Chapter 13

39) ________ refers to sourcing from the firm's own production facilities. A) Captive sourcing B) Crowdsourcing C) Business process outsourcing D) Externalization

A) Captive sourcing

Global Sourcing Debate (Scenario) Prof. Sean Peterson's class of international business has been studying the controversies surrounding global sourcing. Prof. Peterson divided the class into two groups, A and B. Group A was assigned the task of defending global sourcing, whereas Group B was assigned the task of arguing against global sourcing. 97) Which of the following propositions would most likely be presented by Group B? A) Global sourcing adversely affects national competitiveness. B) Global sourcing improves the efficiency of manufacturing firms. C) Global sourcing empowers workers in general. D) Global sourcing is usually undertaken by focal firms to increase efficiency.

A) Global sourcing adversely affects national competitiveness.

77) Which of the following is true with regard to the risks of global sourcing? A) Inadequate legal systems, red tape, convoluted tax systems, and complex business regulations complicate local operations in many countries. B) Firms that source from countries whose currencies are strengthening experience lower costs. C) Global sourcing weakens competition leading to a considerably risk-free international business environment. D) Environmental challenges exclude currency fluctuations, tariffs and other trade barriers, high energy and transportation costs.

A) Inadequate legal systems, red tape, convoluted tax systems, and complex business regulations complicate local operations in many countries.

Fun Play Global Sourcing (Scenario) Fun Play Inc., a company manufacturing toys for children, has decided to outsource some of its value-chain activities. However, the firm has no experience with global sourcing and has hired a consulting firm to assist its managers. The consulting firm has been assigned the task of determining which activities should be outsourced and where the outsourced activities should be located. 33) Which of the following is most likely to be the consultants' utmost concern while deciding if clothing for Fun Play dolls needs to be outsourced? A) Is doll clothing part of Fun Play's core competencies? B) What kind of fabric is used for clothing Fun Play dolls? C) Do the competitors of Fun Play outsource accounting activities abroad? D) Does Fun Play intend to follow a strategy of product diversification in the near future?

A) Is doll clothing part of Fun Play's core competencies?

44) Which of the following is true with regard to offshoring? A) Offshoring is common in the service sector, including banking, software code writing, legal services, and customer-service activities. B) Russia is the current leader in the processing of advanced economies' relocated business services. C) Offshoring substantially reduces the overall efficiency of MNEs. D) With rapid globalization and internationalization of businesses, offshoring is a visibly declining trend.

A) Offshoring is common in the service sector, including banking, software code writing, legal services, and customer-service activities.

47) The likelihood of internalizing ________ rather than outsourcing it is considerably high. A) R&D B) manufacturing of parts C) sales and distribution D) customer service

A) R&D

93) Which of the following is true with regard to strategies for minimizing the risks of global sourcing? A) To ensure the success of sourcing ventures, the focal firm must exercise great care to identify and screen potential suppliers and then monitor the activities of those suppliers from which it sources. B) To maximize returns and minimize risks, management should outsource core business operations. C) Because production quality in an emerging market rarely varies over time, managers at the focal firm are not obliged to closely monitor manufacturing processes. D) Firms must refrain from maintaining their own sourcing operations abroad in order to trim costs and minimize risks stemming from frequent currency fluctuations.

A) To ensure the success of sourcing ventures, the focal firm must exercise great care to identify and screen potential suppliers and then monitor the activities of those suppliers from which it sources.

Audio Component Outsourcing (Scenario) Echo Corp., a company based in Boston, manufactures high-quality audio components, such as speakers, amplifiers, and receivers for home entertainment systems. Echo has been losing market share in recent years due to the competitive pricing of other audio component manufacturers that engage in global sourcing. Echo managers are attempting to convince Nathan Douglas, the firm's founder and CEO, that global sourcing would enable the firm to be more competitive without sacrificing quality. 72) Which of the following would be most important to determine in deciding whether to outsource some of Echo's value-chain activities? A) What are the long-term strategic goals and objectives of Echo? B) Do engineers working in Echo have the ability to speak one or more European languages? C) Are Echo employees generally afforded a high degree of workplace freedom? D) Does Echo intend to increase its annual budget for innovation?

A) What are the long-term strategic goals and objectives of Echo?

Organic Towel Exports (Scenario) The Organic Towel Company (OTC) employs 400 workers at its facility in Liverpool, England, where the firm has been manufacturing 100% organic cotton towels for five years. OTC sells towels in the United Kingdom primarily to boutique hotels and specialty retail stores, as well as to individual consumers through the company's. Recently, OTC managers attended a trade show in London where they made contact with numerous foreign market managers. OTC received a request from Earth Waves, an organic clothing store in Toronto, Canada, for a large order of towels. OTC had not been looking into expanding, but firm managers are seriously considering the opportunity to reach a global niche market with their towels. 11) Which of the following questions must be evaluated by OTC managers as a first step to exporting? A) What are the risks involved in exporting OTC towels to Earth Waves? B) Do Canadian towel companies have a high success rate when they export? C) Will OTC save money on domestic marketing by exporting? D) How can OTC adapt its distribution strategy in Canada?

A) What are the risks involved in exporting OTC towels to Earth Waves?

41) The pattern or geographic arrangement of locations where the firm carries out value-chain activities is known as ________. A) configuration of value-adding activity B) internalization C) visual merchandising D) disintermediation

A) configuration of value-adding activity

7) After managers have chosen an appropriate market for exporting, the next step is to ________. A) decide about the resources to be committed B) acquire the skills and competencies to handle export operations C) engage appropriate international trade attorneys D) modify advertising and promotional activities to suit individual markets

A) decide about the resources to be committed

23) Prox Inc. is a U.S.-based manufacturer of consumer electronics. It decides to export to Mexico and wants to protect its goods against damage, loss, and pilferage. Which of the following documents is applicable here? A) insurance certificate B) bill of lading C) pro forma invoice D) license

A) insurance certificate

75) The strategic view of global sourcing suggests that ________. A) just as firms achieve gains in efficiency, productivity, quality, and revenues by leveraging offshore talent, they also obtain the means to turn around failing businesses, speed up innovation, restructure operations, and fund otherwise-unaffordable development projects B) firms that procure supplies from foreign subsidiaries are more likely than not to lose ground to competitors who primarily bank on their own resources C) a strong legal environment is not the prerequisite for increasing efficiencies by relocating strategic operations abroad D) the firms' innovative activities tend to make mature products obsolete over time

A) just as firms achieve gains in efficiency, productivity, quality, and revenues by leveraging offshore talent, they also obtain the means to turn around failing businesses, speed up innovation, restructure operations, and fund otherwise-unaffordable development projects

96) Critics of global sourcing maintain that it ________. A) leads to reduced national competitiveness B) results in job losses in host countries C) enhances standards of living D) causes production to drop drastically

A) leads to reduced national competitiveness

42) The relocation of a business process or entire manufacturing facility to a foreign country is known as ________. A) offshoring B) captive sourcing C) outsourcing D) subsidizing

A) offshoring

30) The procurement of selected value-adding activities, including production of intermediate goods or finished products, from independent suppliers is known as ________. A) outsourcing B) franchising C) offshoring D) licensing

A) outsourcing

4) The Internet facilitates international trade in the service sector by ________. A) providing the means to export some types of services to foreign markets B) providing the means to avoid taxes in the foreign market C) allowing firms to attain maximum control by establishing ownership of key assets D) eliminating the need to deal with foreign currency exchange rates

A) providing the means to export some types of services to foreign markets

81) A focal firm's overreliance on suppliers can potentially lead to ________. A) reduced control over important value-chain tasks B) added competitive advantage for the focal firm C) an excessive burden on home-country suppliers D) consolidation of the focal firm's network of intermediaries

A) reduced control over important value-chain tasks

Fun Play Global Sourcing (Scenario) Fun Play Inc., a company manufacturing toys for children, has decided to outsource some of its value-chain activities. However, the firm has no experience with global sourcing and has hired a consulting firm to assist its managers. The consulting firm has been assigned the task of determining which activities should be outsourced and where the outsourced activities should be located. 34) Which of the following would most likely be considered by the consultants while deciding whether to keep each value-adding activity in the home country or locate it in a foreign country? A) Who will be responsible for training suppliers in foreign locations? B) Can different value-adding activities be effectively configured across the world? C) Would the HR department of Fun Play be able to ensure smooth repatriation for managers after they complete their assignments abroad? D) What are the odds in favor of Fun Play's dominating the children's toy segment in its home country?

B) Can different value-adding activities be effectively configured across the world?

37) Which of the following is true with regard to global sourcing? A) Global sourcing has declined significantly in the current phase of globalization. B) Global sourcing is a low-control strategy in which the focal firm sources from independent suppliers through contractual agreements. C) Global sourcing refers to the relocation of a business process or entire manufacturing facility to a foreign country. D) Global sourcing does not represent the firm's initial involvement in international business.

B) Global sourcing is a low-control strategy in which the focal firm sources from independent suppliers through contractual agreements.

Organic Towel Exports (Scenario) The Organic Towel Company (OTC) employs 400 workers at its facility in Liverpool, England, where the firm has been manufacturing 100% organic cotton towels for five years. OTC sells towels in the United Kingdom primarily to boutique hotels and specialty retail stores, as well as to individual consumers through the company's. Recently, OTC managers attended a trade show in London where they made contact with numerous foreign market managers. OTC received a request from Earth Waves, an organic clothing store in Toronto, Canada, for a large order of towels. OTC had not been looking into expanding, but firm managers are seriously considering the opportunity to reach a global niche market with their towels. 14) Which of the following should be considered first in making the decision to export OTC towels to Canada? A) What is the probability of OTC and Earth Waves entering into a joint venture? B) How much fluctuation occurs in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the British pound? C) What is the likelihood of Earth Waves opening a subsidiary in Canada? D) What documentation would be required for OTC to export towels to Asia?

B) How much fluctuation occurs in the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the British pound?

Organic Towel Exports (Scenario) The Organic Towel Company (OTC) employs 400 workers at its facility in Liverpool, England, where the firm has been manufacturing 100% organic cotton towels for five years. OTC sells towels in the United Kingdom primarily to boutique hotels and specialty retail stores, as well as to individual consumers through the company's. Recently, OTC managers attended a trade show in London where they made contact with numerous foreign market managers. OTC received a request from Earth Waves, an organic clothing store in Toronto, Canada, for a large order of towels. OTC had not been looking into expanding, but firm managers are seriously considering the opportunity to reach a global niche market with their towels. 13) Which of the following most strongly suggests OTC should not export its towels to Earth Waves? A) OTC managers are risk-takers with the determination to expand OTC. B) OTC's towel manufacturing at the Liverpool facility is nearing maximum capacity. C) Earth Waves has a large client base and publishes a semi-annual catalog. D) Earth Waves has offered to guide OTC through Canadian regulations.

B) OTC's towel manufacturing at the Liverpool facility is nearing maximum capacity.

45) Which of the following statements is true with regard to the R&D activities of a firm? A) As a strategic asset, R&D activities are of moderate importance to the firm. B) R&D activities are usually concentrated at home. C) R&D activities have a low likelihood of being internalized. D) R&D activities have a high likelihood of being outsourced.

B) R&D activities are usually concentrated at home.

Audio Component Outsourcing (Scenario) Echo Corp., a company based in Boston, manufactures high-quality audio components, such as speakers, amplifiers, and receivers for home entertainment systems. Echo has been losing market share in recent years due to the competitive pricing of other audio component manufacturers that engage in global sourcing. Echo managers are attempting to convince Nathan Douglas, the firm's founder and CEO, that global sourcing would enable the firm to be more competitive without sacrificing quality. 71) Which of the following, if true, most supports the argument in favor of global sourcing? A) There is no scarcity of qualified personnel in and around Boston. B) Studies show that by reconfiguring their value-chain systems or reengineering their business processes, companies can substantially improve their production efficiency and resource utilization. C) Camden Audio, Echo's most formidable rival, follows a strategy of product diversification. D) The rate of employee turnover at Echo has stabilized over the last decade.

B) Studies show that by reconfiguring their value-chain systems or reengineering their business processes, companies can substantially improve their production efficiency and resource utilization.

76) Global sourcing becomes a catalyst to overhaul organizational processes and company operations and increases the firm's overall competitive advantages by ________. A) encouraging firms to train unskilled labor through extensive training programs B) allowing firms to free expensive analysts, engineers, and managers from routine tasks to spend more time on high-value-adding activities C) relaxing quality standards D) installing a system of rewards to motivate employees

B) allowing firms to free expensive analysts, engineers, and managers from routine tasks to spend more time on high-value-adding activities

22) Which of the following documents is the contract between the shipping company and the exporter? A) pro forma invoice B) bill of lading C) export declaration D) commercial invoice

B) bill of lading

31) Which of the following is the best example of a back-office BPO activity? A) customer service B) billing C) marketing D) technical support

B) billing

8) Which of the following is a characteristic of direct exporting? A) exporter uses few corporate resources and personnel B) exporter develops a closer relationship with foreign buyers C) exporter contracts with domestic intermediaries D) exporter delegates responsibility of finding buyers

B) exporter develops a closer relationship with foreign buyers

92) To maximize returns, management should outsource those activities ________. A) that offer great value to the bottom line B) in which it is relatively weak C) that are critical to the firm's core competencies D) in which it has the greatest expertise and knowledge

B) in which it is relatively weak

70) ________ is the primary rationale for sourcing abroad. A) Superior quality control B) Centralized management of work teams C) Cost efficiency D) Uninterrupted innovation

C) Cost efficiency

Organic Towel Exports (Scenario) The Organic Towel Company (OTC) employs 400 workers at its facility in Liverpool, England, where the firm has been manufacturing 100% organic cotton towels for five years. OTC sells towels in the United Kingdom primarily to boutique hotels and specialty retail stores, as well as to individual consumers through the company's. Recently, OTC managers attended a trade show in London where they made contact with numerous foreign market managers. OTC received a request from Earth Waves, an organic clothing store in Toronto, Canada, for a large order of towels. OTC had not been looking into expanding, but firm managers are seriously considering the opportunity to reach a global niche market with their towels. 12) Which of the following most likely supports OTC exporting their towels to Earth Waves? A) Domestic sales of OTC towels have dwindled, and a new market is needed. B) Earth Waves is located in an excellent location in central Toronto. C) OTC is an SME that can readily adapt to the demands of the Canadian market. D) The founder of OTC has numerous contacts in Canada.

C) OTC is an SME that can readily adapt to the demands of the Canadian market.

10) Which of the following activities is applicable to the final stage of exporting? A) The firm engages appropriate bankers and international trade attorneys. B) The firm screens the most attractive export markets. C) The firm modifies advertising and public relations to suit individual markets. D) The firm acquires product development and foreign language skills.

C) The firm modifies advertising and public relations to suit individual markets.

74) Which of the following is a benefit of global sourcing? A) bridging of the rich-poor divide B) minimal reliance on suppliers C) access to qualified personnel abroad D) elimination of competitors

C) access to qualified personnel abroad

24) Incoterms were developed by the International Chamber of Commerce in order to ________. A) provide permission to export B) standardize the cost of shipping and insuring exported items C) define how the buyer and seller share freight and insurance costs D) reduce the costs of shipping and insuring exported products

C) define how the buyer and seller share freight and insurance costs

36) If a computer contains a microprocessor from Costa Rica and a hard disk drive from the Philippines, the computer manufacturer, who is based in Texas and operates across Europe and West Asia, most likely uses ________ as an entry strategy. A) exporting B) franchising C) global sourcing D) licensing

C) global sourcing

Global Sourcing Debate (Scenario) Prof. Sean Peterson's class of international business has been studying the controversies surrounding global sourcing. Prof. Peterson divided the class into two groups, A and B. Group A was assigned the task of defending global sourcing, whereas Group B was assigned the task of arguing against global sourcing. 98) The concept of creative destruction can be reasonably used by Group A to support the view that ________. A) firms that engage in offshoring are more likely than not to fail in the long run B) offshoring forces unskilled workers to seek additional education C) global sourcing creates opportunities and stimulates innovation D) outsourcing technical jobs leads to brain drain

C) global sourcing creates opportunities and stimulates innovation

95) A ________ is the firm's integrated network of sourcing, production, and distribution, organized on a worldwide scale and located in countries where competitive advantage can be maximized. A) demand chain B) buying center C) global supply chain D) decision making unit

C) global supply chain

80) Which of the following refers to a risk, stemming from environmental factors, that is closely associated with global sourcing? A) weak intellectual property laws B) overreliance on suppliers C) high energy costs D) rapid turnover of skilled employees

C) high energy costs

6) Which of the following is most likely a disadvantage to firms who use exporting as an entry strategy? A) high cost of foreign market entry B) difficulties withdrawing from foreign markets C) high risk of low sales due to fluctuations in exchange rates D) high risk due to uncertainty in the political environment of the foreign market

C) high risk of low sales due to fluctuations in exchange rates

46) As a strategic asset, ________ is of the lowest importance to a firm. A) customer service B) R&D, design C) manufacturing of parts D) marketing and branding

C) manufacturing of parts

2) Which of the following services cannot be exported? A) insurance services B) education C) pure services D) construction

C) pure services

43) Business activities that would most likely be offshored are characterized by ________. A) high-value-adding activities that contribute more productively to increasing company performance B) services related to critical, long-term research projects and product development C) routine tasks that do not relate to the firm's primary service or product D) functions related to the firm's core competencies and strategic assets

C) routine tasks that do not relate to the firm's primary service or product

38) The growth of global sourcing has been driven by ________. A) the declining demand for highly skilled workers B) the rapidly aging population in advanced economies C) technological advances in communications D) the rising costs of international business

C) technological advances in communications

5) Which of the following is an advantage of exporting? A) It allows focal firms to attain maximum control by establishing ownership of key assets in the foreign market. B) It is a high-control strategy that requires substantial resource commitment when compared to equity joint ventures. C) It minimizes exposure to tariffs and other trade barriers, as well as fluctuations in exchange rates. D) It increases overall sales volume, improves market share, and reduces per-unit costs of manufacturing.

D) It increases overall sales volume, improves market share, and reduces per-unit costs of manufacturing.

3) ________ will internationalize via FDI because they require direct contact with customers. A) Insurance firms B) Accountants C) Construction firms D) Retailing firms

D) Retailing firms

79) Which of the following is most likely to occur if a U.S. firm outsources some of its business operations to a Japanese company, and the Japanese yen strengthens against the dollar? A) The probability of intellectual property laws being enforced would significantly decrease in Japan. B) The U.S. company will experience additional cost savings in using the services of the Japanese company. C) Outsourcing business operations to Japan would become less expensive. D) The U.S. company will experience higher costs in using the services of the Japanese company.

D) The U.S. company will experience higher costs in using the services of the Japanese company.

9) Company-owned subsidiary is ________. A) accomplished by contracting with intermediaries located in the firm's home market B) typically achieved by contracting with intermediaries located in the foreign market C) a foreign intermediary that serves as an extension of the exporter, negotiating on behalf of the exporter and assuming such responsibilities as local supply-chain management, pricing, and customer service D) a representative office of the focal firm that handles marketing, physical distribution, promotion, and customer service activities in the foreign market

D) a representative office of the focal firm that handles marketing, physical distribution, promotion, and customer service activities in the foreign market

40) Contract manufacturing can best be defined as ________. A) the outsourcing to independent suppliers of business service functions such as accounting, payroll, human resource functions, travel services, IT services, customer service, or technical support B) the relocation of a business process or entire manufacturing facility to a foreign country C) sourcing from the firm's own production facilities D) an arrangement in which the focal firm contracts with an independent supplier to manufacture products according to well-defined specifications

D) an arrangement in which the focal firm contracts with an independent supplier to manufacture products according to well-defined specifications

Fun Play Global Sourcing (Scenario) Fun Play Inc., a company manufacturing toys for children, has decided to outsource some of its value-chain activities. However, the firm has no experience with global sourcing and has hired a consulting firm to assist its managers. The consulting firm has been assigned the task of determining which activities should be outsourced and where the outsourced activities should be located. 35) If Fun Play decides to source from its own wholly owned subsidiary, it would be engaging in ________. A) offshoring B) contract manufacturing C) cause marketing D) captive sourcing

D) captive sourcing

Audio Component Outsourcing (Scenario) Echo Corp., a company based in Boston, manufactures high-quality audio components, such as speakers, amplifiers, and receivers for home entertainment systems. Echo has been losing market share in recent years due to the competitive pricing of other audio component manufacturers that engage in global sourcing. Echo managers are attempting to convince Nathan Douglas, the firm's founder and CEO, that global sourcing would enable the firm to be more competitive without sacrificing quality. 73) Which of the following is a potential benefit that Echo can derive from global sourcing? A) cheap R&D B) access to qualified personnel in the home country C) strong intellectual property protection D) improved productivity and service

D) improved productivity and service

78) Which of the following is a major challenge often faced by focal firms that engage in global sourcing? A) no control over the quality of outputs B) domestic management of local distribution C) increased costs of business travel D) lower-than-expected cost savings

D) lower-than-expected cost savings

1) Focal firms that internationalize through exporting will most likely perform ________ in the home market. A) sales B) distribution C) marketing D) manufacturing

D) manufacturing

48) Which of the following activities is highly important to firms as a strategic asset? A) manufacturing of parts B) customer service C) sales and distribution D) marketing and branding

D) marketing and branding

94) When outsourcing, managers can minimize the risk of creating employee tension by ________. A) increasing the number of junior managers for foreign assignments B) increasing the annual training budget C) sending domestic managers to foreign countries for training D) reaching a consensus of managers and labor

D) reaching a consensus of managers and labor

32) Focal firms typically source from external suppliers for all of the following reasons EXCEPT ________. A) the product or service obtained is non-core B) the product can be purchased inexpensively C) the supplier specializes in providing the product or service D) the supplier offers the same product to competing firms

D) the supplier offers the same product to competing firms

TF 101) Value chain is the collection of logistics specialists and activities that provides inputs to manufacturers or retailers.

F

TF 102) A global supply chain is the compilation of business activities intended to create, produce, advertise, deliver, and support a focal firm's product or service.

F

TF 103) The more diverse the firm's global supply chain, the lesser the cost of logistics.

F

TF 104) International logistics usually make use of a single transportation mode.

F

TF 15) The Internet provides the means to export pure services.

F

TF 17) Indirect exporting is exporting that is accomplished by contracting with intermediaries located in the foreign market.

F

TF 26) The bill of lading is the "birth certificate" of the goods being shipped and indicates the country where they originate.

F

TF 27) National governments require exporters to obtain a license to protect the exported goods against damage, loss, pilferage, and delay.

F

TF 50) In advanced economies, firms generally do not outsource value-chain activities because they fear the loss of proprietary knowledge and trade secrets.

F

TF 51) Front-office activities cannot be classified under BPO.

F

TF 52) Back-office activities consist of downstream, customer-related services.

F

TF 53) Front-office activities typically include internal, upstream business functions.

F

TF 55) Captive sourcing is an arrangement in which the focal firm contracts with an independent supplier to manufacture products according to well-defined specifications.

F

TF 56) Given the complexities of international business, manufacturing is generally the only value-chain activity that firms outsource abroad.

F

TF 59) All business activities and processes lend themselves to global sourcing.

F

TF 60) In the decision about whether to outsource, manufacturing of products is considered of high importance to a firm.

F

TF 61) In the decision about whether to outsource, research and development is considered of low importance to a firm.

F

TF 63) The likelihood of a firm internalizing research and development instead of outsourcing it is low.

F

TF 64) Typically, firms tend to concentrate research and development activities abroad rather than in their home countries.

F

TF 65) Industries that benefit the most from global sourcing are characterized by low labor intensity in product and service production.

F

TF 83) Global sourcing hinders firms from freeing expensive analysts, engineers, and managers from routine tasks.

F

TF 85) Global sourcing eliminates the possibility of new rivals being created in a country.

F

TF 100) Most companies cite cost cutting as the main reason for global sourcing.

T

TF 105) Offshoring is a process of creative destruction; according to this view, firms' innovative activities tend to make mature products obsolete over time.

T

TF 16) Compared to other entry strategies, exporting minimizes risk and maximizes flexibility.

T

TF 18) Exporting and importing collectively refers to international trade.

T

TF 25) The exporter usually first issues a quotation or pro forma invoice upon request by potential customers.

T

TF 28) Incoterms are universally accepted terms of sale that specify how the buyer and the seller share the cost of freight and insurance in an international transaction and at which point the buyer takes title to the goods.

T

TF 29) Trade fairs are not only excellent sites to meet potential intermediaries, they also provide the means to become familiar with key players in the local industry and to generally learn about the target market.

T

TF 49) Global sourcing has gained momentum in the current phase of globalization.

T

TF 54) Firms usually internalize those value-chain activities they consider part of their core competencies.

T

TF 57) Offshoring is common in the service sector, including banking, software code writing, legal services, and customer-service activities.

T

TF 58) The recent economic turndown is expected to pressure advanced-economy firms to seek further ways to reduce costs.

T

TF 62) The likelihood of a firm internalizing marketing and branding instead of outsourcing it is high.

T

TF 82) Transformational outsourcing suggests that just as the firm achieves gains in efficiency, productivity, quality, and revenues by leveraging offshore talent, it also obtains the means to turn around failing businesses, speed up innovation, restructure operations, and fund otherwise-unaffordable development projects.

T

TF 84) Environmental challenges of global sourcing include currency fluctuations, tariffs and other trade barriers, and adverse macroeconomic events.

T

TF 86) Countries with weak legal environments can erode key strategic assets of firms.

T

TF 99) Firms often establish their own sourcing operations abroad to maintain control of outsourced activities and technologies.

T