Chapter 12 Study Questions

Headache, sleepiness, increased respiratory rate Body Weight Loss %...

5-6

Dizziness, loss of balance, collapse Body Weight Loss %...

7-10

Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when ____ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration. a. 7 - 10 b. 3 - 4 c. 2 - 3 d. 4 - 6 e. 1 - 2

a

Which electrolyte is a cation? a. sodium b. chloride c. bicarbonate d. sulfate e. phosphate

a

Which food provides the most phosphorous per serving? a. sunflower seeds b. carrots c. bananas d. tomato juice e. watermelon

a

Hypothalamus

a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.

Calmodulin

a calcium-binding protein that regulates such cell activities as muscle contractions.

Magnesium

a cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems.

Salt

a compound composed of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH- An example is sodium chloride (Na+Cl-)

Dolomite

a compound of minerals (calcium magnesium carbonate) found in limestone and marble. Dolomite is powdered and is sold as a calcium-magnesium supplement. However, it may be contaminated with toxic minerals, is not well absorbed, and interferes with absorption of other essential minerals.

A sedentary 40-year-old male and a 27-year-old female professional basketball player each expend 2200 kcal per day. Calculate the water recommendation in cups based on energy expenditure for these two individuals. 40 yr old male: _________ 27 yr old female: ___________

8.8 c; 13.2 c

Thirst, fatigue, loss of appetite Body Weight Loss %...

1-2

Suppose that a soup recipe calls for 2 tsp of salt. How many grams of salt is that? How many grams of sodium are in that much salt? Grams of salt: _________ Grams of sodium: __________

12g; 4.8 g

Dry mouth, flushed skin, apathy Body Weight Loss %...

3-4

Compounds found in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes that cannot be absorbed with the body

Binders

Rate at and the extent of nutrient absorption and use

Bioavailability

What mineral matches the toxicity symptom.... Constipation

Calcium

What mineral matches the toxicity symptom.... Vomiting

Chloride

Thirst and satiety influence water intake in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hippocampus, and nerves. True or False

False

Water constitutes about 75 percent of an adult's body weight. True or False

False

Among the best sources of phosphorus are bananas. True or False

False

Only 10% of the body's calcium is in the body fluids. True or False

False

Essential nutrients required in larger quantities

Major minerals

Cations

Positively charged ions

What mineral matches the toxicity symptom.... Muscular Weakness

Potassium

What mineral matches the toxicity symptom.... Edema

Sodium

Essential nutrients required in less than 100 mg per day

Trace minerals

An individual who has lost fluids equivalent to 3% to 4% of his or her body weight may experience impaired physical performance. True or False

True

Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the pituitary in response to dehydration. True or False

True

Artichokes contain more potassium per serving than do eggs. True or False

True

Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids. True or False

True

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the bones. True or False

True

Osteoporosis affects an estimated 52 million people in the United States. True or False

True

Pizza is 40% to 49% water. True or False

True

Some minerals, such as calcium, must have carriers to be absorbed and transported. True or False

True

The average sodium intake in the United States is 3400 milligrams, which exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults. True or False

True

The chemical reactions of the body's buffer system are controlled primarily by the lungs and kidneys. True or False

True

Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic elements that always retain their chemical identity. True or False

True

Carbonic Acid

a compound with the formula H2CO3 that results from the combination of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) ; of particular importance in maintaining the body's acid-base balance.

Thirst

a conscious desire to drink.

Hyponatremia

a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood.

Osteoporosis

a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals; also called adult bone loss.

Parathyroid Hormone

a hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low; also known as parathormone (PAIR-ah-THOR-moan).

Angiotensin II

a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium concentration in the blood) that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water and therefore to excrete less. In addition to its antidiuretic effect, ADH elevates blood pressure and so is also called vasopressin (VAS-oh-PRES-in)

Aldosterone

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. Aldosterone also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.

Calcitonin

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high.

Phosphorus

a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teeth.

Bone Density

a measure of bone strength. When minerals fill the bone matrix (making it dense), they give it strength.

Sulfur

a mineral present in the body as part of some proteins.

Angiotensinogen

a precursor protein that is hydrolyzed to angiotensin I by renin.

Oyster Shell

a product made from the powdered shells of oysters that is sold as a calcium supplement, but it is not well absorbed by the digestive system.

Calcium-Binding Protein

a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption.

Sulfate

a salt produced from the oxidation of sulfur.

Vasoconstrictor

a substance that constricts or narrows the blood vessels.

Bicarbonate

an alkaline compound with the formula HCO3 that is produced in all cell fluids from the dissociation of carbonic acid to help maintain the body's acid-base balance. Bicarbonate is also secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice.

Renin

an enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which results in the kidneys reabsorbing sodium.

Angiotensin I

an inactive precursor that is converted by an enzyme to yield active angiotensin II.

Ions

atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have electrical charges. Examples include the positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and the negatively charged chloride ion (CI-). For a closer look at ions, see Appendix B.

High blood calcium ________ . a. signals the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone b. signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin c. stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone d. stimulates the activation of vitamin D e. enhances calcium absorption in the intestines

b

If a cup of milk provides 300 mg of calcium and you are trying to consume 800 mg of calcium per day, how many cups of milk do you need to drink (assuming this is your only source of calcium)? Cups of milk: a. 1.3 c b. 2.7 c c. 5.6 c d. 3.4 c

b

Which food (or food group) contains phytates? a. sweet potatoes b. legumes c. beet greens d. rhubarb e. spinach

b

Which food offers the most calcium per serving? a. pinto beans b. tofu c. strawberries d. watermelon e. peanut butter

b

Women may lose up to ________ of their bone mass during the 6 to 8 years following menopause. a. 10% b. 20% c. 15% d. 5% e. 25%

b

Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called ________ . a. angiotensin II b. angiotensin I c. renin d. aldosterone e. ADH

c

Cortical bone losses typically begin at about what age? a. 50 b. 45 c. 40 d. 30 e. 35

c

Binders

chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to form complexes the body cannot absorb. Examples include phytates (FYE-tates) and oxalates (OCK-sa-lates).

Buffers

compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added.

Bone Meal or Powdered Bone

crushed or ground bone preparations intended to supply calcium to the diet. Calcium from bone is not well absorbed and is often contaminated with toxic minerals such as arsenic, mercury, lead, and cadmium.

Hydroxyapatite

crystals made of calcium and phosphorus.

As much as ________ of the sodium in people's diets comes from salt added to foods by manufacturers. a. 70% b. 85% c. 80% d. 75% e. 65%

d

Blood indicators of beneficial bone activity are apparent ________ weeks after a person quits smoking. a. five b. four c. three d. six e. two

d

Unless the label states otherwise, supplements of calcium carbonate are ________ calcium. a. 20% b. 50% c. 30% d. 40% e. 60%

d

Which food provides the most magnesium per serving? a. cheddar cheese b. ground beef c. eggs d. halibut e. canned tuna

d

Interstitial Fluid

fluid between the cells (intercellular), usually high in sodium and chloride. Interstitial fluid is a large component of extracellular fluid.

Bottled Water

drinking water sold in bottles.

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of ________ ions. a. chloride b. calcium c. sulfate d. sodium e. hydrogen

e

Which food offers the most potassium per serving? a. tuna b. eggs c. cheddar cheese d. ground beef e. acorn squash

e

Major Minerals

essential mineral nutrients the human body requires in relatively large amounts (greater than 100 milligrams per day); sometimes called macrominerals.

Trace Minerals

essential mineral nutrients the human body requires in relatively small amounts (less than 100 milligrams per day); sometimes called microminerals.

Intracellular Fluid

fluid inside the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately two-thirds of the body's water.

Extracellular Fluid

fluid outside the cells. Extracellular fluid includes two main components—the interstitial fluid between cells and the intravascular fluid inside blood vessels. Extracellular fluid accounts for approximately one-third of the body's water.

Intravascular Fluid

fluid within blood vessels

Adrenal Glands

glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney.

Calcium Rigor

hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations.

Metabolic Water

water generated during metabolism.

Calcium Tetany

intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations.

Antacids

medications used to relieve indigestion by neutralizing acid in the stomach. Calcium-containing preparations (such as Tums) contain available calcium. Antacids with aluminum or magnesium hydroxides (such as Rolaids) can accelerate calcium losses.

Anions

negatively charged ions.

Overconsumption of ___________ can led to calcification of nonskeletal tissues.

phosphorus

Electrolytes

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions.

Electrolyte Solutions

solutions that can conduct electricity.

There is no RDA for ____________ due to its prevalence in protein foods.

sulfate

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

the administration of a simple solution of sugar, salt, and water, taken by mouth, to treat dehydration caused by diarrhea. A simple ORT recipe (cool before giving): • 1/2 L boiling water • A small handful of sugar (4 tsp) • 3 pinches of salt (1/2 tsp)

Osmotic Pressure

the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane.

Water Balance

the balance between water intake and output (losses).

Milliequivalents per Liter (mEq/L)

the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution. Milliequivalents reveal characteristics about the solution that are not evident when the concentration is expressed in terms of weight.

Dehydration

the condition in which body water output exceeds water input. Symptoms include thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness.

Peak Bone Mass

the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first three decades of life.

Trabecular Bone

the lacy inner structure of calcium crystals that supports the bone's structure and provides a calcium storage bank.

Chloride

the major anion in the extracellular fluids of the body. Chloride is the ionic form of chlorine, CI-.nSee Appendix B for a description of the chlorine-to-chloride conversion.

Obligatory Water Excretion

the minimum amount of water the body has to excrete each day to dispose of its wastes—about 500 milliliters (about 2 cups, or 1 pint).

Calcium

the most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily in the body's bones and teeth.

Osmosis

the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated.

Sodium

the principal cation in the extracellular fluids of the body; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions.

Potassium

the principal cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions.

Mineralization

the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone.

Water Intoxication

the rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments.

Bioavailability

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.

Solutes

the substances that are dissolved in a solution. The number of molecules in a given volume of fluid is the solute concentration.

Cortical Bone

the very dense bone tissue that forms the outer shell surrounding trabecular bone and comprises the shaft of a long bone.

Artesian Water

water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water is under pressure.

Well Water

water drawn from groundwater by tapping into an aquifer.

Public Water

water from a municipal or county water system that has been treated and disinfected.

Mineral Water

water from a spring or well that naturally contains at least 250 parts per million (ppm) of minerals. Minerals give water a distinctive flavor. Many mineral waters are high in sodium.

Natural Water

water obtained from a spring or well that is certified to be safe and sanitary. The mineral content may not be changed, but the water may be treated in other ways such as with ozone or by filtration.

Spring Water

water originating from an underground spring or well. It may be bubbly (carbonated), or "flat" or "still," meaning not carbonated. Brand names such as "Spring Pure" do not necessarily mean that the water comes from a spring.

Carbonated Water

water that contains carbon dioxide gas, either naturally occurring or added, that causes bubbles to form in it; also called bubbling or sparkling water. The FDA defines seltzer, soda, and tonic waters as soft drinks; they are not regulated as water.

Purified Water

water that has been treated by distillation or other physical or chemical processes that remove dissolved solids. Because purified water contains no minerals or contaminants, it is useful for medical and research purposes.

Distilled Water

water that has been vaporized and recondensed, leaving it free of dissolved minerals.

Filtered Water

water treated by filtration, usually through activated carbon filters that reduce the lead in tap water, or by reverse osmosis units that force pressurized water across a membrane removing lead, arsenic, and some microorganisms from tap water.

Hard Water

water with a high calcium and magnesium content.

Soft Water

water with a high sodium or potassium content.