Chapter 12- Providing Feedback
fading
A gradual reduction in the relative frequency of feedback designed to promote learning termed feedback __________.
sandwich technique
A method of providing augmented feedback in which a negative or punishing reinforcing statement is immediately preceded and followed by a positively reinforcing statement.
learner-requested feedback
A technique for providing feedback only when a learner requests it.
feedback
All sources of information available to a performer regarding the consequences of a practice attempt, including both sensory information and information provided through external sources.
feedback fading
An augmented feedback schedule in which feedback is provided most frequently early in practice and then gradually reduced in frequency as practice continues.
reinforcement
Any change in an organism's surroundings that occurs regularly when the organism behaves in a certain way (i.e., the change is contingent on the response).
improves performance but depresses learning.
As a general rule, providing feedback to a learner after every practice attempt...
Qualitative KP
As what type of feedback would you best classify the following statement: "The reason that the ball popped up like that is that you're holding your racquet too loosely and your grip is too high."
knowledge of performance (KP)
Augmented feedback concerning the causes of a movement outcome; typically provided in terms of bodily mechanics.
knowledge of results (KR)
Augmented feedback concerning the results or outcome of a movement response.
terminal feedback
Augmented feedback delivered after the completion of the motor skill for which it is provided (can be either immediate or delayed).
concurrent feedback
Augmented feedback delivered during the execution of the motor skill for which it is provided.
average feedback
Augmented feedback provided at the completion of a series of practice attempts regarding the average performance of the attempts (often as a numerical average).
accumulated feedback
Augmented feedback provided for a series of motor responses at the completion of the responses in the series.
distinct feedback
Augmented feedback provided for a single motor response.
erroneous feedback
Augmented feedback provided in an intentionally incorrect and misleading fashion.
verbal augmented feedback
Augmented feedback that is either delivered verbally or that is capable of being verbalized even when provided in a nonverbal form.
nonverbal augmented feedback
Augmented feedback that is not capable of being verbalized because its content is too complex or abstract and which therefore must be presented in another fashion.
bandwidth feedback
Augmented feedback that is provided only when performance error falls outside of a predetermined criterion of correctness.
quantitative feedback
Augmented feedback that supplies information about both the direction and magnitude (in numerical terms) of an error; is considered more precise than qualitative feedback.
qualitative feedback
Augmented feedback that supplies information about the direction of an error (e.g., too much, too little; too fast, too slow) without reference to the magnitude of the error.
summary feedback
During a physical therapy session, a patient attempts a set of three elbow extension exercises. Upon completion of the three exercises, her therapist provides her with feedback concerning the numerical angle of elbow extension achieved on each of the three exercises. What type of feedback did the therapist provide?
3 to 5 seconds after a response.
For feedback to be most effective, it should typically be provided---
20%, 6
If a person performs 30 trials of a particular skill during a practice session, and he or she receives feedback on 6 of those trials, then the relative frequency of feedback is _______ and the absolute frequency of feedback is _____, respectively.
maladaptive short-term correction
Inappropriate corrections in the production of a motor skill resulting when relatively minor movement errors are corrected through the provision of augmented feedback.
augmented feedback
Information about the performance of a skill that is supplied by a source external to the performer and that supplements or adds to the performer's sensory feedback.
sensory feedback
Information available to a performer concerning the consequences of a practice attempt that is provided directly through the performer's various sensory systems.
knowledge of performance
KP is an abbreviation for _________.
prescriptive feedback
Knowledge of performance concerning both an error made by a performer and suggestion for correcting the error.
descriptive feedback
Knowledge of performance describing errors a learner makes, but not the causes of the errors or suggested corrections.
law of effect
Law first formulated by Thorndike stating that an organism will tend to repeat behaviors resulting in desirable consequences and avoid behaviors resulting in undesirable consequences.
positive reinforcement
Occurs when a response is followed by a desired consequence and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations in the future.
negative reinforcement
Occurs when a response is followed by the removal of undesirable consequences previously associated with the response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations in the future.
punishment
Occurs when a response is followed by undesirable consequences and decreases the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations in the future.
intermittent reinforcement
Reinforcement of a response after some but not all instances in which a contingency for reinforcement is present; often more powerful in shaping behavior than reinforcement provided in every contingent situation.
exteroceptive feedback
Sensory feedback concerning features of the environment in which a skill is performed.
proprioceptive feedback
Sensory feedback concerning the visual, auditory, and tactile consequences of a practice attempt.
error detection capability
The capacity of individuals to detect and correct their own errors as a result of sensory sources of feedback.
intuitive feedback
The intentional fading of augmented feedback to a learner based on an instructor's perception of the learner's needs and capabilities.
guidance hypothesis
The notion that high relative frequencies of augmented feedback can lead to a learner's overreliance on the guidance properties of feedback to the detriment of optimal learning outcomes.
law of effect
The observation that rewarded behaviors tend to be repeated and that punished behaviors tend to be changed is formalized by the...
KR-delay interval
The period of time between the completion of a practice attempt and the presentation of augmented feedback.
post-KR delay
The period of time between the delivery of feedback and the person who receives the feedback attempting his or her next response is referred to as the _________interval.
post KR-delay interval
The period of time between the presentation of augmented feedback and the beginning of the next practice attempt of the skill for which it was provided.
relative frequency of feedback
The proportion of practice attempts in a series of attempts for which KR is provided (equal to the percentage of attempts on which KR is given).
summary feedback
The provision of augmented feedback for each practice attempt in a series of attempts, but on after the series is completed.
absolute frequency of feedback
The total number of practice attempts for which KR is provided during a specific practice period.
interresponse interval
The total time between the completion of a practice attempt for which KR is provided and the beginning of the next practice attempt.
negative reinforcement
What kind of reinforcement is being provided when an instructor corrects five practice attempts in a row then withholds feedback on a sixth attempt in which there is improvement?
disregard their sensory sources of feedback and rely instead on the erroneous feedback.
When beginners are provided with erroneous feedback that clearly contradicts their sources of sensory feedback, they are most likely to...
Comparative function
Which of the following is NOT primary function of augmented feedback?
