Chapter 12 Test
What is the smallest number of cells needed to perform a successful DNA profile?
20
Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?
98.5%
Approximately what percentage of the human genome is identical to that of a chimpanzee?
98.8%
Which of the following statements about nucleic acid probes is false?
A nucleic acid probe is a double-stranded section of DNA
________ are a major source of restriction enzymes.
Bacteria
"Sticky ends" are
DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.
After DNA fragments with matching sticky ends are temporarily joined by complementary base-pairing, the union can be made permanent by the "pasting" enzyme
DNA ligase
The polymerase chain reaction relies upon unusual, heat-resistant ________ that were isolated from bacteria living in hot springs.
DNA polymerase molecules
What is the preferred name of the technique used to determine if DNA comes from a particular individual?
DNA profiling
Which of the following statements about DNA technology is false?
DNA technology is now used to create cells that can identify and kill cancer cells.
Which of the following statements about genomics is false?
DNA technology limits genomic studies to prokaryotes.
The type of recombinant bacteria most often used to mass-produce genes is
Escherichia coli
Why is the whole-genome shotgun method currently the tool of choice for analyzing genomes?
It is fast and inexpensive
Which of the following statements about genome sequencing is false?
Most of the genomes that have been sequenced to date are eukaryotes.
If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, or other organic matter from your body. If you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by ________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.
PCR
Which of the following statements regarding proteomics is correct?
Proteomics is the systematic study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.
Which of the following statements regarding repetitive DNA is false?
Repetitive DNA is identical in all humans.
What is the current standard tool used for DNA profiling by forensic scientists?
STR analysis
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?
Scientist think that the typical human gene specifies just one polypeptide.
Which of the following genetically modified organisms has not been developed by genetic engineers (at least, not yet)?
Transgenic corn with the gene for human insulin
Which of the following pieces of evidence would be considered the best for establishing biological relatedness?
a very close match in the DNA profile
A transgenic animal is
an animal containing a gene from another organism, typically of another species
Genome sequence analysis suggests that Neanderthals
at least sometimes had pale skin and red hair
Genomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector?
bacteriophages
Golden rice is golden in color because it is rich in
beta-carotene
A cDNA library differs from a genomic library in that
cDNA libraries only contain information from genes that have been transcribed.
Restriction enzymes
cut DNA at specific sites
The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to
form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA.
In the process of human gene cloning using plasmids, the bacterial plasmid
functions as a vector
During the process of electrophoresis, the ________ functions like a molecular sieve, separating the samples according to their size.
gel
The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines
gene cloning
Which of the following has not been a significant issue in the creation of genetically modified (GM) organisms?
the fact that GM organisms cannot be modified to prevent them from reproducing once they pass beyond the experimental stage.
A collection of DNA fragments obtained from the genome of one organism, inserted by recombinant DNA techniques into the genome of a host organism (one fragment per host genome), and maintained there is called a
genomic library
Genetically modifying ________ cells may directly affect future generations.
germ
Biotechnology
has been around since the dawn of civilization
The advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin is that
human insulin is less likely to cause harmful side effects than cow, pig, or horse insulin.
The number of proteins in humans
is much greater than the number of genes
The only recombinant cells that can correctly attach sugars to proteins to form glycoprotein products are
mammalian cells
DNA ligase binds
nucleotides together
When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as
recombinant DNA
Restriction enzymes specifically recognize and cut short sequences of DNA called
restriction sites
The enzyme that converts information stored in their RNA to information stored in DNA is
reverse transcriptase
The ________ approach to gene cloning employs a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism and results in the production of thousands of different recombinant plasmids.
shotgun
When genetic variation in one nucleotide is found in at least 1% of the population, it is known as
single nucleotide polymorphism
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their
size
When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein,
the disired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.
In order for gene therapy to be permanent,
the normal gene must be transferred to somatic cells that can continuously multiply.
An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that
the resulting DNA strand will lack introns
Segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move or be copied from one site to another in the genome are called
transposable elements
The type of repetitive DNA composed of sequences of large repeated units is often associated with
transposable elements
