Chapter 12-13

The following is a list of structures in the eye through which light passes. Which one of the following answers best describes the order in which light passes through or hits each structure? 1. lens 2. pupil 3. cornea 4. aqueous humor 5. retina 3, 4, 2, 1, 5 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 3, 4, 5, 2, 1

3, 4, 2, 1, 5

The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur? 1. cellular response to the hormone 2. activation of a gene 3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex 4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane 5. production of a protein 5, 3, 4, 1, 2 2, 5, 1, 3, 4 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 2, 5, 4, 3, 1

4, 3, 2, 5, 1

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one? PRL TSH ADH LH ACTH

ADH

Somatic sensations include temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, and pain; these sensations originate from receptors found in specific, localized areas of the body. True False

False

The alpha, beta, and delta cells located in the islets of Langerhans of the thyroid produce three different hormones that are important in the regulation of sodium and potassium levels of the blood. True False

False

The responsiveness of cells to calcitonin increases as an individual ages; maximum responsiveness occurs in elderly individuals as a mechanism to improve the stability and strength of bones. True False

False

The secretion of oxytocin during childbirth stimulates ADH release by the anterior pituitary gland. True False

False

During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH? posterior pituitary anterior pituitary pancreas hypothalamus adrenal medulla

NOT adrenal medulla NOT

Different pitched (high- or low-toned) sounds are discriminated by the hair cells in specific regions of the cochlea. auditory nerve. malleus, incus, and stapes. round and oval windows. tympanic membrane.

NOT tympanic membrane. NOT

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one? They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism. They are released during a female's reproductive years. They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics. They regulate the menstrual cycle. They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

A stronger stimulus results in which one of the following? greater frequency of action potentials neural fatigue larger action potentials action potentials that travel more quickly activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentials

activation of more receptors and initiation of more action potentials

The loudness (intensity) of a sound is specifically associated with the area of the brain interpreting the sensory input. frequency of sound waves. amplitude of the sound waves. specific hair cells that respond in the cochlea. duration of the sound.

amplitude of the sound waves.

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels as glucagon levels elevate. because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine. because ADH levels rise controllably. because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH. due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland.

because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.

Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they cannot be stored. cause a change to occur in the target cell. bind to an intracellular receptor. bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane. are water insoluble.

bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

Which one of the following conditions results when the transparency of the lens decreases? cataracts glaucoma retinal detachment astigmatism color blindness

cataracts

LASIK treatment functions to improve eyesight by replacing the eye lens. changing the shape of the cornea. completely removing a defective cornea. inserting a corrective pupil. widening the iris.

changing the shape of the cornea.

Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart? increase of blood sugar level decrease in blood calcium level decrease in kidney function increased production of fats and proteins decrease in blood pressure

decrease in blood pressure

Hyposecretion of ADH results in an increase in the mass and length of bones. stimulation of protein synthesis. diabetes insipidus. reduced uptake of blood glucose. overstimulation of cell division.

diabetes insipidus.

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in acromegaly. a drop in blood glucose levels. dwarfism. diabetes insipidus. gigantism.

dwarfism.

The vestibule contains two fluid-filled chambers, called the utricle and saccule, which are alike in that each has a gel-like substance on the inside. each lines the semicircular canals. they both are surrounded by cupular membranes. they are directly attached to semicircular canals. both contain ampulla.

each has a gel-like substance on the inside.

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following? thyroxine from the thyroid insulin from the pancreas epinephrine from the adrenal medulla cortisol from the adrenal cortex norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects? oxytocin, prolactin glucagon, insulin thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) estrogen, progesterone epinephrine, norepinephrine

glucagon, insulin

An insufficient number of particular types of cones causes impaired night vision. glaucoma. detachment of the retina. impaired color vision. macular degeneration.

impaired color vision.

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one? increased susceptibility to cancer kidney failure blindness neural disorders cardiovascular disorders

increased susceptibility to cancer

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced? iodine phosphorus iron calcium zinc

iodine

The pituitary gland is often called the "master of the endocrine system" because it contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands. all other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland. all blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated. it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands. releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary.

it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

A student noticed that when he closed his eyes, he could still determine the position of his arms and legs. This is largely due to the activity of Merkel disks. pain receptors. chemoreceptors. Meissner's corpuscles. mechanoreceptors.

mechanoreceptors.

Mechanoreceptors specifically designed to monitor muscle length are termed muscle fibers. dendrites. Pacinian corpuscles. muscle spindles. thermoreceptors.

muscle spindles.

Which of the following receptors are MOST likely to demonstrate receptor adaptation? photoreceptors in the eye pain receptors mechanoreceptors in the cochlea (ear) olfactory receptors in the nose stretch receptors in the muscles and tendons

olfactory receptors in the nose

The "blind spot" is associated with which one of the following? vitreous humor optic disk choroid lens fovea centralis

optic disk

When a sound wave first arrives at the ear, the wave is directed toward the auditory canal by tympanic membranes. auditory tube. receptors on the head. pinna. vestibular apparatus.

pinna.

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose. activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland. stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones. promoting the breakdown of fat. promoting the entry of glucose into cells.

promoting the entry of glucose into cells.

Which of the following receive(s) a physical or chemical stimulus and ultimately cause(s) nerve impulses to be generated in sensory neurons? the brain Schwann cells receptors axons hillocks

receptors

The vitreous humor fills the main chamber of the eye. Which one of the following structures of the eye would vitreous humor come in direct contact with? sclera retina iris choroid cornea

retina

This phenomenon, which is a medical emergency, involves the peeling of the retina away from the choroid. retinal detachment myopia otitis media optic degeneration rhodopsin breakage

retinal detachment

Which one of the following structures is used to sense rotational movement of the head and body? vestibule stapes oval window semicircular canals ampulla and cupula

semicircular canals

As humans age, their ability to focus on nearby objects deteriorates. This is the result of changing shape of the eyeball. stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability. inappropriate response of the iris to varying light intensities. loss of rods and cones. increased viscosity of the aqueous and vitreous humor.

stiffening of the lens and loss of accommodation capability.

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because the blood has access to all body tissues. target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone. they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells. they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell. they interact only with target cells at a synapse.

target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.

Olfactory receptors are located in which one of the following? taste buds upper regions of mouth muscles skin surrounding nasal openings upper part of nasal passages

upper part of nasal passages

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the breasts and uterus. hypothalamus. kidneys. breasts. uterus.

uterus.