Chapter 11 Social Psychology

What are the three components of attitude?

1. Affective : the way a person feels toward the object, person, or situation 2. Behavior: the action that a person takes in regard to the person, object or situation 3. Cognitive : the way a person thinks about the person, object, or situation.

What are the types of love according to Sternberg?

1. Nonlove 2. Liking 3. Infatuation 4. Fautuous (foolish) love 5. Empty love 6. Romantic love 7. Consummate love 8 Companionate love

Dr. Guthrie explores why the same person may act differently in different situations. Dr. Greenwald investigates why different people act differently in the same situation. Which statement is MOST likely true?

Dr. Guthrie is a social psychologist, whereas Dr. Greenwald is a personality psychology.

Jigsaw classroom

Educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be forced to work together to find the solution.

Impression Formation

Forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person; process of forming opinions of impressions of others

The similarities in attraction serve to validate, reinforce, and enhance each others self-concept. True or false?

True

Social Thinking

Ways in which people think about other people, mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world around them.

We are MORE likely to conform to group pressure when:

We admire the group's status and attractiveness.

Door in the face technique

asking for a large commitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment.

Foot in the door technique

asking for small commitment and after gaining compliance asking for bigger commitment.

Aggression

behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person

stereotype vulnerability

effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior.

Conformity

occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure.

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when we are influenced by unimportant things such as attractiveness.

central route persuasion

occurs when we focus on the arguements and respond with favorable thoughts

Researchers find that conformity to the group does NOT increase when:

one is made to feel secure.

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when:

participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers.

Social relations

positive and negative aspects of people relating to others.

Stereotypes

set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category. The most common in our society are gender, ethnic, and occupational stereotypes. Not necessarily negative while many are positive. Are not always accurate. Stereotypes are also difficult to change and occur automatically. People distort memory/perceptions to better fit stereotypes.

At her health club, Sarah pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This BEST illustrates _____.

social facilitation

An individual working in a group puts forth LESS effort when he or she is not personally accountable. This is known as _____.

social loafing

_____ refer to culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

social script

After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Marcus' behavior is BEST explained in terms of:

the-frustration aggression principle

What are the three main topics of social psychology?

1. Social Thinking 2. Social Influence 3. Social Relations

_____ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.

Aggression

Factors that influence helping behavior?

Ambiguity of the situation Mood Gender of victim physically attractive people more likely to be healed more likely to help people of same race or ethnicity

Cults

Any group of people with a particular religious or philosophical set of belief and identity.

We are MORE likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we:

Are not familiar with the person we are observing

Conformity is to obedience as _____ is to _____.

Asch, Milgram

Social facilitation

Improved performance on simple tasks when in the presence of others.

Experiments by _____ on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous, and they involved deception.

Milgram

Prejudice

Negative attitudes held by a person about the members of a particular social group. There are many types of prejudice, including race, age, weight, gender, sexual orientation, religion, political party, and much more.

Learned or acquired stereotypes

Negative depictions of groups in media, few negative direct experiences

Diffusion of responsibility

Occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

Social role

Pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position

Asch's experiment

People had to say which line was the same as the standard line. When other people answered wrong, the volunteers also answered incorrectly due to their want to conform

How is impresion formation influenced?

Personal disclosure Physical appearance Social Schemas

Olivia, a 21-year-old university student, is quiet, relaxed, reflective, and politically liberal. Research suggests that she would MOST likely become a good friend of:

Philip who is reflective and quiet

In group bias

Predisposition to attribute more positive characteristics to members of in groups.

Scapegoating

Wanting person or group you can blame for evils of world.

Social Influence

Ways in which a person's behavior can be affected by other people; process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual.

In which cultural situation is conformity MOST likely to be highly valued?

a country that has a collectivist culture.

Bullying younger children earns Diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This MOST clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):

a learned response

Marci suggests that the aggressiveness of her sister's new friend is the result of the friend's abuse during childhood. Marci's inference about the cause of the girl's behavior is an example of:

attribution

Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she:

believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.

equal status contact

contact between groups in which the groups have equal status with neither group having power over the other.

Aggression is related to _____ activity in the amygdala and _____ activity in the frontal lobe. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

increased, decreased

During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.

informational, normative

Morris is a Republican, and Dion is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates _____ bias.

ingroup_____

passion

intense sexual desire for another

Attraction

liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person

physical attractiveness

major determinant of initial attraction

stereotype threat

members of stereotype group are made anxious and wary of any situation in which their behavior might confirm a stereotype.

social schemas

mental image or representation that we use to understand our social environment.

physical appearance

more attractive people cause more favourable impressions

personal disclosure

more favorable impressions of people who are willing to disclose personal information

Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____ route to persuasion. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. peripheral

peripheral

_____ route persuasion uses unimportant cues to trigger speedy, emotion-based judgments

peripheral route persuasion

What are the two types of persuasion?

peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion

What are the rules of attraction?

physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity

Out group negativism

predespition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out groups

Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

prejudice, discrimination

Attribution

process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others.

Altruism

prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

That's not all technique

sales technique in which persuader makes an offer and then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision.

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle Eastern person they saw. This behavior is best explained in terms of the _____ theory.

scapegoat

Social Psychology

scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others.

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently MORE likely to enact the _____ provided by the media.

social scripts

Tamika regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Tamika's altruism BEST illustrates the impact of the _____ norm.

social-responsibility

Our attitudes about another person are MOST likely to influence the way we treat that person if our attitudes are:

stable

Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:

stereotypes

Social loafing

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when working alone.

self-fulflling prophecies

tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur.

social categorization

the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one has had experience in the past.

Though neighbors heard Kitty Genovese screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This BEST illustrates:

the bystander effect

While visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is BEST explained in terms of:

the just world phenomenon

Raymond has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in run-down houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Raymond's attitude BEST illustrates the _____ phenomenon.

the just-world phenomenon

An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the MOST difficulty accounting for:

wide cultural variations in aggressiveness.

Testosterone linked to higher levels of aggression. True or false?

True

Violence in the media can also influence aggression. True or false?

True

Tom is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be MOST likely to make friends with:

Bill, his roomate

The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of

Blood alcohol

Compliance

Changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change.

Obedience

Changing one's behavior at command of authority figure.

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student, despite his doubts about her competence. After writing the letter, he began to develop a more favorable attitude about the student's abilities. Which theory BEST explains why?

Cognitive dissonance theory

_____ is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Conflict

Dr. Cheng studies social influence at a university in China. He is concerned because he is finding that rates of conformity in his experiments are much higher than those reported by his cousin, another social influence researcher, who does his research in the United States. Which reason might account for this difference?

Dr. Cheng is conducting his experiments in a country that prizes collectivism, whereas his cousin is conducting experiments in a country that prizes individualism.

As David approaches the counter at the Department of Motor Vehicles, the clerk yells at David for having waited in the wrong line. David is convinced that the clerk should find another line of work-one in which his angry personality traits will not interfere with his job. However, David disregards the possibility that the Department is short of help that day. David has just fallen prey to the _____ error.

Fundamental Attribution

People frequently fail to consider the influence of external circumstances on others' behavior. This is the:

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tim's new roommate Jaxon leaves dirty laundry all over his room, and Tim assumes he must be a slob. Tim ignores the fact that Jaxon is currently studying for finals and working 30 hours per week. Tim is demonstrating:

Fundamental Attribution Error

What are the two common errors in attributions?

Fundamental Attribution Error and Self-Serving Bias

The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____.

Individualist Western Countries than it is in East Asian cultures.

What is Stenberg's Trangular Theory Of Love?

It says love has three components-Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment

Groupthink

Kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned.

This person proposed cognitive dissonance theory.

Leon Festinger

Deindividuation

Loss of self awareness and self restraint in social situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Persuasion

Process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation. this generally takes two forms!

Bystander Effect

Refers to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases.

The effects of proximity, similarity, and attractiveness on liking may be explained by the _____ theory of attraction.

Reward Theory Of Attraction

A gradual escalation of intimacy is MOST positively related to a gradual escalation of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

Self Disclosure

Cognitive Dissonance

Sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when person's behavior does not correspond to their attitudes.

____ psychologists investigate human cognition, emotion, and behavior in relation to other people.

Social

Out Groups

Social groups with whom a person does not identify "them"

In Groups

Social groups with whom a person identifies "Us"

Prosocial behavior

Socially desirable behavior that benefits others

What was the famous study done on Obedience?

Stanley Milgram: Participants believed they had been randomly assigned role of "teacher" or "learner" but the "learner" was actually an actor in the experiment. this study indicates that regular people will obey authority even when asked to harm someone else.

Group Polarization

Strengthening of a groups preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group.

Proximity

Tend to be attracted to people who are near to us (physical or geographical nearness)

Self Serving Bias

Tendency to attribute your successes to internal causes and failures to external causes.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to make internal attributions when explaining other people's behavior

Other race effect

Tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.

Attitude

Tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea, or situation.

Those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup are called the _____.

The OutGroup

Taking in a particular social role can lead to increase in aggression. True or false?

True

While on a date with his girlfriend, Juan discovered that she was depressed about a low exam grade. He found that he began to feel dejected and they both talked very little and ended the date early. Juan's change in mood BEST illustrates:

The chameleon effect

Discrimination

Treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong. (prejudice is negative thoughts, discrimination is actions.)

Aggression can be triggered by damage or tumors in amygdala and rest of limbic system as well as the frontal lobes. True or false?

True

Aggressive behavior can also be learned by watching aggresive role models. True or false?

True

Alcohol and other drugs can increase aggression. True or false?

True

Attitude is an evaluation of people, objects, or issues. True or false?

True

Cults usually have a negative connotation. The groups beliefs and behaviors seen as so different from the mainstream and they are viewed with suspicion. Many cults also exist without much public awareness, but some have made headlines and horrified people with their actions. True or false?

True

Leaving a cult is very difficult but most do eventually get out. True or false?

True

Social categorization can result in stereotypes. True or false?

True

Social categorization is a normal part of cognition that allows us to form quick perceptions of people. True or false?

True

situational cause

cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as delays, the action of others, or some other aspect of the situation.

dispositional cause

cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality or character.

Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes an upcoming election is very important to the future. Blanche would most likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on _____ route persuasion.

central

_____ route persuasion uses evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking, whereas _____ route persuasion uses superficial cues to trigger emotion-based judgments.

central, peripheral

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates the _____ effect.

chameleon

intimacy

close bond and feeling of attachment, including desire to share innermost thoughts and feelings

Commitment

committed to maintaining relationship through good and bad times

John and Julie have been happily married for 10 years. Their love is BEST described as _____ love.

companionate

Shortly after learning he did not make it onto his high school football team, Will vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is BEST explained in terms of the _____ principle.

frustration-aggression

Similarity

generally attracted to people who share similar values, attitudes, and religious views, and who are similar to us in other characteristics such as physical appearance, social class, race, height, musical tastes, and intelligence

A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This BEST illustrates:

group polarization

In a phenomenon called _____, groups make decisions that are less conservative and more extreme than would the individual members of the group.

group polarization

The reciprocity norm refers to the expectation that people should help those who:

have helped them