Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System

The structures that are valvelike and protrude externally through the dura mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood are the ________.

arachnoid villi

The ________ is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain.

blood-brain barrier

The fourth ventricle is continuous with the ________ of the spinal cord.

central canal

The largest nuclear mass in the midbrain is the ________.

corpora quadrigemina

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.

corpus callosum

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon

Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the ________ horn.

dorsal

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are damaged, the past is lost.

hippocampus

The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the ________.

pituitary gland

The ________ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII.

pons

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

pyramids

In stage 3 sleep, ________ and ________ waves appear.

theta; delta

Which statement about coma is true? A) Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time. B) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. D) Coma is rarely caused by damage to brain stem structures.

A) Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time.

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control. B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. C) Damage to the visual association area results in blindness. D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.

A) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control.

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. A) consolidation B) automatic memory C) long-term memory D) rehearsal

A) consolidation

What cells line the ventricles of the brain? A) ependymal cells B) neurons C) epithelial cells D) astrocytes

A) ependymal cells

The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from temporal

A) frontal from parietal

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) sulci C) fissures D) ganglia

A) gyri

Declarative memory ________. A) is the ability to learn specific information B) is best remembered in the doing C) is hard to unlearn when learned once D) usually involves motor skills

A) is the ability to learn specific information

The hypothalamus ________. A) is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature B) is an important auditory and visual relay center C) has the Pulvinar body as part of its structure D) mediates sensations

A) is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A) metabolic waste such as urea B) nutrients such as glucose C) alcohol D) anesthetics

A) metabolic waste such as urea

An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A) paraplegia B) hemiplegia C) quadriplegia D) spinal shock only

A) paraplegia

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A) prefrontal cortex B) posterior association area C) limbic association area D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

A) prefrontal cortex

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal C) segmental and nigrostriatal D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

A) pyramidal and corticospinal

Brain wave amplitude ________. A) reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously B) is an average of about 1 V C) results from subtraction of delta waves from theta waves D) is the measure of activity of specific individual neurons

A) reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously

If the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. A) spinal cord may be affected B) cranial nerves would not form C) hindbrain would not be present D) telencephalon would cease development

A) spinal cord may be affected

A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A) sulcus B) fissure C) gyrus D) furrow

A) sulcus

Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) the thalamus D) sympathetic ganglia

A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

Which of the following is not a midbrain structure? A) third ventricle B) cerebral peduncles C) corpora quadrigemina D) red nucleus

A) third ventricle

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromotor junction

A) upper motor neurons

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A) Huntington's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) cerebellar disease D) spinal cord disease

B) Parkinson's disease

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) arachnoid and epidura B) arachnoid and pia C) arachnoid and dura D) dura and epidura

B) arachnoid and pia

Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) terminate in the spinal cord B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum C) give rise to conscious experience of perception D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

B) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum

The arbor vitae refers to ________. A) cerebellar gray matter B) cerebellar white matter C) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum D) flocculonodular nodes

B) cerebellar white matter

White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. A) corpus callosum B) cerebral cortex C) corticospinal tracts D) outer portion of the spinal cord

B) cerebral cortex

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) contusion B) concussion C) hemorrhage D) swelling

B) concussion

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) lateral sulcus C) central sulcus D) cranial fossa

B) lateral sulcus

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? A) central fissure B) longitudinal fissure C) parieto-occipital fissure D) lateral fissure

B) longitudinal fissure

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla C) midbrain D) cerebrum

B) medulla

Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? A) hippocampus B) medulla C) amygdala D) prefrontal cortex

B) medulla

The brain stem consists of the ________. A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla B) midbrain, medulla, and pons C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain D) midbrain only

B) midbrain, medulla, and pons

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. A) spinal cord B) premotor cortex C) primary motor cortex D) rubrospinal tracts

B) premotor cortex

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? A) declarative B) procedural C) motor D) emotional

B) procedural

Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) glucose B) red blood cells C) potassium D) protein

B) red blood cells

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A) thalamus B) reticular formation C) pyramids D) limbic system

B) reticular formation

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. A) red nuclei B) vestibular nuclei C) reticular nuclei D) superior colliculi

B) vestibular nuclei

Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate? A) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked. B) Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and is often severely disabling. C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. D) The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.

C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.

C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

The anteriolateral pathways ________. A) are evolutionarily newer than the specific pathways B) receive inputs from a single type of sensory receptor C) are involved in the emotional aspects of perception D) are also called the lemniscal system

C) are involved in the emotional aspects of perception

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) motor command center B) visceral command center C) executive suite D) decussation center

C) executive suite

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ________. A) pons B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) medulla

C) hypothalamus

Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. A) anterior spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) lateral spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic

C) lateral spinothalamic

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. A) myelinated nerve fibers only B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers D) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. A) midbrain B) medulla C) pons D) cerebrum

C) pons

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? A) postcentral gyrus B) gustatory cortex C) red nuclei D) Wernicke's area

C) red nuclei

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A) prefrontal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) parietal lobe

C) temporal lobe

REM sleep is associated with ________. A) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for the extrinsic eye muscles D) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex

C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for the extrinsic eye muscles

Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. A) spinal cord B) medulla C) thalamus D) somatosensory cortex

C) thalamus

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A) calcarine cortex B) primary visual area C) visual association area D) lateral geniculate body

C) visual association area

________ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness.

Circadian

Which statement is not true? A) Sleep requirements decline from infancy to early adulthood, level off, then decline again in old age. B) Half of infant sleep is composed of REM sleep. C) Ten-year-olds are in REM sleep about 1.5-2 hours per night. D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

D) Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children? A) Alpha B) Beta C) Delta D) Theta

D) Theta

All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ________. A) hippocampus B) cingulate gyrus C) amygdaloid nucleus D) caudate nucleus

D) caudate nucleus

Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodies B) dendrites C) unmyelinated axons D) fiber tracts

D) fiber tracts

Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei? A) regulating attention and cognition B) controlling starting and stopping movements C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements D) initiating protective reflex actions

D) initiating protective reflex actions

Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? A) reduction of brain weight B) protection from blows C) nourishment of the brain D) initiation of some nerve impulses

D) initiation of some nerve impulses

Broca's area ________. A) corresponds to Brodmann's area 8 B) is usually found in the right hemisphere C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) is considered a motor speech area

D) is considered a motor speech area

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. A) pathologic sleep B) loss of body temperature control C) production of excessive quantities of urine D) loss of proprioception

D) loss of proprioception

Which association regarding the function and location of the cerebrum is most accurate? A) sensory-anterior B) motor-medial C) sensory-medial D) motor-anterior

D) motor-anterior

Which of the following is not part of the basal nuclei? A) putamen B) lentiform nucleus C) globus pallidus D) substantia nigra

D) substantia nigra

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A) olfactory cortex B) gusatory cortex C) vestibular cortex D) visceral sensory area

D) visceral sensory area

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.

FALSE

Commissural fibers form the corpus striatum.

FALSE

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.

FALSE

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

FALSE

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

FALSE

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.

FALSE

The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

FALSE

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.

FALSE

________ memory requires practice, and is remembered by doing.

Procedural (skill)

________ is a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep found most commonly in the elderly.

Sleep apnea

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

TRUE

Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

TRUE

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.

TRUE

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.

TRUE

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.

TRUE

NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.

TRUE

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

TRUE

Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age.

TRUE

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

TRUE

The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

TRUE

The corpora quadrigemina superior colliculi are visual reflex centers, whereas the inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers.

TRUE

The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.

TRUE

The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.

TRUE

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

TRUE

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

TRUE

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.

TRUE