Chapter 12

Chad and Todd look at the same image. However, one reports seeing a rabbit while the other reports seeing a duck! This represents a difference in a. Perception b. Interpretation c. Goals d. Cognitive abilities

a. Perception

_____ seek out more stimulation than _____. a. Reducers; augmenters b. Augmenters; reducers c. Narcissists; people with low self-esteem. d. People with low self-esteem; narcissists

a. Reducers; augmenters

A pessimistic explanatory style has been shown to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT a. aggressiveness. b. poor health. c. mortality. d. lowered immunocompetence.

a. aggressiveness.

People use _____ to evaluate themselves. a. beliefs and desires b. perception c. interpretation d. personalizing cognition

a. beliefs and desires

People who focus on the details and do not rely on contextual information to interpret sensory information are characterized as __________. a. field independent b. field dependent c. reducers d. augmenters

a. field independent

Students who are _____ are especially good at seeing connections between different categories. a. field-dependent b. field-independent c. both field dependent and field independent d. intelligent

a. field-dependent

A person who takes personal credit for choosing winning lottery numbers probably has a(n) _____ explanatory style. a. internal b. external c. stable d. unstable

a. internal

The process of _____ refers to making sense of or explaining events in the world. a. interpretation b. perception c. learned helplessness d. augmenting

a. interpretation

Field-dependent people a. pay more attention to visual cues than field-independent people. b. pay less attention to visual cues than field-independent people. c. do not differ from field-independent people with regard to using visual cues. d. are less successful than field-independent people.

a. pay more attention to visual cues than field-independent people.

Martin Seligman found that dogs who had been in experiments with inescapable shocks eventually stopped trying to escape getting shocked. This is an example of.... a. Internalized anxiety b. Learned helplessness c. Passive endurance d. "Freezing"

b. Learned helplessness

Ryan is constantly worried about failing and is very sensitive to criticism. Ryan can be described as having a. an external explanatory style b. a prevention focus c. a promotion focus d. a specific explanatory style

b. a prevention focus

A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n) a. internal locus of control. b. external locus of control. c. supernatural explanatory style. d. naturalistic explanatory style.

b. external locus of control.

The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) has been used to assess a. defensive pessimism. b. field dependence versus field independence. c. learned helplessness. d. life tasks.

b. field dependence versus field independence.

A student who thinks she will be very success in acing a class would have high a. self-esteem. b. self-efficacy. c. self-concept. d. self-schema.

b. self-efficacy.

People with a ______ view of intelligence tend to shy away from challenges and feel threatened by failure. a. Field-dependent b. Field-independent c. Entity d. Incremental

c. Entity

The concept of intelligence that emphasizes the amount of knowledge one has gained is known as _____ intelligence. a. general b. multiple c. achievement d. aptitude

c. achievement

In the embedded figures test, participants a. answer self-report type questions. b. explain the causes of negative life events. c. find hidden shapes in a larger design. d. interpret an ambiguous picture.

c. find hidden shapes in a larger design.

People who take personal responsibility for events a. are field-independent. b. are field-dependent. c. have an internal locus of control. d. have an external locus of control.

c. have an internal locus of control.

_____ tend to be more aware of their social environment than _____. a. Individuals with an external locus of control; those with an internal locus of control b. Individuals with an internal locus of control; those with an external locus of control c. Field-independent individuals; those who are field-dependent d. Field-dependent individuals; those who are field-independent

d. Field-dependent individuals; those who are field-independent

_____ describes the transformation of sensory information to mental representations, and the manipulation of those representations. a. Explanatory style b. Life tasks c. Interpretation d. Information processing

d. Information processing

Which of the following college majors would be MOST likely to have many field-independent people? a. Journalism b. History c. Sociology d. Physics

d. Physics

Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to a. field-dependence versus field-independence. b. explanatory style. c. life tasks. d. reducing or augmenting pain.

d. reducing or augmenting pain.

A student attributes his failure to get into graduate school as due to the fact that he was sick on the day of his interview. This demonstrates a(n) _________ explanatory style. a. specific b. global c. unstable d. stable

d. unstable