Chapter 11. The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea
Select all that apply: In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______. -skin -sterile body fluids -muscle tissue -intestinal tract -oral cavity
-skin -intestinal tract -oral cavity
Scientists are interested in studying the growth of extreme _____, archaea that grow near volcanic vents and fissures because these conditions are thought to mimic early earth's environment.
-thermophiles
An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an _____ _____ parasite.
Blank 1: obligate Blank 2: intracellular
True or false: Scientists now understand the true diversity of microbial life and have determined the relationships between the millions of prokaryotes that exist.
False
How do obligate aerobes obtain energy? -using fermentation only -using respiration or fermentation -using respiration only
-using respiration only
Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2. -carbon monoxide -glucose -water -carbon dioxide
-water
The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the _____.
cyanobacteria
Prokaryotes that grow well in an environment that contains 32% NaCl would be called extreme _____.
halophiles
Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor. -anaerobic respiration -aerobic respiration -fermentation
-anaerobic respiration
Select all that apply: As a group, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs ______. -use an inorganic energy source to produce ATP -produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation -can obtain energy via fermentation
-produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation -can obtain energy via fermentation
As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy. -reduce oxidized inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas -oxidize reduced organic compounds such as sugars -oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas -reduce oxidized organic compounds such as sugars
-reduce oxidized inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas
By definition, obligate intracellular parasites cannot ______. -cause disease -exist outside of a host cell -replicate outside of a host cell -produce a cell wall
-replicate outside of a host cell
An organism found in an environment that is very hot and acidic is most likely a member of the domain _____.
archaea
Obligate aerobes obtain energy using _____ exclusively; none of them can ferment.
respiration
Which of the following statements about microbial diversity is true? -We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes. -Through both traditional and new molecular techniques, scientists have now identified most existing microbial species.
-We are only now beginning to understand the diversity of prokaryotes.
Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain? -bacteria -eukarya -archaea
-archaea
Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______. -photosynthesis only -nitrogen fixation only -neither photosynthesis nor nitrogen fixation -both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation
-both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation
Select all that apply: How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy? -by oxidizing organic compounds -by using S as a terminal electron acceptor -by oxidizing chemicals like ammonia -by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor
-by oxidizing organic compounds -by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor
I say: "Gram-negative bacteria, that are typically kidney-bean-shaped cocci in pairs. You say: -"Legionella" -"Edwardsiella" -"Bordetella" -"Neisseria"
-"Neisseria"
Characterized members of the domain ______ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity. -Eukarya -Bacteria -Archaea
-Archaea
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______. -Gram-negative rods -Gram-negative cocci -Gram-positive rods -Gram-positive cocci
-Gram-negative rods
An organism that requires a minimum of 9% NaCl would be called an extreme ______. -barophile -halophile -capnophile -thermophile
-halophile
Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor. -oxidation of inorganic compounds -reduction of inorganic compounds -reduction of organic compounds -oxidation of organic compounds
-oxidation of organic compounds
Select all that apply: The cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______. -Gram-positive -spiral -cocci -typically found in pairs -Gram-negative
-cocci -typically found in pairs -Gram-negative
An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______. -anaerobic respiration -fermentation -aerobic respiration
-fermentation
Select all that apply: Extreme thermophiles are found near ______. -hot springs -salt mines -the top of mountains -volcanic vents -hydrothermal vents
-hot springs -volcanic vents -hydrothermal vents
Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______. -ammonification -nitrogen fixation -denitrification
-nitrogen fixation
Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______. -nitrogen fixation -denitrification -ammonification
-nitrogen fixation
A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______. -O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels -anaerobic organisms outcompete aerobes -anaerobic organisms create an anaerobic environment
-O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels
Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin? -Streptococcus pyogenes -Micrococcus luteus -Leuconostoc mesenteroides -Staphylococcus epidermidis
-Staphylococcus epidermidis
Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals. -respiratory -urinary -genital -intestinal
-intestinal
Chemoorganotrophs oxidize _____ compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.
organic
Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the _____.
skin