Chapter 10
Alexander of Macedon
Alexander assembled an army of about 48,000 men to invade Persia. He was a brilliant strategist and inspired leader. He had Ionia and Anatolia under his control. Alexander became the new emperor of Persia.
Aristotle
Aristotle elaborated a systematic philosophy that equaled Plato's works in a long- term influence. Aristotle did not trues the idea of Forms and Ideas. Aristotle believed philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information.
Pericles
Athenian power came to a statesman named Pericles. He was an aristocrat by birth and was a very popular leader. He had enormous personal influence with the government.
Decline of Minoan Society
Decline of Minoan Society: 1700 B.C.E. Minoans experienced a series of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves.
Decline of Mycenaean Society
Decline of Mycenaean Society: 1200 B.C.E. Mycenaeans engaged into a conflict with the City of Troy in Anatolia. (The Trojan War)
Greeks establish colonies
Greeks Establish Colonies: 800 B.C.E. Poleis were emerging as political centers of organization in Greece.
Centralized Government
Hellenistic empires governed cosmopolitan societies and sponsored interactions. The Hellenistic empires facilitated trade and made it possible for beliefs, values, and religions to spread.
Homer
Homer never existed, but was very influential. He created two epic poems of ancient Greece, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The poems influenced the development of Greek thought.
Minoan Liner A and Linear B
Linear A was used by the Minoans to record important information, but has not been fully deciphered. Linear B was an adaption of Linear A made my the Mycenaens.
King Minos and Minoans
Minos was a legendary king of ancient Crete. The people living in Crete built a series of lavish palaces throughout the island. These palaces were the nerve centers of Minoan society. They created a script called Linear A.
Trojan War
Mycenaeans engaged in conflict with the city of Troy in Anatolia. There was chaos in the Mediterranean region. Invasions and internal conflicts made it difficult to maintain the government.
Helots
Neighboring people status was reduced to helots. Helots were considered servants of the state. Helots were not free, but they could form families.
Greeks organized city-states
Organization of City-States: 800 B.C.E Polis functioned as fast paced city-states and the principal centers of Greek Societies.
Peloponnesian Wars
Peoloponnesian Wars: 431-404 B.C.E. The tensions of Athenians and Persia resulted in the bitter and destructive civil conflict.
Rule of Pericles
Pericles: 461 B.C.E - 429 B.C.E. Pericles transformed Athens into a democratic state. Athens became the most sophisticated poleis.
Persian Wars
Persian Wars: 500-479 B.C.E. The conflict between Persia and the Greeks.
Plato
Plato was Socrates most zealous disciple. Plato elaborated a systematic philosophy of great subtlety. He showed his thoughts through a series of dialogues. His most important theory was Forms and Ideas.
Reign of Alexander the Great(of Macedon)
Reign of Alexander the Great: 336-323 B.C.E He was a inspired leader, brilliant strategist, and well-disciplined. He expanded the empire greatly.
Reign of Philip of Macedon
Reign of Philip of Macedon: 359-336 B.C.E. Philip went through a major transformation, Philip built a military machine that enabled him to overcome traditional clans.
Rise of Classical Poleis(City-State)
Rise of Classical Poleis(City-State): 800 B.C.E. Sparta and Athens were the most important poleis.
Rise of Mycenaean Society
Rise of Mycenaean Society: 2200 B.C.E Mycenaeans adapted Linear A (Linear B) to their own language and traded regularly with Minoan merchants.
Socrates
Socrates posed questions that reflected on human issues. Mostly on morality and ethics. He suggested humans could live honest lives and that was more important than wealth, fame, or any other superficial attributes. He persisted on the need for reflecting on the goals of life.
Persian Wars
The Greek peninsula went into direct conflict with the Persian empire in a long struggle. The Ionians became restless and revolted against Persian rule and expelled the Achaemenid rulers. Darius mounted a campaign against peninsular Greece. He sent a fleet and army to Athens.
The Iliad and The Odyssey
The Iliad and the Odyssey were the two epic poems created by Homer. The Iliad showed a Greek perspective on a campaign waged by a band of Greek warriors against the city of Troy. The Odyssey told about a experiences of a Greek hero as he sailed for home after the Trojan War.
Rise of Minoan Society
The Rise of Minoan Society: 2000 B.C.E. Their lavish life-style attracted many people to the city.
Hellenistic era
The era where Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond Greece to the much larger world. The Hellenistic era helped integrate the economies and societies of distant regions.
Peloponnesian Wars
The tensions resulted in a bitter and destructive civil conflict. In peninsular Greece and the large Greek world divided into two armed groups ruled by Athens and Sparta. Athenians bullied smaller communities.
Mycenaens
They built small agricultural societies, had fortified sites that offered protections(attracted people), and adapted Minoan Linear A to their own language, Linear B. There society was located in the Greek peninsula.
Trojan War
Trojan War: 1200 B.C.E. The conflict between Mycenaeans and the people of Troy in Anatolia.
Tyrant
Tyrants were ambitious politicians or generals. Tyrants mostly controlled poleis. Many tyrants were extremely popular leaders. The most important poleis were Sparta and Athens.
Colonization
When Alexander died his generals jockeyed for the positions of taking over choice parts of the realm. They divided the empire into three large states.
Polis
Without and centralized government many institutions took the lead in restoring political order, the most influential was Polis. Polis was first a refuge camp for local communities during times of war. These sites attracted many people.
