis and also grows on the hair and nails. It is referred to by various names, such as favus, athlete's foot or tinea pedis, and ringworm. Sunspots are a spotty discoloration of the skin caused by yeast growth. It�s also referred to as tinea versicolor. It may be diagnosed using UV tests or microscopic examination of skin samples. This condition can generally be treated with topical antifungal medication."} • Ringworm o "Ringworm is also referred to as tinea corpus, or a fungus growing on the body. It is also called dermatomycosis, or a condition of fungus on the skin. It may be diagnosed using UV testing with a Wood�s lamp, visual examination of the fungal lesions and skin samples. There may be scaling and pain, particularly if a secondary infection develops. It is most common in warm, humid climates, and among young children. It's usually caused by trichophyton or microsporum fungus. Ringworm is treated with topical anti-fungal medication, as well as potentially oral anti-fungal medication like fluconazole." • Tularemia o "Tularemia, also referred to as rabbit fever or deerfly fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Francisella tularensis. The bacteria is generally transmitted through a tick or deer fly bite. The incubation period of the bacteria is about three or four days, with abrupt fever, chills, headaches, skin ulcers or sores, lymph node swelling, gastrointestinal ulcers or sores, pneumonia and myalgia, or muscle pain. The bites or scratches of infected animals may spread this condition, as well as consuming the meat of infected animals. Potential animal carriers include dogs, squirrels, cats, rabbits and mice. Tularemia is treated with antibiotics, particularly streptomycin. Recovery produces long-term immunity to further tularemia infection in most cases. The disease is named for Tulare County in California where the causative bacteria was first isolated."} • Ulcer o "Ulcer in Latin literally means a sore. Ulcers can develop anywhere on the body, including the mucous membranes of the digestive track and the skin. This is the sloughing of necrotic tissue, or dying tissue. It becomes infected, and pus often is discharged. It's caused by heat, burns, trauma, cold, friction, or blood vessel compression. There are a variety of ulcers that are commonly seen in the body. One of the more common types of ulcers seen in the human body is the decubitus ulcer, which literally means pressure that causes a sore. Pressure is brought to bear on the skin tissue and blood flow to the skin, depriving the skin of oxygen and nourishment. As a result, slow but sure deterioration of the epidermis and then the dermis takes place. Once this epidermal epithelial tissue is eroded, bacterial infections develop and pus is produced in the wound."} • Urticaria o "Urticaria literally means hives or nettles in Latin. This is a pruritic skin eruption with severe itchy pale wheals. Wheals are round, elevated lesions with red peripheries. There are a variety of different types of urticaria. A common form of urticaria is urticarial vasculitis, in which there is an inflammation of the surface blood vessels. Urticaria may be caused by allergic reactions to food, insect bites, pollutants and drugs. However, exercise, inhalants, emotional stress, temperature fluctuations, and other physical and neurological factors can also lead to the development of hives and wheals. The treatment includes antihistamine drugs, avoidance of substances that trigger allergic reactions in an individual, and potentially steroids. Wheals dispersal over the body depends on the type of reaction. They may be small and clustered or very large and dispersed all over the body."} • Verruca o "Verruca means wart in Latin. This is a lesion of the human body that is caused by the papillomavirus. Papilloma means nipple-like, and OMA means a tumor. These are generally benign epidermal nipple-like skin tumors that form on various parts of the body. These rough, papillomatous surfaces are caused by the common contagious papillomavirus. Verruca vulgaris is the common form of a wart found on the human body. Plantar verrucas are warts that form on the bottom of the feet. The carcinoma form of verrucas leads to squamous cell carcinoma in some cases. Verruca acuminata develop into genital warts. Treatments include removal with a sharp scoop curette. Curette in French means literally a cleanser. It refers to a spoon-shaped metal scoop that removes foreign matter under local anesthesia from cavities or areas of the body like the skin. Other treatments include cryotherapy, salicylic acid, and electrosurgery. Warts often resolve spontaneously. Papillomavirus of the cervix may lead to cervical cancer in women." • Xeroderma o "Xeroderma literally means dry skin. It causes roughness and dryness of the skin, and may occur on the majority of skin surfaces. It's a mild form of ichthyosis, which gives the skin a fish-like, scaly appearance. Xeroderma pigmentosa is a disorder marked by disseminated pigmented discoloration, ulcers of the skin, cutaneous and muscular atrophy or wasting away, extreme sensitivity to ulltraviolet light, which can result in lenticles or freckles to form; telangiectasis, keratosis, which results in hardening and scale formation on the skin, papillomas, skin cancer, and keratitis, which is an inflammation of the skin. Death may occur as a result of the increased propensity for skin cancer, potentially at a young age. This is also known as Kaposi's disease, not to be confused with Kaposi's sarcoma, which is a cancerous condition seen in AIDS patients. It is also known as melanosis lenticularis, which literally means blackened, freckle-like lesions appearing on the skin."}

11. Dermato/plast/y literally means: -skin/surgical repair/process of 14. Pediculosis Corpus is often spread by: -Sharing fabrics and combs 52. The bacterial infection of the face that is referred to as ____________ is characterized by vesicles or sacs that rupture and form a golden crust. -Impetigo "means to attack" 62. The diagnostic term Squamous Cell Carcinoma actually means: -scaly crab-like cell tumors of the surface tissue "lungs and skin" 63. The diagnostic term Dehiscence actually means: -to gape open 67. Tinea Cruris is more commonly called: -Jock itch 78. Chloasma or melasma patches do NOT appear on which part of the face? -eyes

basal cell squamous cell

Squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma are often present in the same body region. Nodular basal cell carcinoma was historically referred to as a rodent ulcer. As you can see, no two skin cancer lesions look exactly alike."}