Chapter 12- Personality

The trait perspectives are criticized for which of the following reasons?

A lack of explanation for the operational nature of traits, A lack of explanation for the developments of traits

Neurotic Nick is likely to

Be anxious and moody

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history Contained in this region of the mind was a universal set of common thoughts, feelings, behaviors, beliefs, rituals, emotions, experiences, images, and symbols inherited from all of those who ever came before us over time, including animals. Examples of such universal knowledge and tendencies include a fear of the unknown, search for novelty, desire for social order, and need for the emotional contact with others.

Professor Tess compares the similarity of personality test scores from a sample of twins, which means he is investigating the ______________ for this sample of twins.

Concordance rate

In order to be accepted by the rest of the other fraternity members, Bob must agree to do their laundry for the next four weeks and have no contact with members of fraternities for the next two weeks. In this case, Bob is receiving ______________ from the other fraternity members.

Conditional positive regard

Bill is aware that he is upset about an upcoming test in his personality psychology class. Bill's feelings are operating in the ______________ level of the mind.

Conscious

The therapist's assumption about the history of physical abuse as an explanation to account for the symptoms of the PTSD reflects what component of a definition of personality?

Content and process of personality

A personality psychologist studying post-traumatic stress reactions in flood victims assesses the brain activity of each individual. This is an example of which type of psychophysiological assessment technique for measuring personality?

Cortical measure

The ego can utilize ______________ to help deal with the threatening influences of neurotic anxiety.

Defense mechanisms

To help deal with the negative influence of anxiety, the ego can utilize:

Defense mechanisms

Rubin's friends ask if he wants to go camping this weekend. Although he could use the fun and relaxation, Rubin stays home and studies because he knows his chances of getting into medical school next year depend on the grades he gets this semester. According to Mischel, Rubin is demonstrating his tendency to ________.

Delay gratification

Jack and Jill are twins but look nothing alike, which makes them ______________ twins.

Dizygotic

An ______________ is a bodily region at the center of each psychosexual stage of development serving as a source of pleasure and enjoyment.

Erogenous zone

As a way of getting to the unconscious feelings of anger Kim has for the people she works with, she is asked by her therapist to relax and say anything that comes into her mind, no matter how strange it may appear. Kim is engaging in the process of:

Free association

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

anal stage

Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

Steve and Sarah are biologically able to have children, while separate medical examinations indicate that both Helen and Harry are capable of having children but are not reproducing. Helen and Harry would be considered to be ______________ individuals.

Functionally infertile

Individuals scoring high on the agreeableness factor of the Five Factor Model would likely be described as:

Generous and sympathetic

The ______________ is the core component of personality and is located completely in the ______________ region of the mind.

Id, unconscious

The ______________ is the source of psychic energy and is located completely in the ______________ region of the mind.

Id, unconscious

A distinguishing feature of projective techniques of personality assessment is that which of the following is true?

Individuals are asked to respond to ambiguous stimuli

Anne believes she can make an A on her next chemistry test if she spends the weekend studying. Anne's views about her grade on the chemistry test reflect a(n) ___________.

Internal locus of control

According to Eysenck, ______________ are associated with an overly active ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).

Introverts

Katie recalls having a dream where a big gray bird with two heads is chasing her. Her psychoanalyst tells her that the dream represents the conflict she is having between the two major issues in her life: school and work. The bird chasing Katie represents the ______________ of the dream.

Manifest content

Dale's classmates laugh at and tease him about his poor grades, but he still treats them to meals when they are hanging out because he is new to campus and wants desperately to make some friends. Dale is demonstrating what Horney called _________.

Moving toward people

Francis is characterized as being restless, moody, touchy, and relatively unstable. According to Eysenck, she would probably score high on the ______________ personality dimension.

Neuroticism

The factor beginning with "N" of the Big Five classification of traits stands for _______.

Neuroticism

A measurement instrument yielded consistent answers across time. Does this mean that it reflects an accurate assessment of personality?

No

A personality psychologist studies empathy by watching children interact in a classroom and counting the number of times each child offers to help a classmate while they are doing an arithmetic lesson. This researcher is employing a(n) ______________ assessment technique to measure personality.

Observational

The owner of an outdoor adventures company titled "Kiss the Sky," which specializes in extreme parasailing, asks the five candidates who applied for the position of parasailing instructor to describe their personality. This is an example of the ______________ method of personality assessment.

Personal interview

Sean does not wait until the sales meeting is over to start eating his lunch in front of the other sales managers. Sean's behavior to seek immediate gratification reflects the expression of the:

Pleasure principle

Alice forgets that she has a term paper in her history class until the night before it is due. Although she forgot about it until now, the information about the term paper was stored in the _ region of her mind.

Preconscious

A sales manager uses overall sales at the end of the year for each new sales trainee to assess the extent to which the test he uses to select trainees has any validity. The sales manager's approach represents an emphasis on ______________ validity.

Predictive

A ______________ is an individual who specializes in the administration, scoring, and interpretation of personality tests and other techniques of psychological assessment.

Psychometrician

High levels of the hormone testosterone and the inhibitory neurotransmitter MAO are the biological basis for the trait dimension of ______________ in Eysenck's Trait Theory.

Psychoticism-impulse control

Sue decides that she will deal with her shyness by joining a poetry reading group instead of just sitting at home and daydreaming of meeting someone. Her decision is based on the ______________ principle.

Reality

Jack feels upset about being laid off from work while Jill is worried that she will have to touch a piece of paper at a meeting that the rest of the members of the meeting will have touched without wearing protective plastic gloves. Jack's concern is an example of ______________ anxiety while Jill's is a concern for ______________ anxiety.

Reality; neurotic

Manny is considering asking Rachel for a date. He looks at her facial expression when she comes into the coffee shop for her afternoon cappuccino. Although she is smiling when she enters the coffee shop, Manny decides not to ask for a date because she kisses the guy sitting at her regular table after she buys her cappuccino. According to Bandura, Manny is processing this information through his _________.

Self system

Randy asks his coach to let him be the starting pitcher for the league championship game because he has been practicing his curveball all week. According to Bandura, Randy is demonstrating _________.

Self-efficacy

_____________ is the evaluative component of the self-concept.

Self-esteem

Jerry expresses his passion for auto racing by entering all of the local races he can. He has recently started entering more competitive races in other states and teaching classes on being a racecar driver in an attempt to test the limits of his driving ability. Adler would say that Jerry is engaged in the process of ____

Striving for superiority

To redirect the anger and hostility she feels for her ex-spouse after an unpleasantness, Monica increases the amount of time she volunteers at the shelter for abused women and the elderly relief center. Monica's behavior is an example of:

Sublimation

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory assesses ______________ clinical dimensions of personality.

Ten

What is a characteristic limitation of psychophysiological assessment techniques?

That any given bodily process can have more than one possible meaning

An anthropologist is looking at the social behavior of ancient civilizations in both China and South America. He finds evidence that there is a tendency for groups of individuals from these two different parts of the world to prefer a social organization based on physical strength using combat skills while others prefer a social organization based on a division of labor social class. The tendency of these civilizations to seek a form of organization illustrates the shared wisdom of the ages stored in which of the following?

The collective unconscious

Which of the following is an advantage of projective personality tests?

The freedom of expression available to test-takers when responding to the test stimuli.

supergo

The mind's storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and from society; roughly the same as the common notion of the conscience.

A favorable characteristic feature of objective self-report techniques of personality assessment includes which of the following?

The standardization of the response options allowed to test-takers

In an attempt to overcome his shyness, Arnold monitors the thoughts he has about what he feels others are saying about him while he is attending a singles dance at the community center. Arnold is using ______________ to deal with his shyness.

Thought sampling technique

A neighbor sexually abused Pat at age four. At 35 years of age, Pat still feels uncomfortable around people that have an accent like the neighbor but cannot explain the nature of these feelings. According to Freud, the source of Pat's feelings are said to be stored in the ______________ region of the mind.

Unconscious

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

A cultural anthropologist states that the tendency for individuals to build monumental structures pointing to the heavens, from earth mounds to modern skyscrapers, is an example of each generation's tendency to pay their respects to powers beyond their control that reside in the cosmos. According to this anthropologist, these various monumental structures are examples of:

archetypes

Baby Jake's parents both work and are not able to provide him with a consistent dinner time and sleeping schedule. According to Horney, Jake is likely to develop ______________ towards his parents.

basic hostility

moral anxiety

comes from threats of punishment from the superego

You get upset at your professor for the poor grade you received on your exam, so you go home and yell at your spouse. This illustrates the defense mechanism of:

displacement

The tendency to be stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development is defined as:

fixation

Displacement

instead of taking his anger out on his boss, he does it on his child

Three strategies

moving toward people, moving away from people, moving against people

Esteem needs

need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others ex.Running for a seat on the local schoolboard

Physiological needs

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Oedipus (or Oedipal) Complex

occurs during the 3rd psychosexual stage - the Phallic Stage.

neurotic anxiety

occurs when there is direct conflict between id and ego

five psychosexual stages

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

ego ideal

part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior

Although she is in the middle of a messy divorce, Janis still presents a very calm and caring manner while dealing with customer complaints as the director of customer services for a large department store. Janis' behavior while at work is an expression of her:

persona

The process of identification with the same-sex parent is associated with the acquisition and understanding of sex-role behavioral patterns during the ______________ stage of psychosexual development.

phallic

David forgets that he has a term paper in his psychology class until the night before it is due. Although he forgot about it until now, the information about the term paper was stored in the ______________ region of his mind.

preconscious

Regression

return to an earlier or less advanced condition

Safety needs

security, safety ex. Creating a routine after dinner to help relax

Reaction Formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

According to the reality principle

the ego develops a strategy that will make it possible to meet these instinctual needs and desires in a manner that will satisfy the unconscious demands of the id but also in a manner that will not threaten the ego's sense of self within the context of reality at the conscious level.

reality anxiety

the fear caused by real danger in the world

latency stage

the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Self-actualization needs

the need to be the best one can be; at the top of Maslow's hierarchy

humanistic perspectives of personality are based on

the underlying assumption that the expression of personality is motivated by the internal desire for self-improvement and self-enhancement, which operates at the conscious level of awareness

Moral anxiety

violating moral code