Chapter 12

Which of the following statements about group differences in IQ scores of American children is true

Although the difference in IQ scores between black and white children has been shrinking over the past several decades, a substantial gap remains

Which of the following statements about the development of reading is true

Around age 7 to 8, there is a shift where children go from learning to read to reading to learn

Which of the following statements about vocabulary and reading is true

Avid readers are exposed to more than 4 million words per year

Which of the following statements about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true?

Boys are diagnosed three to nine times as often as girls

Which of the following parents is most likely to mention cognitive traits when asked for their idea of an intelligent first grader

Cindy, a Caucasian American

Which of the following statements about traditional versus constructivist classrooms is true

Constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking, greater social and moral maturity, and more positive attitudes toward school

Mrs. Rosinski gives each of her children, ages 5, 8, and 12, a shopping list of 10 items. Which of the following results can she expect to see?

Her 12-year-old will probably scan the store before searching for items

Which of the following children shows awareness of classification hierarchies?

Isabel, who spends hours sorting and resorting her collection of bracelets, grouping by color, size, and shape

Which of the following is an example of reciprocal teaching

Nicco, Tyler, and their teacher read a passage on ecosystems and take turns leading dialogues on it

____ was designed to downplay culture-dependent information, which is emphasized on only one factor (verbal reasoning).

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV

Which of the following statements is supported by research on computers and academic learning

The more low-SES middle-school students use the Internet for personal information gathering, the better their reading achievement

Which of the following statements about children with very low working-memory scores is true?

They can benefit from direct training with working memory tasks.

Traditional classrooms have become increasingly pronounced as a result of the

U.S. No Child Left Behind Act

Which of the following statements about teacher-student relationships is true

Warm, low-conflict teacher-student relationships have an especially strong impact on the achievement of children at risk for learning disabilities

Which of the following statements about integration in American schools is true

When minority students attend ethnically mixed schools they typically do so with other minorities

Which of the following statements about intelligence tests is true

With individually administered tests, the examiner not only considers the child's answers but also observes the child's behavior

With regards to teaching mathematics, research finds that _____ is most beneficial

a blend of drill in computing and number sense

Which type of child-teacher relationship is most likely to lead to a negative self-fulfilling prophecy

a low-achieving student with a teacher who publicly compares children

A child in the concrete operational stage will have the most trouble with which of the following?

abstract ideas

Children who ____ develop a sense of academic self-efficacy

acquire effective self-regulatory skills

Elena moved to the United States from Guatemala when she was 6 years old. Research shows that if her school curriculum integrates both Spanish and English, she will

acquire english more easily

Phoebe's teacher thinks she has a behavior problem. As a result, Phoebe starts to believe that she is a troublemaker and begins to act out in the classroom. This is an example of

an educational self-fulfilling prophecy

Nianzu quickly applies learning and memory strategies to new situations and engages in self-regulation. According to Sternberg, Nianzu excels in ____ intelligence

analytical

Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence is comprised of which of the following three broad, interacting intelligences

analytical, creative, and practical

Encouraging students to ___ and making sure they ____ are essential for solid mastery of basic math

apply strategies; know why certain strategies work

On the basis of cross-cultural research, some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks

are heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions.

Children who are expert in an area

are usually highly motivated

Kelsey, age 10, is impulsive. During school, he drops his pencil, rearranges the papers inside his desk, and yells at people across the room. Kelsey fails to follow the rules when he plays games and lashes out with hostility when he is frustrated. He suffers from both academic and social problems. Kelsey most likely has

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Benedicte has the ability to use her body skillfully for expressive as well as goal-directed purposes and the ability to handle objects easily. According to Gardner, Benedicte has a strong ____ intelligence

bodily kinesthetic

Accordingly to Case, once the schemes of a Piagetian stage are sufficiently automatic and integrated into an improved representation, children acquire ______ that permit them to think more effectively in a wide range of situations.

central conceptual structures

Miguel is bilingual. He sometimes speaks sentences in English that contain one or more Spanish words without violating the grammar of either language. Miguel engages in

code switching

Aili is aware that she should attend closely to her teacher's directions, group items when memorizing, and reread a complicated paragraph to make sure she understands it. But she does not always engage in these activities. Aili is not yet good at

cognitive self-regulation

Javier's father works together with him in a coordinated, fluid way. Each focuses on the same aspect of a problem. Javier's father prefers a(n) ____ style of communication

collaborative

When teachers ____, first graders show greater literacy progress

combine real reading and writing with teaching of phonics

Miss Tessier guides the overall process of learning in her classroom, but no other distinction is made between adult and child contributors: All participate in joint endeavors and have the authority to define and resolve problems. Miss Tessier is using a _____ approach to instruction

communities of learning

Professor Diaz is conducting a study to determine whether a child's information-processing speed is related to her intelligence test score. He is conducting a

componential analysis

Elaboration is a later-emerging memory strategy because it requires

considerable effort and space in working memory

Mrs. Finkbiner's classroom includes richly equipped learning centers, as well as small groups and individuals solving self-chosen problems. She guides and supports in response to children's needs. Mrs. Finkbiner has a ____ classroom

constructivist

Eleven-year-old Nathan first grasped conservation of number, followed by length, liquid, mass, and then weight. This limitation of concrete operational thinking is known as

continuum of acquisition.

Noah thinks more skillfully than others when faced with novelty. Given a new task, Noah applies his information- processing skills in exceptionally effective ways, rapidly making these skills automatic so that working memory is freed for more complex aspects of the situation. According to Sternberg's theory, Noah's strengths lie in _____ intelligence

creative

Eight-year-old Daniel focuses on several aspects of a problem and relates them, rather than centering on just one. Daniel is capable of

decentration

Many studies confirm that children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often

deficient in working memory

Which of the following best characterizes Piaget's view of cognitive development in middle childhood?

discontinuous restructuring of children's thinking

Over middle childhood, Neveah, an African American, became increasingly conscious of ethnic stereotypes. By early adolescence, she stopped caring about her grades and said that school was not important to her. Neveah's attitude is an example of

disengagement

When assessing students, Mrs. Carter introduces purposeful teaching into the testing situation to find out what the child can attain with social support. Mrs. Carter is using

dynamic assessment

Yolanda entered school low in phonological awareness. Without , Yolanda will probably be behind her agemates in text _____ comprehension skills by third grade

early phonics training

When studying for a test, Peter remembers the unrelated words cellular and canine by generating the following mental image, "The canine is talking on a cellular phone." Which memory strategy is Peter using?

elaboration

Large, environmentally induced gains in IQ present a major challenge to the assumption that

ethnic variations in IQ are genetic

Some Neo-Piagetian theorists argue that the development of operational thinking can best be understood in terms of

expansion of information-processing capacity

Test designers use ___ to identify the various abilities that intelligence tests measure

factor analysis

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

find it hard to ignore irrelevant information

When asked to define "bicycle," Emi said, "It's got wheels, a chain, and handlebars." Emi is probably a

first grader

Which of the following is a good predictor of IQ

flexible attention strategies

In a study of the impact of class size on elementary school children, placing teacher's aides in regular-size classes

had no impact

Gardner believes that each intelligence

has a unique neurological basis

Arthur Jensen's "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" claims that ___ is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES variations in intelligence

heredity

Mrs. Noneman directs her children to each carry out an aspect of a task. Each child is expected to work independently. Mrs. Noneman prefers a(n) ____ style of communication

hierarchical

During middle childhood, the long-term knowledge base grows larger and becomes organized into

hierarchically structured networks

Mrs. Hartley asked her second graders to draw a map of the school using their memory. The students' cognitive maps will probably

include landmarks.

Stimulant medication prescribed to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) seems to ____ activity in the ____ thereby improving the child's capacity to sustain attention and to inhibit off-task and self-stimulating

increase, prefrontal cortex

According to the Flynn effect, IQs have ______ from one generation to the next

increased steadily

Group-administered IQ tests are useful for ____ and for ____

instructional planning; identifying children who require more extensive evaluation with individually administered tests

According to Sternberg

intelligence tests can easily underestimate, and even overlook, the intellectual strengths of some children, especially ethnic minorities

Gardner's ___ and __ intelligences include a set of skills for accurately perceiving, reasoning about, and regulating emotion that has become known as emotional intelligence

interpersonal, intrapersonal

In middle childhood, children's attitude toward language undergoes a fundamental shift as they develop

metalinguistic awareness

During middle childhood, attention becomes

more selective

Daniella loves to listen to and tell stories but rarely draws pictures. Daniella displays ___ advanced central conceptual structures in ___ .

more, storytelling

Kyle recognizes and classifies all varieties of animals and plants. According to Gardner, Kyle excels in ____ intelligence

naturalistic

compared to homogeneous groups of above-average students, heterogeneous

often engage in poorer-quality interaction

Bilingual children

outperform others on tests of selective attention

When Kelli, a researcher, asks school-age children in a small city in India to draw maps of their neighborhoods, Kelli will probably see maps that depict

people and vehicles.

As children make the transition from emergent literacy to conventional reading, _____ continues to facilitate their progress

phonological awareness

Research on African-American children adopted into economically well-off white homes during the first year of life suggests that

poverty severely depresses the intelligence of ethnic minority children

Andrei skillfully adapts his thinking to fit with both his desires and the demands of his everyday world. When he cannot adapt to a new situation, Andrei tries to shape it to meet his needs. According to Sternberg, Andrei excels in _____ intelligence.

practical

_____ intelligence reminds us that intelligent behavior is never culture-free

practical

Ms. Setzer provides her second graders with opportunities to communicate in many situations. Her students show gains in the communicative side of language. Ms. Setzer emphasizes

pragmatics

IQ often enters into educational decisions because it

predicts school performance and educational attainment

Computer programming projects in the classroom promote

problem solving and metacognition.

Reciprocal teaching focuses on which four cognitive strategies

questioning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting

The ability to view a situation from at least two perspectives is called

recursive thought

A major shortcoming of the componential approach is that it

regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child

Many U.S. teachers—especially those in schools with many students from low-income families—emphasize

repetitive drill over higher-level thinking

Nine-year-old Ryan thinks through a series of steps and then mentally reverses direction, returning to the starting point. Ryan is capable of

reversibility

Which of the following interventions is useful in reducing cultural bias in testing

school programs promoting self-affirmation for minority children

Rosanna scores highly in Gardner's spatial intelligence. Based on these test results, which of the following occupations might Rosanna be best suited for

sculptor

Appreciation of ____ enables children to pinpoint the reasons that another person arrived at a certain belief

second-order false belief

During middle childhood, attention becomesTen-year-old Gemma is presented with a stream of numbers on a computer screen. She is asked to press a button whenever the two-digit sequence of a "5" followed by a "7" appears. Gemma's ____ is being tested

selective

Heather is lining up crayons in order from shortest to longest. This skill is known as

seriation

White children's narratives are usually ___ than those of African-American children

shorter and less complex

In Ms. Adkin's classroom, children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings. As children appropriate the knowledge and strategies generated through working together, they become competent, contributing members of their classroom. Ms. Adkin has a ____ classroom

social-constructivist

As the prefrontal cortex develops in middle childhood, executive function undergoes marked improvement and children make gains in

strategic thinking.

The phonics approach to reading

stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words

Cross-cultural research suggests that

taking part in everyday activities helps children master conservation and other Piagetian problems.

In Piaget's concrete operational stage,

thought is more logical, flexible, and organized than it was during early childhood

Mr. Selkie's classroom includes students whose desks face the front of the classroom, arranged in rows. The students are relatively passive—listening to Mr. Selkie, who is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making. Mr. Selkie does most of the talking, though students are expected to respond when called on. Mr. Selkie has a ____ classroom

traditional

The _______ factors on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, are assumed to be _____ culturally biased

visual-spatial processing; less

Adoption studies consistently reveal that

when young children are adopted into caring, stimulating homes, their IQs rise substantially

Follow-up research on concrete operational thought shows that when children of the same age are tested, those _____ do better on transitive inference problems.

who have been in school longer

Mrs. Markie, a first-grade teacher, believes that, from the beginning, children should be exposed to text in its complete form so that they can appreciate the communicative function of written language. Mrs. Markie takes a _____ approach to teaching reading

whole-language

Holly's birthday is two days before the cutoff date for kindergarten enrollment. Her parents are considering delaying her school entry by one year. They should know that research reveals

younger first graders outperform same-age children a year behind them