Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

After suffering from depression for weeks, Elaine is now euphoric. Unfortunately, the police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear and yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money around town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the emergency room, she would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is MOST likely suffering from a(n) _____ disorder.

bipolar

When he leaves the house, Josh locks, unlocks, and relocks each window and each door exactly three times. Josh's behavior exemplifies a(n):

compulsion

Historically, a variety of models have been used to explain psychological disorders. The _____ assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.

medical model

Jared has not read the chapter on psychological disorders, so he misunderstands some basic facts. For example, he believes that schizophrenia refers to a multiple personality split rather than a:

split from reality.

Between 2013 and 2017, the U.S. rate of overdose opioid deaths increased by almost _____.

ten times

Which factor is NOT a good predictor of acting violently?

suffering from a mental disorder

Which form of self-injury is NOT one that is nonsuicidal?

taking an overdose of prescription medication

In a survey of first-year university students in eight countries, _____ reported a mental health problem during the previous year.

1 in 3

Adrian Raine studied the brains of violent repeat offenders and found that their brains had _____ frontal lobe tissue than what is considered normal. This helps explain why these people exhibit deficits in cognitive functions such as planning, organization, and inhibition.

11 percent less

Homosexuality was classified as an illness by the APA until:

1973

The risk of suicide is at least _____ times greater in individuals who have experienced depression.

5

Drug overdoses in the United States account for about _____ percent of suicide attempts, but only _____ percent of suicide fatalities.

80; 14

What percentage of Americans agreed that "increased government spending on mental health screening and treatment" would be a "somewhat" or "very" effective "approach to preventing mass shootings at schools"?

84 percent

What are the lifetime odds of becoming addicted to marijuana?

9 percent

Ariel is drinking a can of beer. Barry is smoking a cigarette. Cord is smoking a marijuana cigarette. Who is using a psychoactive drug?

All three people are using psychoactive drugs.

_____ disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent nervousness or by maladaptive behaviors that reduce the feeling of nervousness.

Anxiety

This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.

Ecstasy

Who is MOST likely to commit a violent criminal act?

Marco, who has schizophrenia

Marcus is a young male recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. His symptoms, however, developed over a long period of time. According to the research available on schizophrenia, what are the chances that he will recover?

Not good; the slow progression of symptom development suggests he will probably never fully recover.

This reformer insisted that madness was not demon possession, but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions.

Philippe Pinel

When schizophrenia develops slowly (chronic or process schizophrenia), how likely is it that individuals will recover?

Recovery is unlikely for chronic schizophrenia.

Which of the following 15-year-old girls might be MOST at risk for drug abuse?

Robin, who has a history of physical abuse and depression

Lynette is released after a four-week stay at a psychiatric hospital. She needs to find an apartment near her workplace because she cannot afford a car. When she talks to potential landlords, how should she describe herself?

She should not tell them she was in a psychiatric hospital; many people react negatively to those labeled "mentally ill."

Compulsion is to _____ as _____ is to thought.

action; obsession

Philippa has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears being in crowded environments. Philippa suffers from panic disorder with:

agoraphobia.

Which substance is NOT a stimulant?

alcohol

Elaina is a 15-year-old adolescent who has become shockingly thin. She barely eats and, when she does, she compensates by exercising excessively. Elaina is MOST likely suffering from:

anorexia

Jhanvi's parents noticed that she stopped eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She then began portioning the amount of food she ate, claiming to have already eaten. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 105 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:

anorexia nervosa.

Bobby stole money from the corner store to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-year-old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, then bought a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train to the suburbs. On the train, someone stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee at the man's face and laughed. Bobby may have a(n) _____ disorder.

antisocial personality

Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is MOST clearly using a _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a(n) _____ model.

biopsychosocial

Dr. Phelps believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Phelps believes in a _____ model.

biopsychosocial

One potential fear of the new classification of "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder" is that it will:

construe a normal temper tantrum as a mental disorder.

A _____ is a false belief that often accompanies schizophrenia.

delusion

Barbiturates, alcohol, and opiates belong to which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs?

depressants

Thirty-year-old Nellie has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is unable to ignore irrelevant stimuli and struggles with selective attention. This type of attention problem is thought to contribute to:

disorganized thoughts.

Carlos has experienced a sudden loss of memory. This is one symptom of _____ disorder.

dissociative

Artie has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime, because another one of his personalities must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Artie does not suffer from _____ disorder, because the original personality generally denies awareness of the others.

dissociative identity disorder

One criticism of diagnoses of dissociative identity disorder is that it is possible that individuals are simply:

fantasy-prone.

Modern brain-scanning techniques reveal that some people with chronic schizophrenia have abnormal activity in the _____ lobes.

frontal

Lincoln complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him he is so evil he should kill himself. Lincoln is experiencing:

hallucinations

Therapeutic drugs that block dopamine receptors are MOST likely to reduce:

hallucinations

Research conducted with Dutch participants found that people are MOST likely to have a phobia of:

heights.

When a person attends more to threatening stimuli and is more likely to interpret unclear stimuli as threatening, the person is said to be:

hypervigilant.

Sharri is a 40-year-old elementary school teacher who is openly gay. Currently, according to the American Psychiatric Association, her homosexuality:

is not classified as an illness.

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by signs of depression such as lethargy; feelings of worthlessness; and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must:

last two or more weeks.

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with:

learned helplessness.

_____ analysis allows us to look at the inheritance of depression over multiple affected family members.

linkage

For the past few weeks, John has not been interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, is sleeping 12 to 13 hours a day, and cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is MOST likely suffering from a(n) ____ disorder.

major depressive

Research examining genetic contributions to depression suggests that depression is the result of:

many genes working together.

One example of a hallucinogen is:

marijuana

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. The company is concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new medication. Its perspective is MOST in line with the _____ model.

medical

People with a(n) _____ disorder have a tendency to behave in ways that interfere with their social interactions. They may withdraw and avoid social contact or behave in a way that ignores the social rights of others.

personality

Although Ari realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them and takes an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Ari appears to suffer from:

phobia

Thirty-five-year-old Aria needs to have her blood taken. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Aria seems to be suffering from a(n) _____.

phobia

The _____ suggests that a dissociative identity disorder is created as a defense against the anxiety caused by the eruption of unacceptable impulses.

psychodynamic perspective

Schizophrenia is to _____ disorder as phobia is to _____ disorder.

psychotic; anxiety

Dominic has recently been diagnosed with binge-eating disorder. This is characterized by binge eating followed by:

remorse

Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a word _____.

salad

Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Mrs. Higgins is MOST likely suffering from:

schizophrenia.

Which personality disorder is matched with an incorrect description?

schizotypal personality disorder: self-focused, self-inflating

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.

serotonin

The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of:

serotonin.

American children and adolescents who identify as transgender or gender nonconforming are _____ more likely than their peers to be diagnosed with a psychological disorder.

seven times

Many individuals who are diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder report suffering from _____ during childhood.

severe abuse

If someone has an intense fear of speaking in public, eating out, or going to parties, that person may be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Sufferers of _____ disorder avoid settings where others might judge them, fearing that they may be evaluated negatively.

social anxiety

Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Because he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from _____ disorder.

social anxiety

Amanda blames herself for a recent job loss. Her therapist suggests that her depression results from this blaming of herself rather than the slumping economy. Her therapist's suggestion BEST illustrates a:

social-cognitive perspective.

In a double-blind procedure, one group of men is given a beverage containing alcohol and a second group is given a similar-tasting beverage that contains no alcohol. In each group, half the men are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage and half are told their beverage is nonalcoholic. All the men then view erotic movies. After watching the erotic material, research indicates that:

the men who thought they were drinking alcohol will feel less guilty than those who did not think they were drinking alcohol will regardless of the true content of the beverage.

Arianna displays very dysfunctional behavior. She is unable to care for herself, cannot dress herself, and has limited understanding of her surroundings. Prior to the reform movement influenced by Philippe Pinel, Arianna's behavior would MOST likely have been considered:

the result of demon possession.

Tammy enjoys a glass of wine with dinner. After the meal, she has a cigarette with a cup of coffee. How many psychoactive drugs did Tammy consume?

three

Giacomo uses cocaine. He finds that he needs a line or two to re-create the original effects of a "bump." Which is the MOST specific term describing Giacomo's experience?

tolerance

As compared with men, women are _____ likely to develop PTSD symptoms after a traumatic event.

twice as

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is MOST likely due to a:

vicious cycle.

The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia BEST highlights the role of _____ in this disorder.

viral infections

The experience of physical pain following discontinued use of a psychoactive drug BEST illustrates:

withdrawal.

Which area of the nervous system has NOT been found to have abnormal functioning in individuals with schizophrenia?

cerebellum

Which psychoactive drug produces a quick and very powerful rush of euphoria?

cocaine

Behavior such as cutting or burning the skin, hitting oneself, pulling out one's hair, and self-administered tattooing are forms of:

nonsuicidal self-injury.

Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

Two disorders that involve anxiety are:

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Elise is suffering from symptoms that she has incorrectly perceived as a heart attack. She likely has _____ disorder.

panic

People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from:

phobias

Individuals with intense fears of specific objects or situations that disrupt their ability to cope have:

phobias.

In _____, a person exhibits persistent distress due to harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.

a psychological disorder