Chapter 12 Nervous System
Which term refers to the passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon? Synaptic signaling Active transport Axonal transport Secretion
Axonal Transport
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, such as olfactory cells, certain neurons of the retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear, are classified as which of the following? Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar
Bipolar
Sensory (afferent) neurons do which of the following? Receive incoming signals and initiate outgoing nerve signals Carry signals to muscles Carry signals to spinal cord and brain Carry signals to glands
Carry signals to spinal cord and brain
What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system? Motor and sensory nervous systems Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Central and peripheral nervous systems Visceral and somatic nervous systems
Central and peripheral
Which term refers to the flow of charged particles from one point to another? Conductance Current Electrical potential Resistance
Current
Choose the name of the thin layer of fibrous connective tissue found around myelin in nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system. Endoneurium Axolemma Varicosity Axoplasm
Endoneurium
In the CNS; line cavities of the brain and spinal cord; secrete and circulate CSF
Ependymal Cells
List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons. Elasticity, conductivity, contractility Excitability, irritability, highly mitotic Conductivity, contractility, excitability Excitability, conductivity, secretion
Excitability, conductivity, secretion
Which are names for the cell body of a neuron? Neurosoma Inclusion Astrocyte Ganglion Soma
Neurosoma, Soma
Which term refers to the gaps between segments of myelin along an axon? Nodes of Ranvier Synapses Internodes Initial segments
Nodes of Ranvier
In the CNS, myelin is produced by glial cells called ________________.
Ogliodendrocytes
Which types of glial cells are found in the central nervous system? Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia Satellite cells Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal Cells Microglia
Taken together, the sensory and motor subdivisions make up which of the following? Central nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Sympathetic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons? Potassium Calcium Chloride Sodium
Potassium
Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons? Sodium Calcium Potassium Chloride
Potassium
An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy? Kinetic energy Thermal energy Potential energy Chemical energy
Potential energy
Which factors influence the speed of nerve signal conduction? Size of soma Presence of myelin Type of neuron (multipolar vs. unipolar) Diameter of axon
Presence of myelin Diameter of axon
Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling? Local potential Action potential Resting membrane potential Postsynaptic potential
Resting membrane potential
Which neuroglial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system? Ependymal cell Astrocyte Oligodendrocytes Satellite cell
Satellite cell
Which type of glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the PNS? Satellite cell Oligodendrocyte Ependymal cell Schwann cell
Schwann Cell
Which type of glial cell produces the myelin sheath in the PNS? Schwann cell Oligodendrocyte Ependymal cell Satellite cell
Schwann Cell
In the PNS; form neurilemma around all PNS fibers and myelin around most of them; aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.
Schwann Cells
Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection? Satellite cells Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Schwann cells
Schwann Cells
Choose the characteristics of neuroglia. Their main properties are excitability and conductivity. They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. They are less numerous than neurons. They protect the neurons and help them function.
They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. They protect the neurons and help them function.
Choose the characteristics of neuroglia. They are less numerous than neurons. Their main properties are excitability and conductivity. They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. They protect the neurons and help them function.
They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold. They protect the neurons and help them function.
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath? To increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon To transmit nerve signals to adjacent cells To help keep neurons warm To insulate the dendrites of a neuron
To increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon
True or false: Action potentials occur only where there are voltage-gated ion channels. True False
True
True or false: Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells. True False
True
Which type of neuron has one single process that branches like a T into a peripheral fiber and a central fiber? Bipolar Anaxonic Multipolar Unipolar
Unipolar
Which lists the structural categories of neurons? Neurons, glia, satellite cells Afferent, association, and efferent Sensory, motor, and interneurons Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar
Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar
Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems make up the entirety of which division of the nervous system? Somatic motor Somatic sensory Visceral motor Motor
Visceral Motor
Another term for sensory division is ______ division.
afferent
Which process of a neuron is specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals to structures relatively far away from the neuron cell body? Dendrite Ganglia Perikaryon Axon
axon
Which process of a neuron is specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals to structures relatively far away from the neuron cell body? Ganglia Perikaryon Axon Dendrite
axon
Which term refers to the passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon? Active transport Synaptic signaling Axonal transport Secretion
axonal transport
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is structurally classified as a ______________ neuron.
bipolar
A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is structurally classified as a ______________________neuron.
bipolar
Neurons with a single process extending from the soma, such as the neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord, are classified structurally as ______ neurons. unipolar multipolar bipolar
unipolar
Which best describes an electrical potential? A form of potential energy that can produce current The opposition to the flow of electrical current across a membrane The movement of charged particles like ions A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule
A form of potential energy that can produce current
True or false: Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS regenerate very fast whereas damaged nerve fibers in the PNS never regenerate. True False
False
The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a(n) ____________________
Ganglion
______ cells protect the neurons and help them function.
Glial
______ cells protect the neurons and help them function. Afferent Multipolar Glial Efferent
Glial
Which are characteristics of local potentials? All-or-none Self-propagating Graded Decremental
Graded and Decremental
Between the nodes of Ranvier are myelin-covered segments of axon encircled by Schwann cells. Which term refers to these segments? Internodes Synapses Axon collaterals Synaptic knobs
Internodes
Between the nodes of Ranvier are myelin-covered segments of axon encircled by Schwann cells. Which term refers to these segments? Synaptic knobs Internodes Axon collaterals Synapses
Internodes
Which correctly describe axonal transport? It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma). It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport). It is a type of transport that occurs only in anaxonic neurons.
It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma). It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport).
Which correctly describe axonal transport? It is a type of transport that occurs only in anaxonic neurons. It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport). It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma).
It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport) It involves the transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma)
Which correctly describe axonal transport? It is a type of transport that occurs only in anaxonic neurons. It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport). It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma).
It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport). It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma).
Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons? K+ is more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF. K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF. Na+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF. Na+ and K+ have equal concentrations on both sides of the membrane.
K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than the ECF
The myelin sheath is composed mostly of which of the following? Lipids Proteins Glycoproteins Carbohydrates
Lipids
In the CNS; phagocytize microorganisms, foreign matter, and dead nervous tissue
Microglia
Which type of glial cells in the central nervous system fight microorganisms and destroy foreign matter and dead nervous tissue? Astrocytes Ependymal cells Satellite cells Microglia
Microglia
Which term refers to the outermost layer of myelin, containing the nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell? Axon collateral Gray matter Neurilemma Axon terminal
Neurilemma
Which term refers to the thick outermost coil of a Schwann cell? Endoneurium Oligodendrocyte Neurilemma Perineurium
Neurilemma
Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon? Less neurotransmitter will be released Signal conduction will be slower More neurotransmitter will be released Signal conduction will be faster
Signal conduction will be faster
Why is sodium more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF of most neurons? There are no ion channels in the neuronal membrane. The neuronal membrane is more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium at rest. Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins. Potassium and sodium are both cations.
Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins
The sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system are further split into which two subdivisions? Autonomic and voluntary Spinal cord and brain Somatic and visceral Proximal and distal
Somatic and Visceral
Which division inhibits digestion? Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Sympathetic
Select all that apply Which statements are true about Schwann cells? They assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. They are only found in the central nervous system. They form the myelin sheath in the PNS. They form the neurilemma.
They assist in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers. They form the myelin sheath in the PNS. They form the neurilemma.
A negative membrane potential indicates which of the following? Both sides of the membrane are positively charged. The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside. Both sides of the membrane are negatively charged. The outside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the inside.
The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outside
Which best describes an electrical current? A form of potential energy that can produce current A positively or negatively charged atom or molecule The opposition to the flow of electrical current across a membrane The movement of charged particles like ions
The movement of charged particles like ions
Which of the following statements are true about sodium? Na+ has more influence on the resting membrane potential than any other ion. The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+. Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF. Na+ is pumped into the cell by the Na+-K+ pump.
The resting plasma membrane is much less permeable to Na+ than to K+. Na+ is about 12 times as concentrated in the ECF as in the ICF.
The brain and spinal cord are components of the ______ nervous system, while the nerves and ganglia are components of the ______ nervous system. peripheral, central central, peripheral sympathetic, parasympathetic somatic, autonomic
central, peripheral
The processes that branch from the somas of most neurons are called ______. dendrites nerves axons
dendrites
_________________ are the processes of a neuron that usually receive signals from other neurons.
dendrites
Motor, or ___________, neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells).
efferent
Motor, or ______________, neurons carry signals away from the CNS and they lead to effectors (muscle and gland cells).
efferent
Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are the _____________system, which communicates by means of hormones, and the ______________ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell.
endocrine nervous
The glial cells that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord and secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid are ______.
ependymal cells
The plural form of ganglion is ______. gangliae ganglia gangliogia ganglions
ganglia
The knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are found is called a(n) __________________________
ganglion
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath? To transmit nerve signals to adjacent cells To insulate the dendrites of a neuron To increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon To help keep neurons warm
increase the speed of signal conduction in the axon
Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma? Local potentials Resting potentials Action potentials Synaptic potentials
local potentials
Neuroglial cells that act as macrophages within the CNS are ______. satellite cells astrocytes microglia ependymal cells
microglia
Neurons with numerous dendrites and a single axon are structurally classified as which of the following? Multipolar Unipolar Anaxonic Bipolar
multipolar
The picture shows the most common structural type of neuron. It contains one axon and multiple dendrites, and it is classified as a(n) ______ neuron.
multipolar
What are the effectors of motor neurons? Muscle and gland cells Spinal cord and brain Skin and adipose tissue Sensory neurons
muscle and gland cells
What are the effectors of motor neurons? Spinal cord and brain Skin and adipose tissue Muscle and gland cells Sensory neurons
muscle and gland cells
What are the effectors of motor neurons? Spinal cord and brain Skin and adipose tissue Sensory neurons Muscle and gland cells
muscle and gland cells
Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for coordinating the other bodily systems so as to maintain homeostasis? Nervous system Endocrine system Immune system Cardiovascular system
nervous and endocrine
Sensory, association and motor are the three classes of what? Ganglia Neuroglia Neurons Neurotransmitters
neurons
Sensory, association and motor are the three classes of what? Neurotransmitters Ganglia Neurons Neuroglia
neurons
The ______ (the cell body of a neuron) gives rise to branch-like processes called ______, which are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons. dendrites, axons neurosoma, dendrites axons, dendrites neurosoma, axons
neurosoma, dendrites
Which are usually found inside the cell body (or soma) of a mature neuron? Nucleus Synaptic vesicles Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles
nucleus mitochondria rough endoplasmic reticulum
Taken together, the sensory and motor subdivisions make up which of the following? Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Which term refers to the voltage difference (electrical potential) across the plasma membrane of a neuron when it is at rest and not engaged in electrical signaling? Resting membrane potential Action potential Postsynaptic potential Local potential
resting membrane potential
In the PNS; surround somas of neurons in ganglia, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment of neurons
satellite cells
The release of a neurotransmitter is an example of which physiological property exhibited by a neuron? Excitability Conductivity Secretion
secretion
Afferent neurons are ______ neurons. sensory motor
sensory
Which terms refers to the part of the PNS that carries signals from various receptors to the CNS? Sympathetic division Efferent nervous system Sensory division Autonomic Nervous System
sensory division
Why is sodium more concentrated in the ECF than in the ICF of most neurons? The neuronal membrane is more permeable to potassium than it is to sodium at rest. Potassium and sodium are both cations. There are no ion channels in the neuronal membrane. Sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins.
sodium is actively pumped out of the cell by transporter proteins
The sensory and motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system are further split into which two subdivisions? Autonomic and voluntary Somatic and visceral Proximal and distal Spinal cord and brain
somatic and visceral
The sensory division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints, and the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. efferent, parasympathetic motor, sympathetic somatic, visceral visceral, somatic
somatic, visceral
The sensory division of the PNS is further subdivided into the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints, and the ______ sensory division, which carries signals from organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. motor, sympathetic efferent, parasympathetic visceral, somatic somatic, visceral
somatic, visceral
Which term applies to the small swellings at the distal end of the axon of a neuron that contain synaptic vesicles? Nodes of Ranvier Synaptic knobs Internodes Axon hillocks
synaptic knobs
At its distal end, an axon has an extensive complex of fine branches called a(n) ______. synaptic vesicle terminal arborization dendrites axolemma
terminal arborization
Which lists the structural categories of neurons? Afferent, association, and efferent Unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar Neurons, glia, satellite cells Sensory, motor, and interneurons
unipolar, bipolar, anaxonic, and multipolar
An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be ______. unmyelinated myelinated
unmyelinated