Chapter 11 Study Guide

_____ , which suggests that people are less likely to help in an emergency situation when others are present, is explained by the concept of diffusion of responsibility.

Bystander effect

What is the difference between egoism and altruism?

Egoism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return, while altruism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return.

What is the key social emotion involved with altruism?

Empathy

What does social psychological research have to say about decreasing within-group prejudice?

When groups work together to achieve a common goals, prejudice is decreased.

A student thinks of himself as above average on intelligence. This is an example of

a positive illusion.

Personality is considered a factor in prosocial behavior. Of the big five factors of personality, which trait is most closely associated with such positive behaviors?

agreeableness

A person who has a desire to be very close to his or her romantic partner and is fearful that his or her partner will leave is likely to have which of the following attachment styles?

anxious/ambivalent

A good way to help yourself quit smoking is to spend time educating other people about the dangers of smoking. Because one action (smoking) is incongruent with the other action (telling others about dangers related to smoking), you will probably experience

cognitive dissonance.

Tyrone is supportive of same-sex marriage. However, the political candidate for whom he plans to vote opposes same-sex marriage. Tyrone is likely experiencing

cognitive dissonance.

As a news anchor, Craig is used to people approaching him to argue about things he reported. Though he loves his job, he is constantly explaining that just because he reports on an issue doesn't mean he personally subscribes to it. In situations like this, people are

committing the fundamental attribution error.

Which of the following is helpful in reducing prejudice?

empathy

The assumption that ethnic outgroups are not only different, but that other groups are inferior to your group, is called

ethnocentrism.

Consider online dating sites. A man is seeking a woman who is attractive and youthful. A woman is seeking a man who is stable, cares for his family, and is committed. Which theory best explains these preferences?

evolutionary

Social psychologists often use ______ research to understand how and why people behave the way they do in social situations.

experimental

Deficits in the functioning of the ______ are associated with aggression

frontal lobes

All of the following increase aggression

frustration. lowered serotonin levels. the presence of weapons.

Social psychologists and _____ psychologists both attempt to answer the question: Why do people do the things they do?

personality

Tori did well on her first exam in psychology. She congratulated herself for studying hard and being naturally gifted. When she failed her second exam, she became angry at the professor for creating an unfair test and for not explaining the concepts well. Tori's reactions are an example of

self-serving bias

According to research, which neurotransmitter is most associated with prosocial behavior?

serotonin

How people relate, interact and think about each other is the focus of _____ psychology.

social

Matthew did poorly when trying out for his school's soccer team. To make himself feel better about his performance, he said to himself "at least I wasn't as bad as Brad." Matthew's self-talk is an example of

social comparison.

You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of

social contagion.

Which theory says that people seek to maximize rewards and minimize costs in their personal relationships?

social exchange theory

Glynnis has been involved in her college's theater department for several years. When she first gets a script she practices alone, repeating lines until they sound and feel realistic to her. She always notices that her performance improves significantly when she participates in dress rehearsals with other actors due to

social facilitation

Social psychology is the study of

social thinking,social influence,social relations.

The hormones that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is

testosterone.

Marilyn likes to watch reality television shows about police officers. She notices that when the police officers make drug-related arrests on the show, they invariably arrest very poor people. Marilyn thus believes that poor people are much more likely to use drugs than are people who are not poor. Marilyn's belief is an example of

the availability heuristic.

Alex regularly gives donations of blood to the Red Cross because he received a life-saving transfusion when he was in a car accident two years ago. Robert's helping behavior is best explained by

the concept of reciprocity.

Lily does not approve of abortion. She is shocked when she finds out how many people in her state hold pro-choice attitudes. This is an example of

the false consensus effect.

When many people first learn of the classic conformity and obedience studies, they often believe that the participants in these studies are weak-minded people and they tend to underestimate the power of the social situation. This is an example of

the fundamental attribution error

Assuming that the reason a person is obese is because he or she has no willpower is an example of

the fundamental attribution error.

In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best advised to use

the jigsaw classroom.

The upscale Ethan Grant Company has created a new cologne called "Ethan" for men and a "matching" perfume called "Ethan Femme." The company's advertising executives know that their new fragrances will be competing with hundreds of others and that the human nose can only discriminate among so many smells. They know there's no way they can logically convince someone to pay an exorbitant price for Ethan and Ethan Femme; instead, they will need to rely on

the peripheral route to persuasion

Sometimes soldiers will commit acts of violence against others because they were ordered to do so by superior officers. This is an example of

obedience.

Which of the following statements would indicate that the speaker is making an internal attribution?

"I can't believe she's so overweight. She must be a very lazy person."

Research suggests that which of the following faces would be rated as most attractive?

A composite face of multiple faces that has been digitally blended to produce an "average" face.

_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

Cognitive dissonance

Two schools, formerly rivals, recently merged. Needless to say, many of the students are not happy about being in the same school. The school officials want to help the two groups to get along better. Which of the following techniques is likely to be most effective?

Have them work on group projects, where no group can succeed without everyone working together.

According to the self-perception theory, if you're not sure how you feel about something, how can you find out?

Look at your behavior

Which of the following statements is most correct?

The fundamental attribution error is focused on others, while self-serving bias is focused on the self.

An elderly man falls when exiting a crowded movie theater. There is an extremely long pause before anyone moves to help the man. What is this an example of?

bystander effect

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as

deindividuation

In his famous studies on obedience, Stanley Milgram asked participants to

deliver electrical shocks to another person.

You are watching golf and see Tiger Woods scowl. You would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that

he has an angry and volatile personality.

Social psychology is more interested in studying _____ in social situations, whereas sociology is more interested in studying _____ in similar situations.

individuals; groups

An employer who thinks that members of a specific group are inferior is an example of _____; the employer's refusing to hire members of that group is an example of _____.

prejudice; discrimination

The mere exposure effect works because of _____: the idea that the more we encounter someone, the more likely it is that we will become attracted to the person.

proximity

Social psychologists have looked at gender differences in aggressive behavior and have found that women are more likely to show _____ aggression, and men are more likely to show _____ aggression.

relational; overt

Love that is characterized by intense passion and infatuation is called

romantic love.

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of deindividuation?

saying a person's name

Khalid and some of his friends have decided to pool their money together to invest in the stock market. Individually, each of them is usually a relatively conservative investor, but as a group they wound up making some very daring investment choices. This illustrates the concept of

the risky shift phenomenon.

Cognitive dissonance theory states that in order to reduce dissonance, individuals

try to align their attitudes and behavior.

According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, men tend to seek mates who are ____ and women tend to seek mates who are ______.

young and beautiful / financially stable