Chapter 13
67. The left hemisphere is dominant for speech in almost all right-handed people and in many left-handed ones.
TRUE
82. Functions of the hypothalamus include regulation of body temperature and water intake.
TRUE
92. The medulla oblongata contains a cardiac center and a medullary respiratory center.
TRUE
119. Dull, emotionless speech is called _________.
aprosodia
Cranial nerve ______ conducts equilibrium and auditory information to the brain. a. IV (trochlear) b. VIII (vestibulocochlear) c. II (optic) d. XI (accessory)
b
Paralyzed facial muscles may indicate damage to the _______ nerve. a. trigeminal b. facial c. vagus d. hypoglossal
b
Which portion of the brain is posterior to the fourth ventricle? a. medulla oblongata b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. thalamus e. pons
b
The brainstem is responsible for many vital body functions, and therefore its activities continue during sleep. 147. Non-REM sleep A. comprises most of our sleep time. B. is characterized by movements of the eyes. C. is where we have our most memorable dreams. D. is a time when the brain is very active.
A
108. Damage to which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities? A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Occipital D. Temporal E. Insula
A
109. Cognition is generally thought to be governed by A. association areas of the cerebrum. B. gray matter of the cerebellum. C. the reticular formation of the brainstem. D. primary sensory cortices and projection tracts. E. the corpus callosum.
A
114. Formation of new memories involves the ________, and storage of long-term memories primarily involves the ________. A. hippocampus, association areas of the cerebrum B. habenulum, amygdaloid body C. amygdala, reticular formation D. cerebellum, corpus callosum E. lateral ventricles, hippocampus
A
118. Which would be the correct order of brain area activation if one were to understand a sentence and repeat it aloud? A. Wernicke area, Broca area, primary motor cortex B. Primary motor cortex, Broca area, Wernicke area C. Broca area, Wernicke area, primary motor cortex D. Wernicke area, primary motor cortex, Broca area E. Broca area, primary motor cortex, Wernicke area
A
123. Which cranial nerve is composed of only motor fibers? A. VI B. VIII C. IX D. V E. I
A
124. The cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles is the __________ nerve. A. oculomotor B. trochlear C. abducens D. trigeminal E. hypoglossal
A
142. The prefrontal cortex A. has axons that continue to myelinate well into our 20s. B. matures soon after birth. C. is primarily responsible for understanding spoken or written language. D. processes raw visual information, putting it into context.
A
144. An electroencephalogram measures A. electrical activity in the brain. B. blood flow in the brain. C. the use of glucose in the brain. D. the production of CSF in the brain.
A
148. Which of the following is false regarding sleep? A. The longest bouts of REM sleep occur early in the night, with shorter REM periods toward the morning. B. During REM sleep, the brain uses as much oxygen as when the individual is awake. C. Different stages of non-REM sleep are characterized by different brain waves. D. REM sleep is important for memory processing and consolidation.
A
103. During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states? A. Cingulate gyrus B. Amygdaloid body C. Fornix D. Mammillary bodies E. Hippocampus
B
105. What is the name of the brainstem sensory area that contains axons that project to the cerebral cortex to arouse us from sleep? A. Habenular nucleus B. Reticular activating system C. Mammillary body D. Hippocampus E. Parahippocampal gyrus
B
113. A memory that has lasted over a weekend is described as a A. short-term memory. B. long-term memory.
B
115. Your memories of the sights and sounds of your elementary school are probably stored in A. the arbor vitae of your cerebellum. B. association cortex areas of your cerebrum. C. your hippocampus and amygdala. D. your thalamus and hypothalamus. E. your limbic system and cranial nerves.
B
126. The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the __________ nerve. A. optic B. olfactory C. trigeminal D. oculomotor E. abducens
B
107. The reticular formation is an area of the brain that A. is sensory in function. B. is motor in function. C. has sensory and motor components. D. serves higher-order cognitive functions.
C
111. The advances in higher-order brain functioning that happen from birth to age five correlate with A. an increase in the number of brain neurons. B. completion of PNS myelination. C. an increase in total brain size and complexity. D. completion of myelination of the frontal cortex.
C
116. Interpretation of emotion is governed by the _______, and expression of emotion is governed by the ________. A. hippocampus, hypothalamus B. hypothalamus, hippocampus C. limbic system, prefrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex, amygdala E. endocrine system, association cortex
C
121. Which is the most anterior cranial nerve? A. Trochlear B. Optic C. Olfactory D. Oculomotor E. Accessory
C
125. The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the ___________ nerve. A. facial B. trigeminal C. vagus D. accessory E. hypoglossal
C
127. Bell palsy is a condition characterized by paralysis of facial muscles, eyelid droop, and sagging at the corners of the mouth. What nerve is affected in this condition? A. Olfactory B. Trigeminal C. Facial D. Accessory E. Hypoglossal
C
102. The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the A. cingulate gyrus. B. amygdaloid body. C. fornix. D. mammillary body. E. hippocampus.
E
122. A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, because both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the ____________ nerve. A. Trigeminal B. Hypoglossal C. Glossopharyngeal D. Abducens E. Facial
E
112. Prefrontal cortex axons generally complete myelination by the time puberty is reached.
FALSE
134. Most of the gyri and sulci of the human brain develop very early in the fetal period.
FALSE
139. The mesencephalic (cerebral) aqueduct carries CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
FALSE
140. Cerebrospinal fluid is identical to blood plasma.
FALSE
146. Brain activity is decreased during sleep. In fact, the brainstem typically shows no activity at all.
FALSE
143. The prefrontal cortex changes very little after age 10. Therefore, in its structure and maturity this brain region in a teenager is similar to that of an adult.
FALSE The prefrontal cortex changes significantly throughout our teens and into our 20s, as reflected by increased myelination of axons and synaptic pruning.
106. One function of the reticular formation is to assist in the regulation of respiration and blood pressure.
TRUE
117. Damages to the amygdaloid body result in atypical expressions of emotion.
TRUE
135. The gray matter of the brain houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons.
TRUE
136. The white matter of the brain derives its color from myelin.
TRUE
137. In both the cerebrum and the cerebellum, white matter lies deep to superficial gray matter.
TRUE
138. The brain ventricles are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord.
TRUE
141. The vestibulocochlear nerve is the only cranial nerve that doesn't exit the skull via an opening or foramen.
TRUE
145. Alpha and beta waves are typically seen in an awake, alert adult, and indicate a brain functioning normally.
TRUE
A lesion in the _____ may result in difficulty forming long-term memories because this limbic system structure is critical to memory consolidation. a. hippocampus b. pineal gland c. cingulate gyrus d. superior olivary nucleus
a
110. An inability to recognize stimuli (e.g., faces) or understand the meanings of common words is generally called _______.
agnosia
104. An arch of white matter that connects the hippocampus to structures in the diencephalon is the ________.
fornix
1. Lobes of the brain are named for the bones that protect them and these lobes are part of the A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. diencephalon. D. metencephalon.
A
101. The limbic system allows A. processing and experiencing of emotion. B. bending over backwards. C. perception of language. D. expression of language. E. retrieving memories from a long time ago.
A
12. The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebrum is derived from which secondary brain vesicle? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Mesencephalon
A
16. The cerebral cortex consists of ______ matter. A. gray B. white
A
19. Dural venous sinuses are areas where A. the meningeal and periosteal layers separate to form large blood-filled spaces. B. cerebrospinal fluid is produced. C. cerebrospinal fluid is stored. D. large numbers of nuclei congregate. E. glial cells are formed.
A
21. The meninx composed of a thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that follows every contour of the brain surface is the A. pia mater. B. arachnoid mater. C. dura mater. D. periosteal layer. E. subdural layer.
A
27. The brain ventricle located in the diencephalon is the _____ ventricle. A. third B. lateral C. fourth D. median E. falx
A
32. Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the A. choroid plexus. B. arachnoid villi. C. arachnoid granulation. D. septum pellucidum. E. mesencephalic aqueduct.
A
43. Most commonly, which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for controlling speech? A. Left B. Right
A
45. Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain? A. Insula B. Temporal C. Frontal D. Occipital E. Parietal
A
47. The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe. C. insula. D. parietal lobe. E. frontal lobe.
A
5. Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the A. ectoderm. B. endoderm. C. mesoderm.
A
54. The feet of the sensory homunculus are located A. medially on the postcentral gyrus. B. medially on the precentral gyrus. C. laterally on the postcentral gyrus. D. laterally on the precentral gyrus.
A
61. Commissural tracts A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. B. connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere. C. connect different regions within a lobe. D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. E. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.
A
65. The ______ hemisphere is known for its involvement in categorization, symbolization, and analytical reasoning. A. left B. right
A
68. Which structures form the lentiform nucleus? A. Putamen and globus pallidus B. Globus pallidus and caudate nucleus C. Caudate nucleus and claustrum D. Putamen and claustrum E. Amygdaloid body and globus pallidus
A
69. Paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle, are the A. cerebral nuclei. B. corpus callosi. C. inferior colliculi. D. interthalamic adhesions. E. ventricular connections.
A
73. Following a head injury, a young woman frequently loses her temper and is often depressed and otherwise "moody." What part of the brain do you think has been damaged? A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Globus pallidus E. Claustrum
A
75. This portion of the brain forms part of the roof of the diencephalon and covers the third ventricle. Its posterior portion houses the pineal gland and the habenular nuclei. A. Epithalamus B. Thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Cerebellum E. Infundibulum
A
77. Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you? A. Thalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Epithalamus
A
86. The superior olivary complex is involved in detecting the A. location of a sound. B. brightness of a light. C. flavor of a taste. D. intensity of a smell. E. texture of a touch stimulus.
A
88. The superior colliculi help you respond to A. visual stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a bright flash of light. B. auditory stimuli — for example, when you turn toward a loud bang. C. somatic stimuli — for example, when you swat at a bug that has landed on your arm. D. internal stimuli from your viscera — for example, when you feel abdominal pain.
A
11. Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Mesencephalon
B
17. What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep? a: Dura mater b: Pia mater c: Arachnoid mater A. a, b, c B. a, c, b C. b, a, c D. b, c, a E. c, b, a
B
2. The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called A. gyri. B. sulci. C. ventricles. D. syncitia.
B
20. The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the A. pia mater. B. arachnoid mater. C. dura mater. D. periosteal layer. E. subarachnoid layer.
B
25. A sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres is the A. diaphragma sellae. B. falx cerebelli. C. tentorium cerebelli. D. superior sagittal sinus. E. falx cerebri.
B
26. A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle. A. third B. lateral C. fourth D. median E. falx
B
46. One function of the brain's frontal lobe is A. smell. B. verbal communication. C. hearing. D. speech interpretation. E. vision.
B
50. The lateral sulcus is superior to the A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe C. insula D. parietal lobe E. frontal lobe
B
53. The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______. A. sound, cerebellum B. taste, insula C. taste, frontal lobe D. smell, parietal lobe E. smell, temporal lobe
B
62. Projection tracts A. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. B. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. C. connect different regions within a lobe. D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. E. connect a region of one lobe with another lobe in the same hemisphere.
B
70. Which nucleus stimulates the muscles to produce the pattern of arm and leg movements associated with walking? A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Globus pallidus E. Claustrum
B
8. The primary vesicle from which the metencephalon arises is the A. diencephalon. B. rhombencephalon. C. mesencephalon. D. myelencephalon. E. proscencephalon.
B
84. The tectal plate (corpora quadrigemina) is part of what portion of the brain? A. Diencephalon B. Brainstem C. Thalamus D. Telencephalon E. Epithalamus
B
9. The opening of the neural tube that is closest to the future head is the A. anterior neural fold. B. cranial neuropore. C. rostral neural groove. D. caudal neural canal. E. neural crest aperture.
B
91. Axons of the corticospinal tract cross the brainstem at the A. middle cerebellar peduncle of the pons. B. decussation of the pyramids in the medulla oblongata. C. primary fissure of the cerebellum. D. cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain. E. hypoglossal canal.
B
96. The middle cerebral peduncles connect the cerebellum to the A. spinal cord. B. pons. C. medulla. D. midbrain. E. diencephalon.
B
13. The portion of the adult brain that includes the medulla oblongata is derived from which secondary brain vesicle? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Mesencephalon
C
15. Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the A. cortex. B. cerebral ganglia. C. cerebral nuclei. D. cerebral peduncles. E. ventricles.
C
18. Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)? A. Pia mater B. Arachnoid C. Dura mater D. Subdural layer E. Subarachnoid layer
C
23. The horizontally-oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum is the A. diaphragma sellae. B. falx cerebelli. C. tentorium cerebelli. D. superior sagittal sinus. E. falx cerebri.
C
28. The brain ventricle located between the pons and the cerebellum is the _____ ventricle. A. third B. lateral C. fourth D. median E. falx
C
3. In human brain anatomy, the term ______ is synonymous with anterior. A. caudal B. dorsal C. rostral
C
33. The amount of CSF within the brain at any given moment is approximately A. 600 ml. B. 1,200 ml. C. 130 ml. D. 12 ml. E. 4,800 ml.
C
37. The blood-brain barrier is made up of A. microglial extensions and capillary endothelial cells. B. ependymal cells and venous blood vessels. C. astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells. D. astrocyte extensions and dural sinuses. E. astrocyte perivascular feet and the falx cerebri.
C
39. The blood-brain barrier is reduced or missing from three locations in the brain. Which is not one of these locations? A. Hypothalamus B. Pineal gland C. Cerebrum D. Choroid plexus
C
59. A person with damage to the premotor cortex area that coordinates eye movements A. can read but cannot understand the words. B. cannot read or understand the words. C. can understand the words but cannot follow the lines on the page. D. can process linguistic information visually but not through auditory inputs.
C
66. Which skills are associated with the right hemisphere for most individuals? A. Language and task sequencing B. Categorization and symbolization C. Visuospatial skills and music D. Mathematics and the partitioning of information into small fragments
C
71. Which nucleus is part of the lentiform nucleus that controls muscular movement at the subconscious level? A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Dentate nucleus E. Claustrum
C
74. Which part of the brain contains the epithalamus, hypothalamus, and the thalamus? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Diencephalon D. Cerebrum E. Cerebellum
C
76. This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm. A. Habenular nucleus B. Anterior nucleus C. Pineal gland D. Mammillary body E. Paraventricular nucleus
C
78. Which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory information that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex? A. Hypothalamus B. Epithalamus C. Thalamus D. Pineal body E. Pons
C
79. A football player can hear his coach's voice above the noise of the crowd and can sense an opponent about to run him down. These abilities are due to the action of what part of the brain? A. Hypothalamus B. Epithalamus C. Thalamus D. Pineal body E. Pons
C
80. The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the A. pons. B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. epithalamus.
C
83. The sleep-wake cycle and the sex drive are both regulated by the A. pons. B. thalamus. C. hypothalamus. D. olive.
C
87. Which are the midbrain nuclei that produce dopamine, and thereby affect motor control? A. Red nuclei B. Cerebral nuclei C. Substantia nigra D. Arcuate nuclei
C
90. Which portion of the brain contains the posterior part of the fourth ventricle? A. Pons B. Thalamus C. Medulla oblongata D. Hypothalamus E. Cerebellum
C
100. The __________ is composed of multiple structures that collaboratively process and experience emotions. A. medulla oblongata B. cerebellum C. hypothalamus D. limbic system E. cerebellar peduncle
D
30. Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid? A. CSF helps to remove waste products from the brain. B. CSF helps to reduce the effective weight of the brain. C. CSF transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain. D. CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue. E. CSF provides a liquid cushion to protect the brain from sudden movements.
D
34. Excess CSF is removed from the subarachnoid space by A. the median aperture. B. microglia. C. astrocytes. D. arachnoid villi. E. the choroid plexus.
D
36. List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS. a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villi b: CSF enters the blood c: CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricle d: CSF flows into the subarachnoid space e: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus A. a, b, c, e, d B. e, a, b, c, d C. c, d, a, e, b D. e, c, d, a, b E. e, d, a, b, c
D
4. Arrange the primary brain vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Rhombencephalon b: Mesencephalon c: Prosencephalon A. a, c, b B. b, a, c C. a, b, c D. c, b, a E. c, a, b
D
49. The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the A. occipital lobe. B. temporal lobe. C. insula. D. parietal lobe. E. frontal lobe.
D
57. Association areas A. correlate information from opposite sides of the brain. B. correlate similar functions from different lobes on the same side of the brain. C. correlate similar functions from the same lobes on the opposite side of the brain. D. integrate new sensory inputs with memories of past experiences. E. integrate outgoing motor information.
D
60. Association tracts A. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex with the opposite hemisphere. B. extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. C. link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord. D. connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere. E. None of the choices is correct.
D
72. This nucleus both excites and inhibits the activities of the thalamus to control and adjust muscle tone. A. Amygdaloid body B. Caudate nucleus C. Putamen D. Globus pallidus E. Claustrum
D
85. As motor tracts descend to the brainstem, they become the anterolateral surfaces of the midbrain known as the A. inferior colliculi. B. accessory nerves. C. inferior olives. D. cerebral peduncles. E. substantia nigra.
D
93. The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________. A. voluntary movement, frontal lobe B. blood pressure, pons C. visual reflexes, pons D. blood pressure, medulla oblongata. E. visual reflexes, midbrain
D
94. The numerous folds of the cerebellar cortex are called A. fissures. B. gyri. C. vermis. D. folia. E. petalias.
D
95. Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Cerebrum D. Cerebellum E. Epithalamus
D
98. This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements. A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Cerebrum D. Cerebellum E. Epithalamus
D
99. Which portion of the brain adjusts skeletal muscle activity to maintain equilibrium and posture? A. Pons B. Medulla oblongata C. Cerebrum D. Cerebellum E. Epithalamus
D
10. Arrange the five secondary vesicles in the correct anterior to posterior order. a: Diencephalon b: Myelencephalon c: Telencephalon d: Metencephalon e: Mesencephalon A. b, a, c, d, e B. a, b, c, d, e C. b, c, a, e, d D. c, d, e, a, b E. c, a, e, d, b
E
14. The portion of the adult brain that includes the cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, and inferior colliculi is derived from which secondary brain vesicle? A. Telencephalon B. Diencephalon C. Myelencephalon D. Metencephalon E. Mesencephalon
E
24. The largest of the four dural septa, this large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres. A. Diaphragma sellae B. Falx cerebelli C. Tentorium cerebelli D. Superior sagittal sinus E. Falx cerebri
E
29. The partition between the lateral ventricles is the A. central canal. B. interventricular foramen. C. mesencephalic aqueduct. D. ventricular canal. E. septum pellucidum.
E
41. The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the A. cerebellum. B. pons. C. hypothalamus. D. corpus callosum. E. cerebrum.
E
42. The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the A. cerebral gyri. B. cerebral sulci. C. longitudinal fissure. D. hypothalamus. E. corpus callosum.
E
48. Cerebral lateralization refers to the A. difficulty in assigning a precise function to a specific region of the cortex. B. generalization that both cerebral hemispheres receive their sensory information from and project motor commands to the opposite side of the body. C. separation of the various lobes of the brain from each other. D. crisscrossing of information between the two hemispheres. E. functional differences between the right and left hemispheres.
E
58. The gnostic area of the brain provides comprehensive understanding of a current activity. It is composed of portions of the A. parietal and frontal lobes. B. occipital and parietal lobes. C. temporal and occipital lobes. D. parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes. E. parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes.
E
40. Lipid-soluble compounds are incapable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.
FALSE
52. The Wernicke area is the motor speech area of the frontal lobe.
FALSE
55. The gnostic area is a part of the frontal lobe that integrates the learning of skilled motor activities.
FALSE
81. The hypothalamus exerts master control over the motor system.
FALSE
97. The inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain.
FALSE
31. The brain floats within the cerebrospinal fluid.
TRUE
44. Generally, the left cerebral hemisphere issues motor commands for the right side of the body.
TRUE
51. The frontal eye field is immediately anterior to the premotor cortex.
TRUE
89. The inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers of the midbrain.
TRUE
35. The type of glial cell that plays a critical role in the formation of CSF is the _________ cell.
ependymal
63. The bundle of projection tracts that passes between the cerebral nuclei and the thalamus is the ________ capsule.
internal
7. The scientific name for the embryonic midbrain is the _________.
mesencephalon
6. The process by which the notochord induces the formation of the neural tube is known as _________.
neurulation
64. Anatomical asymmetries between the two cerebral hemispheres are known as _______.
petalias
22. The area underneath the middle meninx where cerebrospinal fluid is located is the __________ space.
subarachnoid
38. Endothelial cells within capillaries of the brain are linked to their neighbors by ______ junctions that prevent diffusion of some substances across the capillary wall.
tight