Chapter 12 BIO

The number of proteins in humans A) cannot be determined because the human genome is too complex. B) is much greater than the number of genes. C) is approximately equal to the number of genes. D) is less than half the number of genes.

is much greater than the number of genes.

Proteomics

is the study of protein interaction within a cell and involves the complete analysis of prokaryote DNA

What is the function of the Cas9 enzyme?

it allows researchers to target a specific gene in a living cell for removal or editing

A ___ is a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to locate a specific gene

nucleic acid probe

A transgenic animal is A) an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species. B) an animal that is the first of its kind to bear a particular allele. C) an animal in which a genetic defect has been corrected using recombinant DNA therapy. D) an animal containing genes from three or more species.

an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species

Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? A) ribosomes B) tRNA C) bacteriophages D) human chromosome

bacteriophages

The only recombinant cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are A) algal cells. B) E. coli cells. C) yeast cells. D) mammalian cells.

mammalian cells

Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations. A) germ B) basal C) T D) somatic

germ

The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that A) human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin. B) using human insulin increases the probability that, in the future, the person suffering from diabetes can be weaned from a dependence on insulin. C) cow, pig, or horse insulin cannot keep a diabetic alive for more than three months. D) there are too few cows, pigs, and horses to provide an adequate supply of their insulin.

human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin

Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?

it is faster and cheaper

The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to A) bind to ribosomes and thereby activate translation. B) allow plasmids to attach to the main bacterial chromosome. C) bind to DNA and thereby activate transcription. D) form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA.

form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA

The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome ofan organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids. A) T i B) shotgun C) V-protein D) A K-47 2

shotgun

When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as A) recombinant DNA. B) single nucleotide polymorphism. C) short tandem repeats. D) variable DNA.

single nucleotide polymorphism

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

size

A rat that has had rabbit hemoglobin genes added to its genome is a

transgenic organism

Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called A) exons. B) transposable elements. C) plasmids. D) vectors

transposable elements

Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called A) restriction sites. B) short terminal repeats. C) promoter sequences. D) sticky ends

restriction sites.

What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile? A) 1 B) 20 C) 1,000 D) 200

20

Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false? A) A nucleic acid probe is usually labeled with a radioactive isotope or fluorescent tag to help identify its location. B) A nucleic acid probe can be used to find a specific gene. C) A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA. D) A nucleic acid probe binds to a complementary sequence in the gene of interest

A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA

________ are a major source of restriction enzymes. A) Archaea B) Chief cells C) Bacteria D) Parietal cells

Bacteria

The production of multiple identical copies of a target sequence of DNA is called

DNA cloning

"Sticky ends" are A) DNA fragments with single-stranded ends. B) produced by the action of DNA ligase. C) always long sequences of a single nucleotide. D) produced by PCR.

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant (enzyme) that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.

DNA polymerase

What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?

DNA profiling

What is recombinant DNA

DNA that contains genes from more than one organism; bacterial plasmids that have been manipulated to contain genes from other organisms and are then inserted into bacteria; if they multiply into a clone, the foreign genes are also duplicated and copies of the gene or its protein product can be harvested

Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false? A) The genome of a mouse has been sequenced. B) Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes. C) The first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced was yeast. D) The genomes of over 1,000 species have been completely or almost completely sequenced.

Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.

If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime. A) PCR B) RFLP C) reverse transcriptase D) blotting

PCR

Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is correct? A) Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome. B) Proteomics involves the complete analysis of the prokaryotes. C) Proteomics and genomics allow scientists to study life in an ever-increasing reductive approach. D) Proteomics is the study of protein interaction within a cell.

Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome

Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false? A) Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans. B) Repetitive DNA is usually repeated multiple times in the genome. C) Repetitive DNA can show great variation among individuals. D) Repetitive DNA is usually found between genes.

Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans

___ is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists

STR analysis

Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false? A) Current estimates are that there are 20,000 genes in the human genome. B) Scientists think that the typical human gene specifies just one polypeptide. C) Telomeres seem to have a structural function. D) Long stretches of repetitive DNA are prominent at centromeres and ends of chromosomes.

Scientists think that the typical human gene specifies just one polypeptide

During the process of electrophoresis, the agarose gel functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size

agarose gel

A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that A) genomic libraries are only stored in bacterial cells. B) the cDNA was constructed from introns only. C) cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed. D) cDNA libraries are more stable.

cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed

____ cut DNA at specific sites and after DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme ____

restriction (enzyme); DNA ligase

____ is the enzyme that converts information stored in RNA to information stored in DNA

reverse transcriptase

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, A) the bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (often the cell of a plant or animal). B) the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium. C) the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation. D) the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosome.

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)? A) Transgenic rice with genes for milk proteins B) Transgenic pig with a roundworm gene that allows them to make more omega-3 fatty acids C) Transgenic salmon with a growth hormone gene that allows them to grow more quickly D) Transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

Transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin

Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness? A) pictures from family reunions B) a very close match in the DNA profile C) testimony from relatives D) birth certificates

a very close match in the DNA profile

Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals A) frequently interbred with humans. B) at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair. C) could not speak. D) are more closely related to chimpanzees than humans

at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair.

In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid A) is the source of the gene to be cloned. B) is used to insert the human gene into the bacterial chromosome. C) is cultured inside the human cell, which contains the gene to be cloned. D) functions as a vector.

functions as a vector

The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines A) plasmid transformation. B) gene cloning. C) tissue culturing. D) clonal selection.

gene cloning

A collection of DNA fragments obtained from the genome of one organism, inserted by recombinant DNA techniques into the genome of a host organism (one fragment per host genome),and maintained there is called a A) genomic library. B) DNA collection. C) DNA file. D) gene bank.

genomic library

DNA ligase binds A) an intron to an exon. B) exons together. C) polymerase to the promotor. D) nucleotides together.

nucleotides together.

In order for gene therapy to be permanent, A) the normal gene must first be treated with UV radiation to ensure noninfectivity. B) the defective gene must first be removed from all somatic cells. C) the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply. D) the normal gene must be added to the germ line cells.

the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.

An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that A) the resulting DNA strand will lack introns. B) reverse transcriptase is more efficient than RNA polymerase. C) the resulting DNA strand will lack exons. D) reverse transcriptase is more efficient than DNA polymerase

the resulting DNA strand will lack introns

The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with

transposable elements