chapter 13 mastering bio practice

If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events? The gene triggers other components in the nucleus. This leads to a cascade of events. More DNA is produced, and eventually a new protein is produced. This protein leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm, where it initiates the events attributed to the hormone. Transcription of mRNA and translation of the message into a protein both take place in the nucleus. The new protein then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it initiates various cellular events. A protein is produced directly from the DNA. This stimulates other molecules to produce mRNA. This mRNA leaves the nucleus and initiates the response in the cytoplasm. A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein. Transcription of mRNA and translation of the message into a protein both take place in the cytoplasm. This is caused by an electrical stimulus from the complexing of the hormone and the gene.

A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. it leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. the message is translated into a protein

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? ADH (vasopressin) aldosterone angiotensin II cortisol

ADH

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the hypothalamus? Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus store hormones in the posterior pituitary. The hypothalamus functions in both the nervous system and the endocrine system. The hypothalamus contains the cell bodies of neuroendocrine cells. ADH stimulates the hypothalamus to produce oxytocin.

ADH stimulates the hypothalamus to produce oxytocin

The most accurate statement about FSH is ________. FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates testosterone production FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development FSH is produced in the posterior pituitary and stimulates sperm production FSH is produced in the posterior pituitary and stimulates egg development FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation

FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones? -prolactin (PRL) -GH (growth hormone) -oxytocin -thyroid hormones

GH (growth hormone)

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? DAG tyrosine kinase IP3 cAMP

IP3

The most accurate statement about LH is ________. LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation LH is produced in the posterior pituitary and stimulates testosterone production LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates egg development LH is produced in the posterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates sperm production

LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation

Steroid hormones exert their effect using __________. cyclic AMP neuroendocrine cells a second messenger a hormone-receptor complex

a hormone-receptor complex

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? activation of a G protein, tyrosine kinase receptor, phosphorylation of intracellular proteins activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of phospholipase C, activation of DAG and IP3 activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

activation of adenylate class, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? increasing protein kinases activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell phosphorylation of intracellular proteins

activation of genes, which increase protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? phosphorylates a protein acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene activates a protein kinase directly alters protein synthesis at the ribosome

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

Cortisol production occurs in the __________ and is stimulated by __________. adrenal cortex; ACTH thymus gland; growth hormone thyroid gland; TSH adrenal medulla; FSH

adrenal cortex; acth

Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland control the activity of all of the following glands, EXCEPT the __________. ovaries thyroid gland testes adrenal medulla

adrenal medulla

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland? -luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -growth hormone (GH) -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following statements about the functions of hormones is MOST correct? Hormones may be involved in secretory activity. Hormones can affect the activities of the plasma membrane. Hormones influence protein synthesis. Hormones affect energy utilization. All of the listed responses are correct.

all of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following hormones is/are involved in normal functioning of the male reproductive system? LH testosterone FSH all of these choices

all of these choices

_____ are the main male hormones. Progesterones Mineralocorticoids Androgens Luteinizing hormones Estrogens

androgens

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys? follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) prolactin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) melatonin glucagon

antidiuretic hormone

Endocrine glands __________. contain specialized nerve cells that store pre-hormone molecules for synthesis secrete mucus, sweat, and digestive fluids are ductless organs secrete hormones by way of a duct into the area near a target organ

are ductless organs

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____. the extracellular fluid the cytoplasm the nucleus the cytosol association with a cell's plasma membrane

association with a cell's plasma membrane

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? α2 receptors α1 receptors β receptors

beta receptors

Nonsteroid hormones __________. cross the membrane or bind to receptors, depending on the target cell cross the cell membrane easily bind to receptors on the cell surface pass through protein channels in the membrane

bind to receptors on the cell surface

Which of the following would be triggered by a drop in blood Ca2+ levels? decrease in calcitonin secretion increase in PTH secretion increase in ADH secretion both increase in PTH secretion and decrease in calcitonin secretion

both increase in PTH secretion and decrease in calcitonin secretion

in __________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal

both type 1 and type 2

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone? calcitonin insulin thyroxine thymosin glucagon

calcitonin

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? Receptors can't enter the nucleus until the hormone is bound to it. transcription factors chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

chaperone proteins

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons? -control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) -control secretion of oxytocin -control secretion of thyroid hormones -control secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? epinephrine insulin cortisol

cotisol

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face." Addison's disease pheochromocytoma Cushing's disease

cushing's disease

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? decreased sweating decreased cardiac output decreased or difficulty breathing decreased insulin secretion

decreased insulin secretion

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? cortisol aldosterone ADH (vasopressin) epinephrine

epinephrine

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger? insulin and glucagon thyroxine and calcitonin androgens and estrogens antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone? estrogen testosterone both estrogen and testosterone oxytocin epinephrine and oxytocin

epinephrine and oxytocin

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor? estrogen epinephrine cellulose oxytocin starch

estrogen

All of the following represent hormone pairs with antagonistic activities, EXCEPT __________. insulin and glucagon parathyroid hormone and calcitonin aldosterone and ANH estrogen and progesterone

estrogen and progesterone

True or false. The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels. true false

false

Which of the following hormones will be most active after a 24 hour fast? insulin glucagon aldosterone oxytocin

glucagon

Which of the following statements about glucagon is true? Glucagon promotes the uptake of glucose by liver and muscle cells. Glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose. Glucagon secretion is highest following a heavy meal. Glucagon works with cortisol to lower blood glucose levels.

glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress. melatonin insulin glucocorticoids thymosin parathyroid hormone

glucocorticoids

You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following is happening in your body? Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon increases. Glucose increases, insulin decreases, glucagon increases. Glucose decreases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases. Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases.

glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases

The target cells of an endocrine gland __________. respond to all endocrine hormones released by all endocrine glands have specific receptors for the hormone will always be in close proximity to the gland are connected to the gland by nerve cells

have specific receptors for the hormone

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? cool, dry skin slow heart rate low blood glucose heart palpitations

heart palpitations

When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________. hormone-DNA complex hormone-steroidal complex hormone-membrane complex hormone-receptor complex amino acid complex

hormone-receptor complex

Secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland is closely regulated by the __________. adrenal cortex hypothalamus cerebellum posterior pituitary gland

hypothalamus

The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________. thyroid gland hypothalamus thalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized? kidney anterior pituitary hypothalamus posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones? hypothalamus adrenal cortex thymus ovaries testes

hypothalamus

Which of the following are incorrectly paired? cortisol: Cushing's syndrome growth hormone: acromegaly insulin: diabetes insipidus thyroid: Grave's disease

insulin: diabetes insipidus

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes? progesterone testosterone glucocorticoids luteinizing hormone (LH) estrogens

luteinizing hormone

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone? thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) negative feedback thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) a circadian rhythm of release

negative feedback

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones? nonsteroid hormones bind to a cell's DNA; steroid hormones do not bind to a cell's DNA nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways the action of nonsteroid hormones never affects gene expression; the action of steroid hormones always affects gene expression nonsteroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors; steroid hormones bind to plasma membrane receptors nonsteroid hormones are fat-soluble; steroid hormones are water-soluble

non steroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways

Which of the following statements comparing steroid and nonsteroid hormones is true? a) Nonsteroid hormones usually are faster acting than steroid hormones. b) Steroid hormones are produced only after puberty, whereas nonsteroid hormones are produced throughout the lifespan. c) Steroid hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, whereas nonsteroid hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. d) Steroid hormones typically act through second messengers such as cAMP.

non steroid hormones usually are faster acting than steroid hormones

Which of the following hormones and chemical messengers is/are produced exclusively in males? melatonin testosterone prostaglandins none of these choices

none of these choices

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex? cortisol antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin

oxytocin

Which two hormones most directly regulate lactation? estrogen and prolactin progesterone and oxytocin oxytocin and prolactin estrogen and progesterone

oxytocin and prolactin

If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true? Parathormone levels in the body would increase. Bones would begin to store more calcium. The secretion of calcitonin would increase. All of these statements would be true if blood calcium levels are too low.

parathormone levels in the body would increase

The blood calcium regulatory function of which gland is most important in adulthood? pancreas thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus gland

parathyroid gland

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? protein kinase C phospholipase C phosphodiesterase adenylate cyclase

phosphodiesterase

The nervous system and the endocrine system interact through the __________. anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary pituitary gland and the hypothalamus hypothalamus and the thyroid gland thyroid gland and the pituitary gland

pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released? neither lobe of the pituitary, but rather the stalk connecting the pituitary to the hypothalamus anterior pituitary posterior pituitary both lobes of the pituitary

posterior pituitary

Which hormone stimulates milk production? parathyroid hormone mineralocorticoids prolactin thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) thymosin

prolactin

when considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________. receptors for both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones are about equally distributed within the cell and as parts of the cell membrane receptors for both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones are found in or on the cell membrane receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are inside the cell receptors for both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones are found within the cell and usually within the nucleus receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

Hormones produced in the anterior pituitary will be released in response to __________ produced by the __________. factors; thyroid releasing hormones; anterior pituitary releasing hormones; hypothalamus releasing hormones; posterior pituitary

releasing hormones; hypothalamus

The kidneys secrete __________. histamine and prostaglandins aldosterone and ADH secretin and cholecystokinin renin and erythropoietin

renin and erythropietin

Testosterone __________. secretion is stimulated by LH is produced at consistent levels throughout life is produced by the anterior pituitary inhibits the production of aldosterone

secretion is stimulated by LH

Which of the following would be least likely to be affected by a tumor of the pituitary gland? cortisol secretion thyroid hormone secretion lactation secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule? steroid protein All types of hormones react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule. amino acid carbohydrate

steroid

__________ hormones enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas __________ hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and never enter the target cells. Protein; peptide Steroid; nonsteroid Nonsteroid; steroid

steroids non steroid

Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex or its hormones is true? The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses. The secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex is controlled by the sympathetic division of the nervous system. The adrenal cortex secretes a mixture of steroid and nonsteroid hormones. Hypersecretion of cortisol and aldosterone is seen in Addison's disease.

the adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses

How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system? Muscle movement stimulates the nervous system. This, in turn, stimulates the release of hormones. The nervous system stimulates muscle movement. This, in turn, stimulates the release of hormones. Muscle movement stimulates the release of hormones. This, in turn, stimulates the nervous system. The nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones.

the nervous system can control muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones

Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true? The nervous system can access and communicate with all cells in the body, whereas the access of the endocrine system to different cells and tissues is more limited. The endocrine system exclusively controls development, whereas the nervous system controls homeostasis. The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system. The nervous system is fully functioning at birth, whereas the endocrine system doesn't begin to function until puberty.

the nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____. the nucleus lysosomes vesicles the cytoplasm the plasma membrane

the nucleus

Nonsteroid hormones are usually faster-acting than steroid hormones because __________. they are produced by exocrine glands they are transported more quickly they are not attacked by immune cells they activate proteins that already exist within the cell

they activate proteins that already exist within the cell

How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland? They are secreted from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus directly onto the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary. They are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus, travel a short distance, and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary. They are released into the bloodstream in the hypothalamus and travel to the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary then sends a chemical signal to the anterior pituitary and the appropriate hormones are released. They are secreted from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus directly into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary then relays a releasing signal to the anterior pituitary.

they are released near blood vessels in the hypothalamus, travel a short distance, and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____. they are produced at very low concentrations acting via a signal transduction pathway makes for slower responses than does directly interacting with a cell's DNA they are too large to enter a cell and therefore must first bind to a plasma membrane receptor before having an effect on a cell target cells tend to ignore steroid hormones in favor of nonsteroid hormones they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? insulin cortisol thyroid hormone

thyroid hormone

in ________ diabetes, no insulin is produced

type 1

Which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin? Addison's disease Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus diabetes insipidus

type 1 diabetes mellitus

in ___________ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin

type 2

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? G proteins intracellular receptors tyrosine kinase receptors

tyrosine kinase receptors

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine lipid-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormones and cortisol

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine

Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger? Second messenger is another name for cyclic AMP. Second messenger is another name for the steroid hormones. A second messenger is a hormone-like substance that takes over and does the work of a hormone. Second messenger is another term for the amino acid and protein hormones. When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.

when the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor activates another molecule within the cell, that activated molecule is the second messanger