Chapter 12
Which age range below is INCORRECTLY labeled with its Piagetian stage? 0-2 years; sensorimotor stage 12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage 2-7 years; preoperational stage 7-12 years; concrete operational stage
12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage
Which age range below is INCORRECTLY labeled with its Piagetian stage? 12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage 0-2 years; sensorimotor stage 7-12 years; concrete operational stage 2-7 years; preoperational stage
12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage
A normal fertilized egg, or zygote, contains _____ pairs of chromosomes. 23 2 21 46
23
which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of married women with school-age children who work outside the home? 40% 35% 75% 50%
75%
The study of attachment style is associated with _____ and the study of parenting style is associated with _____. Ainsworth; Baumrind Erikson; Baumrind Baumrind; Ainsworth Ainsworth; Erikson
Ainsworth; Baumrind
The "strange situation" experiment is associated with _____; it helps classify the attachment behavior of _____. Bandura; toddlers Chomsky; toddlers Ainsworth; newborns Harlow; newborns
Ainsworth; newborns
Which infant reflex is CORRECTLY matched with its description? Rooting reflex; an infant flings out the arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise Sucking reflex; an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek Startle reflex; an infant bites on things that touch its lips Babinski reflex; an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked
Babinski reflex; an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate their lives to religion? Bargaining Acceptance Anger Denial
Bargaining
Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg. postoperational preconventional conventional postconventional
CONVENTIONAL
Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life? Parapsychology Cytology Oncology Developmental psychology
Developmental psychology
According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood? It's the law. Don't get caught. Don't be a jerk. We all have rights.
Don't get caught.
Clarissa's mother was thirty-eight years old when she gave birth to her. Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability and doctors have diagnosed that her condition was due to the extra chromosome that she had received at the moment of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa. Tay-Sachs disease Phenylketonuria Down syndrome Sickle-cell anemia
Down syndrome
Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. What stage of cognitive development has Bob reached? Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational Sensorimotor
Formal operational
Which alternative below best approximates the frequency of adolescent suicide? It is the leading cause of death among teenagers; every 30 minutes, a teenager commits suicide. It is among the top 10 leading causes of death among teenagers; every 2 hours, a teenager commits suicide. It is among the top five leading causes of death among teenagers; every 90 minutes, a teenager commits suicide. It is actually less common than one might think and is not among the top 10 leading causes of death among adolescents.
It is among the top five leading causes of death among teenagers; every 90 minutes, a teenager commits suicide.
Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of the developmental researchers' research designs? Cross-sectional - comparatively requires a greater time investment Cross-sectional - considers a number of different age groups and examines them at several points in time Longitudinal - indicate changes in behavior over time Sequential - quite inexpensive
Longitudinal - indicate changes in behavior over time
Which of the following Swiss scholars had suggested in the 1970s that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order? Bandura Piaget Freud Pavlov
Piaget
You give your younger brother Joe a big cookie. He accidently drops it, and it breaks into many smaller parts. Suddenly he gets very excited and says, "Joe, look how many cookies I have now!" He is most likely in which developmental stage? Preoperational Conservation Egocentric Concrete operational
Preoperational
Recent research on prosocial behavior in children has found that a supportive parenting style is related to more prosocial behavior in children. temperament has little effect on children's prosocial behavior. children do not engage in prosocial behavior. children resist learning how to engage in prosocial behavior.
a supportive parenting style is related to more prosocial behavior in children.
Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She has kept herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank, and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the _____ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully. disengagement activity Kübler-Ross wear-and-tear
activity
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences. developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by peers. parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure. incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences. parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure. incorporating new experiences into existing schemas. developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by peers.
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam's attachment style? Avoidant Ambivalent Patriarchal Secure
ambivalent
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent. are obedient and demonstrate low self-esteem. are socially competent and self-reliant. are rebellious and demonstrate low self-esteem.
are socially competent and self-reliant.
Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____. authoritative; permissive permissive; authoritarian authoritative; authoritarian authoritarian; authoritative
authoritarian; authoritative
Mazie's mom is loving and nurturing, sets clear boundaries, and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as authoritative. permissive. conventional. authoritarian.
authoritative
Between ages 7 and 11, children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage preoperational thought. sensorimotor limitations. formal operations. concrete operations.
concerete operations
According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development.
concrete operational
According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development. preoperational concrete operational formal operational sensorimotor
concrete operational
According to Piaget, when an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has understood the principle of: formal operations. object permanence. conservation. reversibility.
conservation
A cross-sectional study is one in which the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers. different age groups are tested at the same time. different characteristics of a given individual are assessed simultaneously. the same people are retested over a period of years.
different age groups are tested at the same time.
According to the _____ theory of aging, aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. activity genetic preprogramming disengagement wear-and-tear
disengagement
The majority of children of divorced parents do not marry when older. require long-term counseling. do poorly in school. do not have adjustment problems.
do not have adjust problems
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that life is full of challenges so we must suffer each one without giving up. each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life. most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially. development is driven by personal choices and is independent of the actions of others.
each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially. life is full of challenges so we must suffer each one without giving up. development is driven by personal choices and is independent of the actions of others. each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur: only before birth. only after birth. either before or after birth. only during puberty.
either before or after birth.
Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n) _____. fetus zygote neonate embryo
embryo
From the late teens into the mid-20s, individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____adulthood. launching developing beginning emerging
emerging
Derwood is 8 years old and he likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far have not received good grades, and in several instances his friends have made fun of his work. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood is most likely to develop: feelings of inferiority. a sense of stagnation. a sense of independence. a sense of pride.
feeling of inferiority
Elizabeth is five years old, and she likes to help her mother in preparing supper. However, at the end of the day, her mother often loses her temper easily, and ends up scolding Elizabeth. She tells Elizabeth to stay out of the kitchen as rather than helping her, she makes more of a mess. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth is most likely to develop: feelings of guilt. feelings of superiority. a sense of jealousy. a strong sense of independence.
feelings of guilt
The longest part of a pregnancy, from the 8th week through to birth, is the _____ period. fetal germinal embryonic zygotic
fetal
Dennis's mother had consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy; Dominic's intelligence is below normal, his growth is slowed, and his facial features are slightly deformed. Ellis's mother had also consumed a small amount of alcohol, and Ellis shows some but not all of the problems Dennis displays. Dennis suffers from _____; Ellis suffers from _____. fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol syndrome as well fetal alcohol effects; fetal alcohol effects also fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol effects fetal alcohol effects; fetal alcohol syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol effects
Preschoolers can hold only two or three chunks of information in short-term memory, 5-year-olds can hold four, and 7-year-olds can hold _____. ten five seven eight
five
The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ___________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operations
The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ___________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. preoperational sensorimotor formal operations concrete operations
formal operations
A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throat. Babinski gag rooting startle
gag
Erikson described early adulthood as a period during which the person is building a network of social relationships and making close contact with potential mates. The crisis experience at this time is known as intimacy vs. isolation. identity vs. identity diffusion. integrity vs. despair. generativity vs. stagnation.
intimacy vs. isolation.
The primary criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is: its focus on moral behavior rather than moral reasoning. its potential lack of generality across cultures. that it pertains to moral behavior rather than moral judgments. it defines moral behavior largely in terms of concrete principles.
its potential lack of generality across cultures.
For children from poor, disadvantaged homes, high-quality out-of-home child care is associated with: genetic mutations. long-term intellectual gains. genetic diseases. intellectual decline.
long term intellectual gains
Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period. In this example, Dona is using a(n) _____ research design. single case experimental transversal cross-sectional longitudinal
longitudinal
Dr. Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Dr. Irwin is using a _____ research design; Dr. Jenner is using a _____ design. sequential; cross-sectional sequential; simultaneous longitudinal; cross-sectional cross-sectional; longitudinal
longitudinal; cross-sectional
According to Erikson, people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during _____. old age middle adulthood childhood adolescence
middle adulthood
Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be more responsive. less educated. more conservative. less trusting.
more responsive
You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 6-month-old infant, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your baby has now developed egocentrism. object permanence. hindsight bias. conservation.
object permanence
Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a(n) ___________ parenting style. authoritative permissive neglectful authoritarian
permissive
Which of the following Swiss scholars had suggested in the 1970s that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order? Bandura Piaget Pavlov Freud
piaget
Which of the following Swiss scholars had suggested in the 1970s that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order? Pavlov Piaget Bandura Freud
piaget
During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg. ambivalent conventional preconventional postconventional
preconventional
During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg. ambivalent preconventional postconventional conventional
preconventional
Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire and delivered food; the other was made of cloth and provided no food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they: avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner. preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food. preferred the wire surrogate that provided food. showed no clear preference, and ran to whichever surrogate was closer.
preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food.
A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism, but fails to understand the concept of conservation. In the context of the Piagetian stages, she is most likely in the _____ stage. concrete operational sensorimotor formal operational preoperational
preoperational
You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so that this row is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in Piaget's ___________ stage of development. concrete operations sensorimotor formal operations preoperational
preoperational
You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so that this row is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in Piaget's ___________ stage of development. sensorimotor formal operations preoperational concrete operations
preoperational
Mabel is thrilled to find out she has finally become pregnant. She wants to make sure that she does not jeopardize the health of her baby. She should avoid all of the following EXCEPT prescription drugs of all types. alcohol. exposure to rubella. tobacco.
prescription drugs of all types
At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on individual ethical principles. a sense of duty. punishments or rewards. society's laws.
punishments or rewards.
The ability to overcome hardship during childhood again and again is referred to as initiative. resilience. integrity. persistence.
resilience
The ability to overcome hardship during childhood again and again is referred to as integrity. initiative. resilience. persistence.
resilience
The ability to overcome hardship during childhood again and again is referred to as initiative. persistence. resilience. integrity.
resilience.
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the ___________ stage occurs during the period of infancy. sensorimotor concrete operational formal operational preoperational
sensorimotor
According to Mary Ainsworth, when a child with avoidant attachment style is exposed to the strange situation experiment, he/she will: refuse to play and explore new settings when the mother is not present. exhibit inconsistent and contradictory behavior toward the mother when she returns. show no concern when the mother leaves the room. continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.
show no concern when the mother leaves the room.
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's exaggerated interest in pleasure. the difficulty in realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible. the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view. a sensorimotor need for self stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking.
the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view.
According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage. intimacy-versus-isolation id-versus-ego trust-versus-mistrust autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
trust-versus-mistrust
During the sensorimotor period: understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world. children begin to understand reversibility.
understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities.
In Harry and Margaret Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers who provided milk. displayed no preference for either cloth or wire mothers. were more attached to the artificial mothers who were warm and soft. preferred wire mothers over cloth ones.
were more attached to the artificial mothers who were warm and soft.
In Harry and Margaret Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers who were warm and soft. preferred wire mothers over cloth ones. displayed no preference for either cloth or wire mothers. were more attached to the artificial mothers who provided milk.
were more attached to the artificial mothers who were warm and soft.