Chapter 12
When people explain their own behavior by making a situational attribution and the behavior of others by making a dispositional attribution, it is called:
the actor-observer bias.
What is the single most important fact that predicts the person with whom you will become friends or have a romantic relationship?
the amount of contact you have with people
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she is just a nasty person, and does not consider that she may just have had a bad day and is venting. Lee is demonstrating ________.
the fundamental attribution error
When Ruby wrecked her car, she told her parents that the sun was in her eyes, which caused her to crash. When Ruby received a perfect score on her math test, she attributed her success to her intelligence. Ruby is demonstrating:
the self-serving bias.
Which of the following is an example of a dispositional attribution?
Don helped his friend, Matt, study for his math test because he is a caring person.
The tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional causes without regard to situational influences is known as:
Fundamental Attribution Error
Which statement about groupthink is correct?
Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?
Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
In 1956, a psychologist set up an experiment in which people were shown a 10-inch line. They had to choose the line (from a group of three) that was the same length as the original line. ___conducted this experiment in order to study ___ .
Solomon Asch; conformity
In 1963, a psychologist at Yale University conducted a study in which an authority figure (the experimenter) instructed participants to shock who they thought was another participant each time they answered a question incorrectly. ___conducted this experiment in order to study___ .
Stanley Milgram; obedience
What is a social role?
a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
John believes that all Americans are lazy and rude. This is an example of:
a stereotype.
Personal explanations formed about causes of behavior or events that we see are called:
attributions
All of the following factors increase obedience EXCEPT:
close proximity to victims.
Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.
companionate
In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgram's instructions.
confederate
Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.
confirmation bias
Ashley and Mikhail share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other and have an active and satisfying sex life, and are each deeply committed to supporting each other. They share ________ love.
consummate
Marcus and Natasha are newlyweds. They report high levels of passion, intimacy, and commitment in their relationship. Their love would best be described as:
consummate love.
Lucas walks around his busy college campus between classes. He notices smoke coming out from one of the buildings, but decides not to call the fire department because he assumes that someone else has already called. What psychological phenomenon does this example illustrate?
diffusion of responsibility
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
diffusion of responsibility
Mike begs his mom to go to his friend Will's house for dinner. She agrees and after dinner, Mike calls his mom to ask if he can also spend the night. Mike is using the compliance technique.
foot-in-the-door
When making a group decision, Corey and colleagues typically discourage debate about various ideas and focus on building consensus for their manager's ideas. This practice is typical in:
group think
Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring?
having group members vote anonymously
Orlando shares with a friend that he does not like people who are homosexual, and that he goes out of his way at work to avoid helping customers who he suspects are gay. His friend says to him, "man, that isn't a cool way to be. You do realize that you're expressing a form of prejudice called ________, don't you?"
homophobia
The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
just-world
According to research discussed in your textbook, prejudice is reduced when:
members of different groups are made to cooperate with one another to achieve a goal
If a person had an epileptic seizure in a public place, she would be most likely to be helped if in the area.
one person was
Cognitive dissonance results when:
one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.
When a person is making a persuasive argument that utilizes the ________ route, they rely on factors unrelated to their actual message to persuade their listener. The hope is that these factors will encourage positivity with the message itself.
peripheral
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.
prejudice
When Ginger goes on runs with her friends, she runs much faster than when she is alone. What is this an example of?
social facilitation
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of groupthink?
social facilitation
What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
Daniel's friends are a year older than him. They took calculus last year and constantly complained about the difficulty of the class. Daniel is taking calculus this year and he doesn't expect that he is capable of passing the class. As a result, he never does his homework or studies and he ends up with a failing midterm grade. This is an example of:
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
Nick is a landlord. He believes that people with mental disorders are dangerous. As a result, he refuses to rent an apartment to anyone with a mental disorder. Nick's behavior of refusing to rent his apartments is an example of:
discrimination.
While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a attribution.
dispositional
Lamar asks his dad for a new Lexus for his birthday. When his dad quickly shuts his request down, Lamar asks his dad for a much less expensive used Chevy and his dad agrees. What compliance technique is Lamar using?
door-in-the-face
When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.
empathy