Chapter 13
Roughly Blank______ of all youths are involved in juvenile delinquency.
2 percent
Match the age to the stage in Piagets theory of moral development
4-7 - heteronomous morality 7-10. - treansisition 10+. - autonomous morality
Positive outcomes for intervention occurred as early as _____ grade and continued to _____grade.
Blank 1: third Blank 2: ninth
______ Blank______ refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards, and the personal or property rights of others.
Conduct disorder
True or False: Having a callous-unemotional personality traits predicts an increased rick of delinquency in adolescent females.
False
True or False: In a recent study, populations with high risk rates as little as one teacher screen taken during kindergarten predicted whether females would have adult criminal conviction by age 25.
False
True or false: According to Kohlberg, children's maturation corresponds to their advancement in moral reasoning.
False
_____is an intervention that attempts to lower the risk of delinquency.
Fast Track
Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? (Select all that apply)
He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior.
In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development?
He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.
______ refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal.
Juvenile delinquency
The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was Blank______.
Kohlberg
Based on a developmental study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from ages 14 to 20?
More change occurred in attending religious services than in religiousness. Attendance of religious services declined between 14 and 18 years of age. Religiousness, such as frequency of prayer, declined from 14 to 20 years of age.
Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation.
Preconventional- Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments. Conventional- Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society. Postconventional- Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.
______ is the feeling of obligation to return a favor for a favor.
Reciprocity
______ involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society.
Spirituality
What can be concluded about religion and identity development?
Spirituality in adolescence and emerging adulthood transcends but does not necessarily exclude the assigned religious identity in childhood.
Service learning is often more effective for youth when which of the following conditions are met? (Select all that apply)
Students are given some choice over the activities in which they will participate. Students have opportunities to reflect on their participation.
According to Kohlberg, which of the following are true about timing of the three levels of moral development? (Select all that apply)
The levels occur in a sequence. Conventional reasoning begins to appear in early adolescence. Only a small number of those in early adulthood reason in postconventional ways.
True or False: In a recent study, it was reported that regular attendance at religious services for older adults resulted in them living longer.
True
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children.
True
Which of the following questions focus on identify development over spiritual development?
Why am I on this planet? What am I all about as a person? Who am I?
An increase in volunteer opportunities in Blank______ contributes to more frequent prosocial behavior.
adolescence
If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during Blank______.
adolsence
According to one study, which of the following were characteristic of moral exemplars as compared to others? (Select all that apply)
advanced identity development more likely to be in close relationships more advanced moral reasoning
Spiritualty/religiosity has been associated with which three of the Big Five personality factors?
agreeableness conscientiousness openness
Although finances are tight, Jamal contributes 10 percent of his income to his favorite charity. This is an act of Blank______.
altruism
To a 6-year-old child, being fair would most likely mean giving Blank______.
an amount equal to
According to Ross Thompson's perspective, children Blank______ than Piaget envisioned.
are less egocentric
According to Piaget, what type of parenting style would most inhibit the advancement of moral reasoning in young children?
authoritarian
Which of the following is least likely to be associated with delinquency?
authoritative parenting
Carol Gilligan's ________perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.
care
Proponents of Blank______ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.
character education
Which of the following refers to a direct moral education program in which students are taught moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior?
character education
The relationships between which three elements are highlighted in the social cognitive theorists' views on morality?
cognition environment behavior
Adolescents and emerging adults can question and select their own beliefs about religion because of advancement in development.
cognitive
Moral Blank______ includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors.
competence
Which of the following best describes prosocial behavior?
concern and empathy for others
Thirteen-year-old Sana sneaks out of the house often. She and her friends destroy property, drink alcohol, and smoke cigarettes. Of the following, Sana would most likely be diagnosed with Blank______.
conduct disorder
According to the Pittsburgh Youth Study, what are three developmental pathways to delinquency?
covert acts authority conflict overt aggressive acts
Cognitive factors such as low self-esteem, low intelligence and lack of sustained attention are linked to .
delinquency
A juvenile who engages in illegal behavior is most commonly referred to as a(n) Blank______.
delinquent
______ antisocial behavior is associated with more negative developmental outcomes.
early-onset
According to psychoanalytic theory, the Blank______ rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts in approved ways, whereas the Blank______ punishes the child for engaging in disapproved ways by making the child feel guilty and worthless.
ego ideal conscience
What term involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes that person's feelings?
empathy
Moral Blank______ are people who have a moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.
exemplars
Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?
expectations about social roles
The hidden curriculum is reflected in all of the following except Blank______.
explicit moral instruction
True or false: Critics think Kohlberg's theory stresses moral behavior too much and does not stress moral reasoning enough.
false
True or false: Religion is not a determining factor in the premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors of adolescents and emerging adults.
false
Select all of the following that may be a cause for delinquency.
family experiences heredity identity problems
Conduct disorders and delinquency are least likely to be diagnosed in which of the following?
female
An aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation is called Blank______.
forgiveness
Prosocial behavior includes forgiveness and Blank______, or the ability to be thankful and appreciative.
gratitude
According to Freud, Blank______ is the foundation of moral behavior.
guilt
Select all that apply: According to recent research, which of the following are linked to delinquency?
having a learning disability lack of academic success
Children at the Blank______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomus
Individuals have a moral when moral notions and commitments are central to their life.
identity
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in Blank______.
immanent justice
is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.
immanent justice
Young children's moral advancements are best characterized as Blank______.
inconsistent
Prosocial behavior will increase in adolescence as a result of which of the following? (Select all that apply)
increased empathy toward others advances in abstract and logical reasoning increased emotional understanding
Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ perspective of moral development and argued for a(n) _____perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others.
justice care
The label Blank______ is applied to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.
juvenile delinquent
When compared to women, men consistently show Blank______ interest in religion.
less
As a result of cognitive development in adolescents, adolescents and emerging adults Blank______.
may begin to question their own religious beliefs
Secure attachment Blank______ children's moral development.
may play an important role in
Those who wish to link the ideas of religion and coping have introduced the concept of -making coping.
meaning, mean, or means
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.
moral
A person with Blank______ does not want to go against their moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self.
moral identity
According to the World Values Survey, 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed countries were Blank______ likely to be religious compared to emerging adults in more developed countries.
more
One of the biggest influences of religion on the sexuality of adolescents and emerging adults is that Blank______.
most places of worship discourage premarital sex
adults who reflected more on important lessons life taught them were more likely to forgive others.
older
Securely attached adolescents are more inclined to adopt the religious orientation of their Blank______.
parent
What group provide(s) the most immediate stimulation for sharing?
peer
Which factors did Kohlberg consider the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages? (Choose every correct answer.)
peer interaction experience in dealing with moral questions perspective taking
Fill in the Blank Question In Kohlberg and Piaget's views of moral development, play the primary role, and provide role-taking opportunities.
peers parents
The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is referred to as Blank______.
perspective taking
Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?
proactive strategies relational quality conversational dialogue
What is the most common offense type with which juvenile delinquents are charged?
property offenses
______ behavior is caring about the welfare and right of others, feeling, concern, and empathy.
prosocial
Research shows that over the last several years, college-aged students are placing more value on Blank______.
self-fulfillment and material gain
During part of their school year, Dominique and her classmates visited low-income neighborhoods and mentored children. They participated in Blank______.
service learning
is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and community assistance.
service learning
Which theory states that there are different areas of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains?
social domain
______ stresses that children, even very young ones, are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world.
social domain theory
According to developmental researchers, children's obligations in close parent--child relationships include all of the following, except Blank______.
spending weekly quality time with parents
Research indicates that all of the following may underpin morality in young children, exceptBlank______.
structured infant morality education
The ego ideal and the conscience make up the Blank______.
superego
What is the moral branch of the personality in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
superego
Darcia Narváez argues that attention should be focused on Blank______, which involve focusing on students' sense of purpose, social engagement, community connections, and ethics.
sustaining climates
A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that Blank______.
there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior
Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for placing Blank______ emphasis on moral reasoning and Blank______ emphasis on moral behavior.
too much; not enough
True or False: Individuals who express gratitude benefit in a number of ways.
true
True or false: According to research, during their second year of life children will offer assistance to an unfamiliar experimenter, building on their awareness of others' intentions.
true
True or false: Although someone may be capable of higher moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg's levels, in real life they may not apply it.
true
True or false: Religious and spiritual beliefs play a role in adolescents' health and whether they engage in problem behaviors.
true
Beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be according to what is important to an individual are Blank______.
values
Fast track intervention was successful in reducing _____arrest rates.
yoputh
