Chapter 13

The term for the population at which the number of individuals is just sufficient for the resources available to them: a) logistic carrying capacity b) maximum sustainable yield c) minimum viable population d) optimum sustainable population e) maximum sustainable population

a

Which of the following would improve the food supply for a population of wild condors? a) people hunting mountain lions b) establishing large cattle ranches on fertile, undeveloped land c) planting trees on steep slopes d) suppressing all fires in chaparral environments e) improving soil conditions for trees

a

The primary goal of the United States Marine Mammal Protection Act is to conserve: a) the health and stability of marine ecosystems b) the seals of the oceans c) the whales of the oceans d) the porpoises of the oceans e) the sea otters of the oceans

a

The term for the population at which the number of individuals is just sufficient for the resources available to them is: a) logistic carrying capacity b) maximum sustainable yield c) minimum viable population d) optimum sustainable population e) maximum sustainable population

a

A key to successful wildlife management is monitoring a population's age structure. If most of a catch by commercial fisherman shifted towards younger aged fish, what could this indicate? a) this is an early sign of over-exploitation b) that the fish stock has reached its carrying capacity c) that the fishing is done according to the logistic growth curve d) that the fish stock obtained its maximum sustainable yield e) that global warming is impacting the population

a

At what size is the population growth rate zero in the figure above (more than one answer may be correct)? The graph above illustrates the rate of growth of a hypothetical fish population off the California coast (in each question, more than one answer may be correct). a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a

Characteristics of species likely to become endangered and extinct as a result of human activities include: a) long-lived individuals b) small body size c) rapid rates of reproduction d) rapid rates of population growth e) invertebrates

a

In the figure below, which species (A or B) would better withstand sport hunting? (Assume that the hunters selectively shoot the largest [oldest] individuals.) You are the manager of a reserve which contains two herbivorous species, A and B. The survivorship curves of the two species have been estimated in the graphs above. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a

Prior to the industrial revolution, how many species became extinct on a worldwide basis every year? a) one b) five c) 100 d) 500 e) 1,000

a

"Population risk" refers to: a) short-term changes in the habitat of a species b) a threat to species that consist of only a single population in one habitat c) the risk of changes in genetic characteristics d) the human population bomb e) catastrophes that change the environment

b

"Population risk" refers to: a) short-term changes in the habitat of a species b) random variations in population rates that lead to species extinction c) the risk of changes in genetic characteristics d) the human population bomb e) catastrophes that change the environment

b

An early sign of the over-exploitation of a fish stock is: a) an increase in the average size of fish caught b) a shift in the catch towards younger fish c) overall declining quantity of catch d) an unstable maximum sustainable yield (MSY) e) decline in the logistic growth curve

b

As people clear land and modify the environment, species which _____ are especially vulnerable to extinction. a) are generalists b) have highly specific habitats c) are mammals d) can adapt to a different environment e) live in diverse ecosystems

b

At what size is the population growth rate greater than 0? The graph above illustrates the rate of growth of a hypothetical fish population off the California coast (in each question, more than one answer may be correct). a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b

Based only on the graphs below, which species (A or B) would be more likely to survive periodic disturbances? You are the manager of a reserve which contains two herbivorous species, A and B. The survivorship curves of the two species have been estimated in the graphs above. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b

Carrying capacity is the: a) largest-sized individual that can survive in a given ecosystem b) maximum number of a species that an environment can support without degradation to the environment c) maximum number of a species that can live in an environment without competition among individuals d) maximum number of a species confined to a specific area e) variety of species that can live in one habitat without going extinct

b

Carrying capacity is the: a) largest-sized individual that can survive in a given ecosystem b) maximum number of a species that an environment can support without degradation to the environment c) maximum number of a species that can live in an environment without competition among individuals d) maximum number of a species confined to a specific area e) variety of species that can live in one habitat without going extinct

b

Fish provide about what percentage of the human diet? a) 6% b) 16% c) 26% d) 36% e) 46%

b

Life on Earth was dominated by jellyfish and worms during which geologic period? a) Archaean b) Proterozoic c) Devonian d) Jurassic e) Triassic

b

Much of the information we have concerning the abundance of grizzly bears in North America prior to the western expansion of European communities comes from: a) fossil evidence b) the journals of Lewis and Clark c) the reports of native Americans d) the numbers of bear carcasses seen by frontier hunters e) the number of bears shipped east by the early railroads.

b

Some introduced species become abundant pests because they are: a) parasites b) superior competitors c) predators d) a density-independent population e) a minimum viable population

b

Species can be especially vulnerable to extinction when: a) the population has high genetic variability b) the population is small c) the population lives far from human activity d) the population is very widely distributed e) the population's ecosystem is productive and fertile

b

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature estimates that about _______ of all known mammals are at the risk of extinction. a) 10% b) 20% c) 30% d) 40% e) 50%

b

The survival of an endangered species depends strongly on the: a) competition of male individuals within the species b) size of the ecological island the species lives in c) maximum sustainable yield of the habitat d) succession stage of the ecosystem e) the macronutrients available within the ecosystem

b

With the recent introduction of off-road vehicles to the Sahara desert, the Sahara goat has been subjected to an increase in hunting by Bedouins. Studies indicate that as the total population size is decreased by the hunting, the percentage of females that are pregnant is increasing. This is an example of: a) competitive exclusion b) density-dependent population regulation c) succession d) density-independent population regulation e) prey and predator

b

Codfish, flatfish, tuna, and swordfish are important to humans because: a) they represent fish that are quickly becoming extinct b) they are increasing their populations in spite of consistent hunting c) their numbers are declining due to overfishing d) they are important as fish that are processed as fish meal for agricultural food e) they have been banned from commercial fishing

c

European diseases caused fatal epidemics among native human populations in South and North America: a) through natural selection b) because Europeans introduced these diseases intentionally to reduce the native population c) because the natives did not have antibodies to fight the new diseases d) through parallel evolution e) because Europeans withheld medicine from the natives

c

If a population grows beyond its carrying capacity, deaths _________ births, and the population ________ back to the carrying capacity. If a population falls below its carrying capacity, births _________ deaths, and the population ________. a) are exceeded by; increases; exceed; decline b) exceed; increases; are exceeded by; decreases c) exceed; decline; are exceeded by; increases d) are exceeded by; decline; exceed; increases e) none of the above is the correct option

c

If you were harvesting the population in the figure above, what size would be the maximum sustainable yield? (only one correct answer) The graph above illustrates the rate of growth of a hypothetical fish population off the California coast (in each question, more than one answer may be correct). a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c

In the course of evolutionary history: a) global warming has been the primary agent of extinction b) about half of the species which have existed have become extinct c) all species alive today will eventually go extinct d) only poorly adapted species will go extinct e) extinction occurs only in connection with meteorite impacts

c

In the course of evolutionary history: a) humans have been the primary agent of extinction b) about half of the species which have existed have become extinct c) all species alive today will eventually go extinct d) only poorly adapted species will go extinct e) extinction occurs only in connection with meteorite impacts

c

The estimated number of individuals in the whooping crane population from 1940 to the present represents: a) an estimate of the maximum sustainable yield b) an estimate of the minimum sustainable yield c) a time series d) an estimate of the carrying capacity of the land e) an estimate of the logistical growth of the population

c

The estimated smallest population that can maintain itself and its genetic variability indefinitely is termed: a) logistic carrying capacity b) maximum sustainable yield c) minimum viable population d) optimum sustainable population e) maximum sustainable population

c

The first target in recovery programs for endangered species is: a) logistic carrying capacity b) maximum sustainable yield c) minimum viable population d) optimum sustainable population e) maximum sustainable population

c

An ecological island is: a) an island uninhabited by humans b) the transition zone between two or more distinct ecosystems c) an island managed for the preservation of specific natural features d) an area that is biologically isolated e) public land set aside to protect the habitats of endangered species

d

Competition among individuals in a population: a) increases the birth rate b) increases the carrying capacity c) keeps the population at a constant level and is beneficial to the population in the long run d) slows the growth rate of the population e) lets the population increase at nearly exponential rate

d

Since 1600, nearly _________ of the extinctions of birds and mammals have been caused by human beings. a) 33% b) 42% c) 50% d) 75% e) 90%

d

The term for the maximum population that can be sustained into the indefinite future without degrading the species' habitat or the viability of the species itself is: a) logistic carrying capacity b) maximum sustainable yield c) minimum viable population d) optimum sustainable population e) maximum sustainable

d

The term for the maximum population that can be sustained into the indefinite future without degrading the species' habitat or the viability of the species itself: a) logistic carrying capacity b) maximum sustainable yield c) minimum viable population d) optimum sustainable population e) maximum sustainable population

d

Today's population biologists estimate that a "safe" number of grizzly bears in a population, that is a number that will continue to perpetuate itself, is: a) 150 b) 250 c) 350 d) 450 e) 550

d

Traditional wildlife management was based on: a) sustainable yield b) exponential growth curve c) age structure of the population d) the logistic growth curve e) the minimum viable population

d

______________ involves variations in the physical or biological environment a) Population risk b) Genetic risk c) Human induced risk d) Environmental risk e) A natural risk

d

Even though the continental shelves represent only about 10% of the ocean, they provide nearly _______ % of the fishery harvest? a) 20% b) 30% c) 50% d) 70% e) 90%

e

Fishery management has used the optimum sustainable population in order to avoid over-fishing. What exactly is the optimum sustainable population? a) it is the largest number of fish that can be harvested b) it is the fish harvest that generates the highest possible market price for the fish c) it is the fish harvest that can be sustained through the lifetime of one fisherman d) it is the population that equals the maximum sustainable yield e) it is the largest fish harvest that can be sustained indefinitely

e

The current number of bison present in the United States is about: a) 5,000 b) 10,000 c) 50,000 d) 100,000 e) 250,000

e

What population size is the carrying capacity in the figure above? (only one correct answer) The graph above illustrates the rate of growth of a hypothetical fish population off the California coast (in each question, more than one answer may be correct). a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e

Which of the following is a principle of wildlife conservation? a) a safety factor in terms of population size b) concern for the entire community of organisms c) maintenance of the ecosystem of which the wildlife are a part d) continual monitoring, analysis, and assessment e) all of the above are principles of wildlife conservation

e