Chapter 12 Gender and Sexuality

What is the difference between cohabiting and hooking up?

Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship.

Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________.

a double standard of sexuality

Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal.

a hookup

As a homework assignment, Dr. Calibri tells his students to find and bring to the next class meeting a picture of heteronormativity. Which of the following images is a student most likely to bring in?

a picture of a female bride and male groom

Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of __________.

agents of socialization

Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________.

occupational sex segregation

In the United States, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the United States is best described as a(n) __________.

patriarchy

Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy?

probability samples

Which of the following research designs would be most desirable to measure changes in two groups where one receives a "treatment"?

random-assignment experiment

The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________.

relationships of six or more months

As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s.

service workers

Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________.

social forces have an impact on some gender differences

Why do unmarried couples who expect to have, or already do have, a child outside of marriage not marry as frequently as these individuals who belonged to older cohorts?

social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing

What does DOMA stand for?

the Defense of Marriage Act

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of occupational sex segregation?

the gender gap in pay

Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________.

transgender individual

The double standard of sexuality tends to more harshly judge __________.

women than men

According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ percent of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup.

40

Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers?

Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.

__________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones.

Gender; sex

How have parents' socialization practices changed over time?

Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports.

__________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation.

Heterosexism and homophobia

__________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

Massachusetts

As long as she can remember Sara has always wanted to be a kindergarten teacher. Which of the following explanations would a sociologist most likely give to explain Sara's occupational goals?

Sara has been gender socialized.

After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. Living in the United States, what is the public support for same-sex marriage??

There has been a massive increase in public support for same sex marriage.

Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup?

They probably did not have intercourse.

__________ challenge the notion that gender is binary.

Transgender individuals

Which of the following statements about gender equality is true?

While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.

According to sociologists, why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex?

Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations.

Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men?

Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.

Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men?

Women who retain their birth-given names at marriage are in the majority.

Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________.

being watched

What are stereotypes?

beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated

Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________.

both biology and social construction

Sociologists who have studied sexual orientation have concluded that sexual orientation __________.

can be fluid over the life course

Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to __________.

cohabit

Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together before the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________.

cohabitation

Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the __________.

feminist movement

When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________.

her peers

Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation.

heteronormative

Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________.

heteronormativity

Kelly and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation?

heterosexual

The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________.

heterosexual

Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs?

heterosexual white men

A __________ will most likely not be a __________.

heterosexual; sexual minority

Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________.

homophobia

Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________.

inconsistent use of birth control

A major change in the past 50 years is a(n) __________ employment and educational attainment.

increase in women's

The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________.

lower-income men and women who do not finish college

The biggest change for men as a result of women's increased employment has been that __________.

many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple