Chapter 12

2. Emotion focused-

coping relates to reflecting on the emotional experience elicited by the situation, includes rumination, blaming others, panic, or dismay, self critical thoughts.

Bandura self efficacy

is the belief in one's capacity to perform a behaviour, high _____ is associated with low anxiety, and associated with adaptive coping styles

1.Problem focused coping-

reflects taking action to problem solve, redefining, confronting the problem from large to manageable seeking information to find solutions

2. The Illness behaviour Model

-individual differences in personality are associated with differences inadaptive and destructive health behaviour, promote well being (exercise and nutrition) and those that promote self-demise (drinking, risk taking). Neuroticism is linked to negative health behaviour. Extroversion is linked to positive and negative behaviours eg. positive go to gym, negative go to party to socialize and get drunk.

3. The Stress- Moderation Model

-this model emphasizes the moderation or mediating effects of personality on stress. A moderator interacts with other variables to predict some outcomes eg (procrastination moderates or exacerbates the link between stress and illness) Mediating variable occurs in a sequence between two variables (eg. procrastination a mediator when stress leads to avoidant coping and illness is an outcome)

Optimism vs. Pessimism Personality traits and health outcomes

1. Functional Optimism refers to the benefit of optimism when faced with an actual threat, Defensive Optimism is the most typical of optimism expressed by people. Optimism may have greater benefits when in combination of both trait and illness- specific optimism 2. Pessimism may be a facet of neuroticism that reflects maladaptive coping.

Bandura's 3 components of self efficacy

1. Magnitude- belief about performance in increasingly difficult aspects of the task 2. Strength- the amount of effort exerted to maintain behaviour in the face of obstacles. 3. Generality- the breadth of applying the concept

4 models of personality and health have been empirically identified

1. The Constitutional Risk Factor-Genetics also referred to as the etiological model due to the focus on biological substrates of personality. High sensation seeks have an increase in cortical response with increase stimulation 2. The Illness behaviour Model-individual differences in personality are associated with differences inadaptive and destructive health behaviour, promote well being (exercise and nutrition) and those that promote self-demise (drinking, risk taking). Neuroticism is linked to negative health behaviour. Extroversion is linked to positive and negative behaviours eg. positive go to gym, negative go to party to socialize and get drunk. 3. The Stress- Moderation Model-this model emphasizes the moderation or mediating effects of personality on stress. A moderator interacts with other variables to predict some outcomes eg (procrastination moderates or exacerbates the link between stress and illness) Mediating variable occurs in a sequence between two variables (eg. procrastination a mediator when stress leads to avoidant coping and illness is an outcome) 4. The Stress Generation Model- this model emphasizes the finding that some people seek stress over pleasure and are prone to depression, Type a construct high standards or themselves that cause personal stress and expressioin of hostility.

Bandura's 4 factors that contribute to self efficacy

1. mastery experience- fosters a sense of capability 2. social leaning- imitation and reward 3. persuasion of others 4. individuals somatic (your body and how it feels) and emotional cues.that make us feel more or less competent. Benefits of self efficacy include higher levels of optimism and self esteem, lower levels of anxiety and depression, greater academic achievement,higher job satisfaction, and the tendency to appraise stressful situations as a challenge

The Goodness of fit Hypothesis

Feather emphasized that the match (fit) between response ad actual situational demands determine the adaptiveness of a response not all situations can be resolved with task orientated persistence, people need tho know when to quit a fruitless situation or to consider alternative problem solving strategies

1. The Constitutional Risk Factor-

Genetics also referred to as the etiological model due to the focus on biological substrates of personality. High sensation seeks have an increase in cortical response with increase stimulation

Problem focused, emotion focused, and avoidance focused

Lararus argued that personality is too static to account for coping responses, where as the stressful situation is more variable ad a better determinate response 1.Problem focused coping- reflects taking action to problem solve, redefining, confronting the problem from large to manageable seeking information to find solutions 2. Emotion focused- coping relates to reflecting on the emotional experience elicited by the situation, includes rumination, blaming others, panic, or dismay, self critical thoughts. 3- Avoidance focused- coping reflects distracting one's self cognitively from the situation to avoid the problem, eg. seeking out other people as a social diversion Palliative coping was the most reasonable response to an uncontrolled situation

Controllable vs uncontrollable stressors

Problem focused- coping is best in controllable situations for which actual solutions exist Emotion Focused- coping is best in uncontrollable situations for which no solution exist researches report that depending on the situation emotional expression may reduce stress, where as a focus on problems ay increase state anxiety

Coping Response to Terrorist attack

Task Focused Coping - what precautions can i take to stop this fro happening what can i do to stay out of harms way what can i do to help Emotion Focuses Coping - who is to blame for this -could our government have done something -why can't I stop thinking about this. Avoidance-focused Coping -I'm going to pretend that nothing happened I'm going to distract myself by reading a book

3. Avoidance focused-

coping reflects distracting one's self cognitively from the situation to avoid the problem, eg. seeking out other people as a social diversion Palliative coping was the most reasonable response to an uncontrolled situation

4. The Stress Generation Model-

this model emphasizes the finding that some people seek stress over pleasure and are prone to depression, Type a construct high standards or themselves that cause personal stress and expressioin of hostility.