chapter 13 bio 100

6. What are the characteristics of steroid hormones? How do steroid hormones carry out their function?

Steroid hormones- can easily diffuse right across both cell and nuclear membrane. They are slower than the nonsteriod hormone because of the protein production. Nonsteriod hormones- cannot enter the target cells because they are insoluble. They bind to receptors on the outside of the surface cell membrane.

3. On what cells do hormones act?

target cells

8. What type of feedback loops do hormones participate in?

• reproduction • sexual development • growth and maintenance • metabolism • responding to external stimuli

10. What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary? Where are these hormones produced?

Oxytocin -induces uterine contractions and induces ejection of milk from mammary glands Antidiuretic hormones- reduces amour of water lost in urine

5. What are the two general classifications of hormones?

Steroid hormones- related to cholesterol and is lipid soluble Nonsteroid hormones- related to protein and is lipid insoluble

2. Explain what an exocrine gland is and give an example.

The exocrine gland secretes products like mucus, sweat, tears, and digestive fluid into appropriate sites

4. How does the endocrine control of body activities compare to the nervous system control?

They both use chemicals that bind to specific receptors on target cells and they both regulate primarily by negative feedback

11. What are the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? What controls the release of these hormones? What are the functions of these hormones?

• ACTH -stimulates release of glucocorticoids • TSH- stimulates synthesis and secretions of thyroid • FSH- female stimulate egg maturation in male stimulate sperm formation • LH- in female stimulates ovulation in males it stimulates testosterone secretion • PRL- the development of mammary gland cells and production of milk • GH- growth in young induvial ;play multiple roles in cell division and metabolism in adults

14. What are the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? What stimulates their release and what is their effect?

• Cortisol: stimulus= ACTH ; stimulates protein and fat metabolism and reduces inflammation • Aldosterone: stimulus renin; reabsorbs Na+ in the kidneys, increasing blood volume and pressure

13. What are the hormones produced by the pancreas? What stimulates their release and what is their effect?

• Glucagon- raises blood sugar; increasing productions of glucose • Insulin-lowers blood sugar; lowers glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake and storage • Somatostatin- inhibits secretion on both insulin and glucagon

17. What are the hormones produced by the testes and ovaries? What stimulates their release and what is their effect?

• LH- in male stimulus testes to resume testosterone production; the spurt of bone and muscle growth at puberty. In female it stimulates the ovaries to begin secreting estrogen and progesterone • Estrogen - stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics • Progesterone-a hormone that acts to prepare uterus to receive the fertilized egg and maintain pregnancy

12. Explain what 3 conditions can arise when too little or too much growth hormone is released.

• Normal body proportions but small stature • Affects feet, hands, and face • Gigantism

16. What is the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland? What stimulates its release and what is its effect?

• PTH- stimulus low blood levels; raises blood levels

What structures are included in the endocrine system? What is the initial destination of secreted hormones?

• Pituitary • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenal • Pineal • Thymus • Hypothalamus • Pancreas • Gonads pituitary gland

15. What are the hormones produced by the Thyroid gland? What stimulates their release and what is their effect?

• TSH- stimulus; increases basal metabolic rate • Congenital hypothyroidism- fails to develop properly • Myxedema- hypothyroidism; weight gain and slow metabolism rate • Hyperthyroidism- hyper, nervous • Calcitonin-stimulus high blood levels; decreases blood levels

18. List and describe the disorders discussed in class with hyper/hyposecretion of hormones.

• Type 1 diabetes- the pancreas does not produce enough insulin so they rely on an insulin • Type 2 diabetes- receptors become insensitive to insulin and does not make more carriers; this can be controlled by weight loss and a low sugar diet

7. What are the characteristics of protein (amino acid based) hormones? How do protein hormones carry out their function?

Amino acid-based hormone - include simple amino acid derivatives such as amines, thyroxine, peptides to large proteins.

9. What are the two regions of the pituitary gland?

Anterior Posterior