Chapter 13 Objectives
Artificial Selection
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Be able to explain/define evolution in terms of gene frequencies.
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Biogeography
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Camouflage
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Coevolution
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Comparative Embryology
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Convergent Evolution
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Define dimorphism and explain how it can influence evolutionary change.
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Describe the usefulness of the Hardy-Weinberg model to population geneticists.
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Describe what selection acts on and what factors contribute to the overall fitness of a genotype.
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Distinguish among stabilizing selection, directional selection, and diversifying selection.
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Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection.
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Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.
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Explain how a gene pool is different from a P.A. pool.
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Explain how fossils are formed and why they are important when studying evolution.
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Explain how the following can cause microevolution: genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection and artificial selection.
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Explain the effect of population size on genetic drift.
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Explain what Darwin meant by the principle of descent with modification.
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Explain what is meant by "population genetics".
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Explain why a population (and not an individual) evolves.
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Explain why mutations and sexual reproduction help make evolution possible.
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Explain why variation was so important to Darwin's theory.
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Fossils
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Give examples of how an organism's phenotype may be influenced by the environment.
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Homologous Structures
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In your own words, state the Hardy-Weinberg theorem.
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Insecticide/Antibiotic Resistance
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List the conditions as population must meet in order to maintain Hardy-Weinbery equilibrium.
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Molecular Biology/ Biochemistry
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The Genetic Code
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Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele and genotype frequencies if the homozygous recessive is equal to 10% of the population.
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Vestigial Organs
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Thomas Malthus: Charles Lyell: Darwin was strongly influenced by a book this man wrote, Principles of Geology. Having read Lyell's book, Darwin realized that natural forces gradually changed Earth's surface and that these forces still operated in modern times. Alfred Wallace: A British naturalist doing field work in Indonesia who in the mid-1850s conceived a theory almost identical to Darwin's. Wallace asked Darwin to evaluate the manuscript he had written about his theory to see if it merited publication. In 1858, two of Darwin's colleagues presented Darwin's paper and excerpts of Darwin's theory to the scientific community. Jean Baptiste Lamarck: In the early 1800s, this French naturalist suggested that the best explanation for the relationship of fossils to current organisms is that life evolves. While Lamark is right in saying species evolve, he incorrectly identified the mechanism by which they evolve which is known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Describe how each of the following contributed to Darwin's theory of evolution: Thomas Malthus, Charles Lyell, Alfred Wallace, Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
State, in your own words, three inferences Darwin made from his observations, which led him to propose natural selection as mechanism for evolutionary change.
Observation 1: Members of a population often vary in their traits, and most traits are inherited from parent to offspring. Inference 1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. Observation 2: All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support. Inference 2: This unequal production of offspring will cause favorable traits to accumulate in a population over generation.
Describe how Charles Darwin used his observations from the voyage of the HMS Beagle to formulate and support his theory of evolution.
While the ship's crew surveyed the coast, Darwin spent most of his time onshore, collecting thousands of plants and animals, as well as fossils. He noted the unique adaptations of these organisms in places as different as the Brazilian jungle, the grasslands of Argentina, and the desolate and frigid lands at the southern tip of South America. Darwin realized that the world is very old and constantly changing.