Chapter 11

All of the following are chronic diseases prominent in the United States EXCEPT: a. HIV/AIDS. b. cardiovascular disease c. type 2 diabetes d. cancer

a

___________ is a stationary clot in a blood vessel

thrombus

The blood test that indicates how well blood glucose has been controlled over the past few months is called a(n) _______ test

A1C

Choose the statement about diabetes that is correct. a. People who are overweight or obese will eventually develop diabetes. b. Eating too much sugar causes diabetes. c. Sugar is not a known cause of diabetes. d. People with diabetes need to eat a lot of special diabetic cookies, crackers, and other products.

C

Allan is most worried about prostate cancer because he has read that the risks are moderately high in other American men his age and older. What is the best preventative advice for reducing the risk of prostate cancer? a. Exercise and consume more phytonutrients b. Take supplements instead of eating whole foods c. Consume more dietary protein and red wine, less folate. d. Consume less dietary saturated fat and cruciferous veggies, more iron.

a

Allan's doctor has put him on cholesterol medication to lower his risk of cardiovascular disease in general and to combat atherosclerosis specifically. What blood test results were likely to prompt his doctor to prescribe the medication? a. high LDL, low HDL, and high triglycerides b. low LDL, high HDL, and low triglycerides c. low LDL, low HDL, and low total cholesterol d. high red blood cells, low iron, and high triglycerides e. high LDL, high HDL, and high hemoglobin

a

What is an outcome of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes? a. high blood glucose and insulin levels b. low insulin levels c. low blood glucose and insulin levels d. low blood glucose levels

a

What is the second leading cause of death to Americans? a. cancer b. cardiovascular disease c. diabetes d. Alzheimer's disease

a

In type 1 diabetes, a person's own immune cells mistakenly attack and destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas, which is called a(n) __________

autoimmune disorder

A trait, condition, or lifestyle habit that is correlated with a disease is referred to as a(n) __________, not proven to be causal. a. hypertension b. risk factor c. chronic disease d. environmental cue e. infectious disease

b

All the following are risk factors for cardiovascular disease that can be modified EXCEPT: a. low HDL levels. b. family heredity. c. physical inactivity. d. hypertension. Hide Feedback

b

Allan has had several family members die of cancer. He is aware that his new dietary and lifestyle changes should incorporate choices that lower his risk of cancer. Allan has already stopped smoking, but what dietary recommendation is the best for cancer prevention? a. Drink more red wine. b. Eat more vegetables. c. Eat more white chicken. d. Drink more milk.

b

Infectious diseases are pathogen-based while chronic diseases result from a __________. a. malnutrition and increased accidents b. poor, unhealthy, diet and low physical activity c. healthy diet and high physical activity d. healthy diet and low physical activity e. poor, unhealthy, diet and high physical activity

b

The DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet can produce a drop in blood pressure, but not as great of a drop in pressure as with __________. a. high-fiber intake b. limited sodium intake c. a gluten-free diet d. no alcohol intake e. low in whole grains

b

Which form of diabetes begins in childhood or adolescence, accounts for 5-10% of all cases of diabetes, and the pancreas does not produce insulin? a. Insulin resistance diabetes b. Type 1 diabetes c. Gestational diabetes d. Type 2 diabetes

b

Which supplement is recommended to prevent cancer? a. vitamin E b. There is no supplement known to protect against cancer. c. vitamin C d. beta-carotene

b

All of the following are associated with an increase in cancer risk EXCEPT: a. alcohol and tobacco use. b. diets high in red and processed meats. c. underweight. d. lack of physical activity.

c

What is a leading cause of death in the United States that is characterized as elevated fasting blood glucose levels and ineffective insulin signaling? a. epigenetic programming b. cancer c. diabetes d. autoimmune disorder e. hypertension

c

Which lifestyle modification produces the greatest reduction in LDL cholesterol? a. consuming more soluble fiber b. losing 10 lb c. reducing saturated fats d. eating less sweet fruit e. decreasing dietary cholesterol

c

Cancer begins when a cell's genetic material sustains damage from a ______________ such as radiation, a free radical, or another cancer-causing chemical.

carcinogen

Increased cancer risk can be caused by an exposure to certain _______, a cancer-causing agent. The cancer-causing agent enters the cell's ________ altering DNA. Initiation of cancer accelerates tumor formation and is spread by the blood and lymph, referred to as _________ . This results in the disruption of the cell's normal functioning.

carcinogens, cells nucleus, metastasis

Arugula, bok choy, broccoli, broccoli sprouts, Brussels sprouts, cabbages (all sorts), cauliflower, greens (collard, mustard, turnip), kale, kohlrabi, rutabaga, and turnip root belong to the cabbage family and are called ____________ vegetables

cruciferous

A 40-year-old male has just had a physical exam, the results are shown below. Which of these results indicates he is at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD)? a. His blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg. b. His BMI is 22 kg/m2. c. His blood cholesterol is 180 mg/dL. d. His HDL cholesterol is 35 mg/dL. e. His fasting triglycerides are 180 mg/dL.

d

Allan is trying to significantly reduce his risk of another heart attack. Which risk factors for heart disease are non-modifiable? a. high LDL, low HDL, and hypertension b. age, genetics, and male gender c. diabetes, obesity, and genetics d. low LDL, high HDL, and hypotension

d

High blood pressure and atherosclerosis often occur together in people with cardiovascular disease, such as Allan. With medication and dietary changes, what is the ideal resting blood pressure for Allan? a. lower than 160/100 b. about 152/90 c. lower than 145/90 d. lower than 120/80 e. about 130/30 Hide Feedback

d

Nutrition can help strengthen the body's defenses against infectious __________ by supporting a healthy ________ system. Chronic diseases arise from a mixture of factors in three areas: genetic inheritance, prior or current diseases, and ________ choices.

diseases, immune, lifestyle

A stiff artery cannot expand with each pulse of blood surging through it resulting in __________ that further damages arteries. a. increased LDL cholesterol b. type 2 diabetes c. atherosclerosis d. cancer e. hypertension

e

To minimize risks from carcinogens formed during cooking of meats, what should one do? a. Grill the food directly over an open flame. b. Avoid marinating meats prior to cooking. c. Pan-fry the food at high temperatures. d. Smoke the food. e. Bake the food in the oven.

e

What are the top two causes of death in the United States that are related to dietary factors? a. heart disease and Alzheimer's b. heart disease and diabetes c. chronic lung diseases and strokes d. heart disease and infections e. heart disease and cancers

e

What dietary advice would you give Allan to help reduce his blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease? a. high-protein diet with a focus on extra fiber b. DASH diet with a focus on sodium-rich fruits and veggies c. high-carbohydrate diet with a focus on zinc-rich fruits and veggies d. high-protein diet with a focus on zinc-rich fruits and veggies e. DASH diet with a focus on potassium-rich fruits and veggies

e

Which of the following is true concerning hypertension, a cardiovascular disease? a. Hypertension results in atherosclerotic plaques, which occur in people over 50 years of age. b. Obesity rarely causes hypertension; it is prevalent due to an unhealthy diet alone. c. Hypertension is an infectious disease that affects over 85 million Americans. d. Currently, women are more susceptible to hypertension compared to age-matched men. e. Hypertension can cause ruptures along the arteries leading to plaque formation.

e

Which of the following is true regarding diabetes? a. Diabetics can only eat foods specifically made for those patients with diabetes. b. Diabetes patients can only eat fats and proteins. c. Eating too much sugar causes obesity. d. Diabetes only occurs in people who are considered overweight and obese. e. Diabetes is a chronic disease, not an infectious disease.

e

A disease of the arteries that carry blood to the organs of the body, other than the heart, is called

peripheral artery disease

___________ factors are known to be correlated with diseases but not proven to be causal.

risk

To reduce his risk of another heart attack from a clogged coronary artery (atherosclerosis), what should Allan avoid in his diet?

trans fat

Hypertension risk increases with age. More than _____ of American adults older than 65 have hypertension. Individuals who have normal blood pressure at age _______ still have a(n) _______ risk of developing high blood pressure during their lifetime.

two-thirds, 55, 90%