Chapter 13

Social psychologists use the term __________ to describe the feeling of fear that people sometimes have that they will confirm a certain stereotype.

"stereotype threat"

Which of the following is the BEST definition of "stereotyping"?

Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits

According to the textbook, are the tendencies to engage in object categorization and social categorization (regardless of content) tendencies that seem to be innately programmed in people, or tendencies that seem to be culturally learned?

Both seem to be innately programmed

Social psychologists use the term __________ to refer to unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong.

Discrimination

Research suggests that stereotyping __________ allow people to save mental energy __________ enable them to process information more quickly.

Does and does

Countries that value competition have levels of conflict and levels of economic success.

Higher, higher

Do implicit or explicit prejudiced attitudes do a better job of predicting workplace discrimination in hiring practices?

Implicit attitudes are more predictive.

What does the textbook suggest about the accuracy of common stereotypes-do they seem to contain a kernel of truth?

Most common stereotypes are fairly accurate both in terms of their content and in terms of the supposed magnitude of their effects.

People who belong to a different category from yourself are

Outgroup members

The term __________ is used to refer to a negative attitude or feeling toward an individual based solely on that individual's membership in a certain group.

Prejudice

The idea that people blame their problems and misfortunes on outgroups, and hold negative attitudes toward outgroups accordingly, is known as __________.

Scapegoat theory

When people try to hide, or control, their implicit prejudices, it takes a toll on their ability to __________ when it comes to other tasks.

Self-regulate

Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the relationship between salience and stereotype formation?

Stereotypes can form simply on the basis of salience

Randi believes that, compared to white people, Asian people are spiritual. It would be MOST accurate to say that Randi's belief is an example of

Stereotyping

__________ refer to characteristics of people that are considered socially unacceptable-for example, mental illnesses, disabilities, or scars.

Stigmas

Which of the following comes closest to the textbook's conclusion regarding the elimination of prejudice?

While it is possible to meaningfully reduce specific prejudices, the tendencies for stereotyping and ingroup favoritism appear to be innate.

Which of the following provides evidence of stereotype threat?

Women perform worse than men on math tests when they believe that the test is important, but they perform the same as men when they believe that the test is meaningless.

If discrimination is a behavior, then a stereotype is __________ and a prejudice is __________.

a cognition, an affect

As discussed in the textbook, stereotyping is BEST thought of as

a consequence of the human tendency for social categorization

Which of the following refers to the tendency that some people have to simultaneously (a) hold egalitarian values, and (b) experience negative feelings, or feelings of disease, when interacting with minority groups?

aversive racism

In the context of realistic conflict theory, the term "superordinate goal" refers to a goal that

can be achieved only by cooperating and working with others

Jussim and Harber's (2005) research on the self-fulfilling prophecy and in the classroom found that

effects are quite small--teacher expectations are accurate.

Research suggests that, by and large, stereotypes function as

expectations or hypotheses.

Implicit prejudiced attitudes are

fairly common and do a good job of predicting behavior.

Because realistic conflict theory describes people competing over scarce resources, one could argue that it is simply theory applied to group conflict.

frustration-aggression theory

Researchers have examined whether obese men and women earn less than others, controlling for the same set of qualifications. This has shown that

obesity negatively impacts both men and women, but especially women.

The so-called "minimal group effect" MOST directly suggests that

people are predisposed to divide the world into "us" and "them," and to show a preference for "us."

The outgroup homogeneity effect appears to stem from the fact that

people have limited contact and experience with outgroup members.

Research on prejudice and self-esteem suggests that

people may hold prejudices, in part, because doing so bolsters their self-esteem.

It would be MOST accurate to say that aversive racism captures the idea that

people often have mixed feelings toward other groups and sometimes harbor prejudices despite themselves.

When you meet a new person, stereotypes typically serve to

provide you with hypotheses to be tested about that individual.

If something is said to be "salient," then it

stands out and is noticeable or memorable.

Men tend to be rated less positively when they are seated next to an obese woman than when they are seated next to an average-weight woman. This tendency is known as

stigma by association

According to the textbook, one critical reason why people hold on to their stereotypes-even in the face of refuting evidence-is that they tend to view pieces of refuting evidence as "exceptions," which constitute their own (new) categories. That is, they tend to create __________.

subtypes

The idea that regular interactions among members of different groups reduce prejudice, so long as the interactions occur under favorable conditions, is known as

the contact hypothesis.

Compared to when two individuals compete, when two groups of people compete, they tend to be extreme and hostile. This is known as

the discontinuity effect.

Suppose that Ms. J. is a third-grade teacher. In her classroom, she requires that students study together in small, multiethnic workgroups, in which each group member is responsible for collecting and communicating to fellow group members a different type of information. It appears that Ms. J. is using the cooperative learning technique known as __________.

the jigsaw classroom

Most people assume that outgroup members are relatively similar to one another, while ingroup members are relatively different from one another. This tendency is known as

the outgroup homogeneity bias.

Research suggests that, in general, prejudiced people and non-prejudiced people differ from one another in terms of

their conscious responses to other groups.

As discussed in the textbook, people are MOST likely to base their stereotypes of a given outgroup on

what they have heard about the outgroup from members of the ingroup.

As described in the textbook, college students sometimes stereotype female professors as less competent than male professors. However, this stereotype only seems to surface

when students are evaluated negatively by a female professor.