chapter 13 and 14 review questions

15. A pediatric nurse measures and weighs a 9-year-old patient and determines that his height is in the 94th percentile and his weight is in the 65th percentile. Which is true about the patient? A) He weighs more than 65% of children in his age group but less than 35% of children in the same group. B) He is taller than 94% of children in his weight group but shorter than 6% of children in the same group. C) He weighs more than 65% of children in his height group but less than 35% of children in the same group. D) He is taller than 94% of children in his age group but weighs less than 65% of children in the same group.

A) He weighs more than 65% of children in his age group but less than 35% of children in the same group.

8. Which measure is most likely to be affected by the presence of an extreme value in the data set? A) Mean B) Median C) Mode D) Position of the median

A) Mean

32. The trustworthiness of carefully performed research can still be called into question if the researcher does not have an auditable paper trail. A) True B) False

A) True

26. Which of the following is a characteristic of a qualitative research report written as a realist tale? A) It incorporates many details about the individual performing the research. B) It is written in third-person voice. C) The methods are described in great detail. D) All of these are correct.

B) It is written in third-person voice.

20. A researcher who groups the data from interview transcripts into 15 preliminary categories is using which type of coding? A) Axial B) Open C) Reductive D) Software-assisted

B) Open

4. Which of the following is calculated by dividing the frequency of an event by the total number of events? A) Frequency analysis B) Percentage distribution C) Population parameter D) Percentage statement

B) Percentage distribution

17. A researcher is creating a frequency distribution table to make a graph to show data about the age range of a population in a research study about tobacco usage. What does the researcher need to do first? A) Present the data through a histogram to show trends B) Sort raw data of the subjects' ages in ascending order C) Tally the frequency of the subjects' age occurrence

B) Sort raw data of the subjects' ages in ascending order

27. In which scenario would the researcher most likely choose the impressionist tale style of writing? A) Describing the adjustment process experienced by patients who have surgery to correct vision B) Telling the lived experience of patients with macular degeneration C) Reporting objectively on attitudes toward vision loss and corrective interventions in a developing country D) Describing historical explanations of and interventions for vision loss

B) Telling the lived experience of patients with macular degeneration

6. Nursing educators are reviewing scores from an examination to determine what score occurred most frequently. Which measure of central tendency are they seeking? A) Mean B) Median C) Mode D) Standard deviation

C) Mode

16. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between type I and type II errors? A) Both type I and type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected. B) Both type I and type II errors occur when the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted. C) Type I errors occur when the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected; type II errors occur when it is wrongly accepted. D) Type I errors occur when the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted; type II errors occur when it is wrongly rejected.

C) Type I errors occur when the null hypothesis is wrongly rejected; type II errors occur when it is wrongly accepted.

13. In a normal distribution, what is the range of the middle 50% of the data? A) Statistical range B) Standard range C) Deviation range D) Semiquartile range

D) Semiquartile range

25. A researcher would most likely seek participant feedback on study results for which reason? A) To establish the validity of the coding method used B) To create an auditable chain of evidence for other researchers C) To ensure that the body of participants was truly representative of the group D) To increase the credibility of the study's conclusions

D) To increase the credibility of the study's conclusions

29. Which step would a qualitative researcher take to establish confirmability? A) Recognize and account for potential biases. B) Suggest other settings where the findings could be tested. C) Use different research methods to gather and compare the data. D) Use coding checks to demonstrate agreement among the themes.

A) Recognize and account for potential biases.

12. Employees of XYZ Company were surveyed to determine how much they paid in out-of-pocket healthcare costs in a given year. The highest reported amount was $13,500, and the lowest reported amount was $425. For this data set, what is the range? A) $6,963 B) $13,075 C) $13,925 D) $6,750

B) $13,075

5. What do measures of central tendency describe? A) Accuracy of predictions made by researchers B) Average or typical case found in the data C) Reliability and generalizability of the data D) Amount of dispersion in the sample

B) Average or typical case found in the data

2. A researcher analyzing data from a study that investigated the relationship between use of infrared therapy and circulation in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy would most likely use which type of analysis? A) Univariate B) Bivariate C) Trivariate D) Multivariate

B) Bivariate

31. The primary advantage to using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software is its simplification of the data entry and coding process. A) True B) False

B) False

11. Which of the following best describes the relationship between magnitude and correlation? A) The lower the magnitude, the stronger the correlation. B) The greater the magnitude, the stronger the correlation. C) When correlation is positive, magnitude is stronger. D) When data show correlation, magnitude cannot be determined.

B) The greater the magnitude, the stronger the correlation.

24. In which situation would a researcher be most concerned about representativeness? A) Other researchers have not obtained similar results from similar studies. B) The researcher cannot explain several exceptional cases that do not support the findings. C) The researcher's presence may have affected the way participants responded. D) The researcher used data reduction instead of traditional coding to analyze the data.

B) The researcher cannot explain several exceptional cases that do not support the findings.

3. Why is grouped data presented more often than ungrouped data? A) Grouping data results in some loss of information. B) Nominal and ordinal data cannot be interpreted unless the data are grouped. C) Grouping data into smaller classifications makes it easier to interpret. D) Overlapping categories can be used to analyze grouped data.

C) Grouping data into smaller classifications makes it easier to interpret.

21. A nurse researcher participated in a qualitative study regarding perception of arthritic pain in relation to functional abilities required for the role of parent. Findings revealed the theme of planning activities at pain-limited times of the day as a coping strategy. Use of this information in practice is an example of which process? A) Analysis of research findings B) Evaluation of research findings C) Interpretation of research findings D) Synthesis of research findings

C) Interpretation of research findings

9. When distribution is shown as a symmetrical bell-shaped curve, what can be concluded about the data? A) The mean is less than the median and mode. B) The mean is greater than the median and mode. C) The mean, median, and mode are equal. D) The data shows moderate uniformity.

C) The mean, median, and mode are equal.

14. A nurse is evaluating the inferences and conclusions made in four different research studies. The nurse should have the most confidence in which study? A) The one that included nominal and ordinal data B) The one where the data showed a skewed distribution C) The one tested using parametric testing D) The one tested using nonparametric testing

C) The one tested using parametric testing

19. Coding is a data analysis method used by qualitative researchers that involves: A) analyzing descriptive data. B) analyzing inferential statistics. C) attaching labels to each line of a transcript. D) categorizing individual data.

C) attaching labels to each line of a transcript.

22. Which of the following represents the highest level of qualitative data research? A) A study categorizing different types of grief responses B) A study describing the stages of grief C) A study of grief responses that includes analysis of subjects who did not exhibit a standard response D) A study that comprehensively explains the ways humans experience grief

D) A study that comprehensively explains the ways humans experience grief

23. Which of the following is a strategy for generating meaning from qualitative data? A) Noting patterns or themes and building a logical chain of evidence B) Clustering, counting, and making metaphors C) Making contrasts or comparisons and noting relationships between variables D) All of these are correct.

D) All of these are correct.

28. Which of the following best describes a qualitative research report written as an impressionist tale? A) A real-life account that incorporates many details about the individuals studied B) An account that includes a great deal of information about how the study was conducted C) An unstructured account that has a flowing, less formal writing style D) An account that allows the researcher to present personal experiences as a participant observer in story format

D) An account that allows the researcher to present personal experiences as a participant observer in story format

7. Which of the following statements about mean and median is true? A) Both mean and median are greatly affected by outliers. B) Neither mean nor median is greatly affected by outliers. C) Both mean and median are less accurate measures of central tendency than mode. D) Both mean and median can be values that do not appear in the data set.

D) Both mean and median can be values that do not appear in the data set.

1. Which of the following statements correctly contrasts inferential statistics and descriptive statistics? A) Inferential statistics are used to present data and information, whereas descriptive statistics are used to develop population parameters. B) Inferential statistics are based on predicted data, whereas descriptive statistics are based on collected data. C) Inferential statistics are gathered using univariate analysis, whereas descriptive statistics are gathered using multivariate analysis. D) Inferential statistics are used to make predictions about phenomena, whereas descriptive statistics are used to explain characteristics of variables.

D) Inferential statistics are used to make predictions about phenomena, whereas descriptive statistics are used to explain characteristics of variables.

30. A researcher studying the experience of amputees notes that all but two participants give very similar descriptions of phantom limb sensation. Which strategy would the researcher most likely use to improve the credibility of the study? A) Triangulation B) Reflexive journaling C) Member checks D) Negative case analysis

D) Negative case analysis

10. Which of the following best describes a data set represented by a distribution graph that has a low peak and a tail that pulls to the left? A) Positively skewed with high uniformity B) Positively skewed with low uniformity C) Negatively skewed with high uniformity D) Negatively skewed with low uniformity

D) Negatively skewed with low uniformity

18. Why is qualitative research often viewed as less significant than quantitative research? A) Qualitative data are easier to analyze than quantitative data. B) Questions answered by qualitative research are usually less clinically important. C) Qualitative research does not use systematic methods of analysis. D) Qualitative analysis is more subjective than quantitative analysis.

D) Qualitative analysis is more subjective than quantitative analysis.