Chapter 12-15 tests

________ kills threatening cells by drilling holes in their plasma membrane, which disrupts the sodium and water balance.

complement cascade

During inflammation, clotting does not occur at the actual site of injury due to the presence of ________.

heparin

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is called ________.

internal respiration

The ________ sacs drain tears into the nasal cavity.

lacrimal

The ________ is also called the voice box.

larynx

________ is the fluid that leaves the blood capillaries and may eventually be returned to the blood through lymphatic vessels.

lymph

The function of the ________ is to filter and clean the lymph.

lymph nodes

The upper respiratory tract consists of the ________, the ________, and the ________.

nose, pharynx, larynx

Oxygen is carried in the blood as ________.

oxyhemoglobin

The ________ is the structure that can also be called the throat.

pharynx

The volume included in total lung capacity but not vital capacity is ________ volume.

residual

The membrane that separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in the surrounding capillaries is called the ________.

respiratory membrane

The membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system is called the ________.

respiratory mucosa

Lymph from the right upper extremity and the right side of the head drains into the ________.

right lymphatic duct

The largest lymphoid organ is the ________.

spleen

________ are the receptors that inhibit the inspiratory center that keeps the lungs from overexpanding.

stretch receptors

The right lung is made up of ________ lobes, whereas the left lung is made up of ________ lobes.

3, 2

Surfactant a. plays a key role in keeping alveoli open. b. is produced by pneumocytes type I. c. replaces mucus in the alveoli. d. is not found in healthy lung tissue. e. phagocytizes dust or debris.

A

What is the name of the formed element that is critical for initiating the formation of a blood clot? a. platelet b. fibrin c. fibrinogen d. factor X

A

What is the name of the hormone that stimulates the maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow? a. erythropoietin b. aldosterone c. anti-diuretic hormone d. angiotensin

A

What kind of vessel is supposed to drain excess interstitial fluids not recalled by capillaries? a. lymphatic vessel b. venules c. veins d. arteries

A

Which of the following structures serves as a passageway for both food and air? a. pharynx b. esophagus c. trachea d. larynx

A

Which of these structures contains the "voice box"? a. larynx b. nasopharynx c. pharynx d. trachea

A

Cells that secrete cytokines, which coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses, are called: a. NK cells. b. helper T cells. c. B cells. d. plasma cells. e. mast cells

B

Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called ________. a. trabeculae b. intercalated discs c. fossa ovalis d. sarcomeres e. myofibrils

B

What is the name of the structure vital for sound production? a. bronchi b. larynx c. lungs d. trachea

B

When one exercises at maximal levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected. a. lungs b. brain c. liver d. skeletal muscles e. skin

B

Which of the following contains oxygenated blood returning from the placenta? a. inferior mesenteric b. umbilical vein c. umbilical artery d. uterine artery

B

Which of the following is the correct flow of blood? a. right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, bicuspid valve, left atrium b. SVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk c. SVC, IVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve d. IVC, right atrium, bicuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries

B

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation? a. stem cell, erythroblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC b. myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC c. hemocytoblast, myeloblast, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, RBC d. lymphoblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, band cell, RBC e. monoblast, promonocyte, myelocyte, band cell, RBC

B

Which of the lung volumes represents the amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle? a. vital capacity b. tidal volume c. residual volume d. total lung capacity

B

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ some of these cells develop into memory cells.

B or T

A three-year-old throws a tantrum at the supermarket. She holds her breath until her face turns blue, and she passes out. Then, she immediately starts normal breathing again. What accounts for this resumption of breathing? a. Activation of respiratory centers in the cerebral cortex b. Stimulation of afferents from stretch receptors of lungs c. Loss of influence from the cerebral cortex d. Reciprocal inhibition of the phrenic nerve

C

The celiac trunk provides blood to the a. brain. b. suprarenal glands. c. liver and spleen. d. diaphragm. e. large intestine.

C

Which of the following supplies blood to the muscle tissue of the heart? a. coronary sinuses b. great cardiac veins c. coronary arteries d. aorta

C

Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow? a. decrease in blood pressure b. increase in vascular resistance c. decrease in blood viscosity d. decrease in cardiac output

C

he first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________. a. open; close b. close; close c. close; open d. open; open e. The actions of the valves do not contribute to the heart sounds.

C

he layer of the blood vessel that contains smooth muscle is the tunica __________. a. intima b. externa c. media d. adventitia

C

The walls of the alveoli are lined by a. loose connective tissue. b. pseudostratified epithelium. c. stratified cuboidal epithelium. d. simple squamous epithelium. e. hyaline cartilage.

D

What would happen if the plasma protein, albumin, could easily cross capillary walls? a. Albumin would enter blood capillaries and form large, insoluble blood clots. b. Albumin would attack proteins on the surface of blood cells. c. Albumin would bind small ions, compromising their function in vital cellular activities. d. A drop in osmotic pressure of plasma would cause blood volume to decrease

D

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs during external respiration? a. conchae b. bronchi c. trachea d. alveoli

D

Where is the respiratory mucosa found in the respiratory tract? a. alveoli b. lamina propria c. respiratory portion d. conducting portion

D

________ is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the alveoli.

Surfactant

The many lymphatic vessels that enter the lymph node are called the ________ vessels. The single vessel leaving the lymph node is called the ________ vessel.

afferent; efferent

The organs of the respiratory system are structured to perform two basic functions: ________ and ________.

air distributor, gas exchanger

Which one of the specialized cells found in blood functions to transport oxygen? a. lymphocytes b. white blood cells c. platelets d. red blood cells

D

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ develops in the thymus gland.

T

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ moves to the site of the antigen and releases cell poison.

T

The thymus gland is the site of maturation for these WBCs: ________. It also produces the hormone ________.

T lymphocytes (T cells); thymosin

The ________ protrude into the nasal cavities and function to warm and humidify the air.

conchae or turbinates

The signs of ________ are heat, redness, pain, and swelling.

inflammation

Which of the following statements is true regarding the blood of an individual with Type AB? a. Type AB blood does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies. b. Type AB blood does not contain A or B antigens. c. Type AB blood is known as the universal donor. d. People with Type AB blood can only receive Type AB blood.

A

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ some develop into plasma cells.

B

Which of the following enables forced exhalation? a. Contraction of external intercostal muscles b. Contraction of diaphragm c. Relaxation of internal intercostal muscles d. Contraction of rectus abdominis

D

Which of the following is an example of naturally acquired active immunity? a. a mother nurturing her sick child b. receiving the flu vaccine c. a mother passing antibodies to her child through breastfeeding d. developing immunity after getting infected by a pathogen

D

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ releases a substance that attracts macrophages.

T

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ the main cell involved in cell-mediated immunity.

T

The exchange of gases between the blood and the air in the lungs is called ________.

external respiration

The inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the ________ of the brain.

medulla

The four progressively smaller air tubes that connect the trachea and the alveolar sacs are the ________, ________, ________, and the ________.

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts

The lower respiratory tract consists of the ________, the ________, and the ________.

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

An adaptive defense towards a specific type of bacterium detected in body fluids would involve combat with which of the following? a. B cells b. Suppressor T cells c. Natural killer cells d. Cytotoxic T cells

A

Inflammation is considered what type of defense? a. nonspecific b. adaptive c. passive d. specific

A

Respiratory rate is controlled involuntarily by the centers located in the __________. a. medulla oblongata and pons b. cerebral cortex c. thalamus d. hypothalamus

A

The immunity that develops after a person has had a disease is an example of: a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active artificial immunity d. passive artificial immunity

A

The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system. a. the arterial vessels b. the capillary vessels c. the venous component d. all the vessels e. the arteriovenous component

A

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ the main cell involved in humoral immunity.

B

The immunity that develops against polio after receiving a polio vaccination is an example of: a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active artificial immunity d. passive artificial immunity

C

What is the primary function of the RBCs? a. blood clotting b. fight infection c. carry gases d. maintain osmotic pressure

C

Which of the following could cause the hematocrit to decrease significantly below a normal value? a. High altitude b. Dehydration c. Internal bleeding d. Minor infection

C

A person's blood type is determined by the: a. chemical character of hemoglobin. b. size and shape of red blood cells. c. type of oxygen- and carbon dioxide-binding sites on the hemoglobin molecules. d. presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane. e. number of antibodies in the plasma.

D

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all __________. a. thrombocytes b. agranulocytes c. erythrocytes d. granulocytes

D

The formation of red blood cells is called __________. a. erythrocytosis b. erythropenia c. erythropoietin d. erythropoiesis

D

What is the name of the cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities with both sensory and motor fibers? a. hypoglossal b. accessory c. glossopharyngeal d. vagus

D

The amount of air that is moved in and out of the lung during normal breathing is called ________ volume.

tidal

The ________ is the large air tube in the neck.

trachea

The enlarged, pouchlike structure in the abdomen that serves as a storage area for lymph is called the ________.

cisterna chuli

The ________ is the most important muscle in respiration.

diaphragm

Macrophages were originally ________ that migrated into the tissues.

monocytes

The three pairs of tonsils are the ________ tonsils, the ________ tonsils, and the ________ tonsils.

palatine; pharyngeal; lingual

The frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal cavities make up the ________.

paranasal sinuses

Carbon dioxide can be carried in the blood as the ________ ion or combined with hemoglobin as ________.

bicarbonate, carbaminohemoglobin

Forced breathing during exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the: a. abdominal muscles. b. external intercostals. c. diaphragm. d. scalenes. e. serratus anterior.

A

In addition to Rh, what are the other main surface antigens on red blood cells that determine blood type? a. A and B b. D and C c. O only d. D only

A

The primary function of white blood cells is to: a. help defend the body against pathogens. b. clump together and stick to the blood vessel walls. c. carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. d. remove carbon dioxide from active cells. e. carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells.

A

The vessel that receives most of the blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm is the: a. internal iliac vein. b. external iliac vein. c. inferior vena cava. d. common iliac vein. e. superior vena cava.

C

Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the: a. brain stem. b. aortic bodies. c. left ventricle. d. carotid sinus. e. common iliac artery.

D

Consider the actions of NK cells, T cells, and B cells in immunity. Which of the following is unique to NK cells? a. Involves antibody production b. Responds to cells infected with viruses c. Destroys abnormal cells directly at the plasma membrane d. Responds to a variety of abnormal antigens present on a plasma membrane

D

The glottis is a. a flap of elastic cartilage. b. the cartilaginous part of the hard palate. c. the inferior margin of the soft palate. d. the opening to the pharynx. e. the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.

E

The muscle layer of the heart is the ________. a. endothelium b. visceral pericardium c. endocardium d. epicardium e. myocardium

E

What is the chief difference between plasma and serum? a. concentration of glucose b. quantity of electrolytes c. quantity of organic wastes d. amount of water e. presence/absence of clotting proteins

E

Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation? a. vital capacity b. expiratory reserve volume c. inspiratory reserve volume d. minimal volume e. residual volume

E

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced. a. Leukopenia b. Erythropoiesis c. Lymphopoiesis d. Leukemia e. Anemia

E

Lymph from about three fourths of the body drains into the ________.

thoracic duct

The three volumes that make up vital capacity are ________, ________, and ________.

tidal, expiratory reserve, inspiratory reserve

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ produces antibodies.

B

If the following statement describes the development or functioning of a B cell, write a B in front of it. If it describes the development or functioning of a T cell, write a T in front of it: ________ divides rapidly into clones once it is activated.

B

Lymph nodes are often called lymph glands. "Swollen glands" usually accompany tissue inflammation or infection. Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes is a sign called lymphadenopathy. It may occur in response to bacterial or viral infections, endocrine disorders, or cancer. How does lymph fluid get transported into the lymph node for filtration? a. efferent vessels b. afferent vessels c. lymph node artery and vein d. medullary sinus

B

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the: a. cardiac output. b. stroke volume. c. end diastolic volume. d. heart rate. e. end systolic volume.

B

The immunity that is given to the fetus or newborn by the immune system of the mother is an example of: a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active artificial immunity d. passive artificial immunity

B

The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called venules. a. capillaries. b. veins. c. arterioles. d. arteries.

B

The heart is surrounded by the: a. pleural cavity. b. peritoneal cavity. c. pericardial cavity. d. coronary sinus. e. cardiac skeleton.

C

What is the function of the cardiovascular system? a. it directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems b. it eliminates waste products from the blood and controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced c. it transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide d. it delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream and produces sound for communication

C

Where is the mitral valve found? a. at the juncture of the aorta and left ventricle b. between the right atria and right ventricle c. between the left atria and left ventricle d. at the juncture of the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle

C

Which of the following correctly describes the backflow of blood permitted by a defective mitral valve? a. Pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle b. Right ventricle to the right atrium c. Left ventricle to the left atrium d. Aorta to the left ventricle

C

Lymphocytes must first become immunocompetent before they are able to mount an immune response. Where do T cells mature? a. Lymph nodes b. Red bone marrow c. Spleen d. Thymus

D

Oxygen is transported in the blood __________. a. as carbonic acid b. only in a bound form to hemoglobin c. only in a dissolved form in blood plasma d. bound to hemoglobin and dissolved in the blood plasma

D

Pulmonary ventilation refers to a. the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. b. the utilization of oxygen. c. the movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. d. the movement of air into and out of the lungs. e. the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

D

The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called ________. a. pressure gradient b. systolic pressure c. osmotic pressure d. capillary hydrostatic pressure e. diastolic pressure

D

The immunity that comes from the injection of antibodies made by another individual's immune system is an example of: a. active natural immunity b. passive natural immunity c. active artificial immunity d. passive artificial immunity

D

The mechanism in the body which stops bleeding and prevents blood loss is known as ___________. a. hypoxia b. thrombocytosis c. leukopenia d. hemostasis

D

What is the name of the cell type that is found in connective tissue proper that has cytoplasm packed with granules filled with histamine and heparin? a. fibroblasts b. fibrocytes c. adipocytes d. mast cells

D

The instrument used to measure blood pressure is the ________. a. stethoscope b. sphygmomanometer c. thermometer d. hydrostatic pressure cuff e. endoscope

B

________ are the receptors that modify respiratory rates by responding to the amount of carbon dioxide, oxygen, or acid levels in the blood.

chemoreceptors