Chapter 13 REVEL: theories of personality

Cattell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into __________ source traits. 16 10 5 2

16

Several studies have found nearly a __________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality. 20 50 40 30

50

Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false? It is based on what people are told by others. It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself. It is a reflection of the sense of self in the words and actions of others. It is an important tool in human self-actualization.

It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself.

You have walked in late to class, and your psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations. You know immediately that your professor is talking about the theories of __________. B. F. Skinner Albert Bandura John Watson Julian Rotter

Julian Rotter

Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood? Erik Erikson Karen Horney Carl Jung Alfred Adler

Karen Horney

Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking? personal interview TAT MBTI MMPI-2-RF

MMPI-2-RF

Trait theories are less concerned with __________ and more concerned with __________. describing personality, explaining personality development predicting personality, changing personality predicting behavior, changing personality changing personality, predicting personality

changing personality, predicting personality

Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her __________ regard. unconditional positive conditional negative unconditional negative conditional positive

conditional positive

Personality neuroscience is based on the premise that persistent variations in dimensional aspects of personality must be based on __________ patterns of functioning in the brain. random variable consistent infrequent

consistent

In the Big Five theory of personality, "E" stands for __________. energy extraversion empathy external

extraversion

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual? superego ego conscience id

id

Bebarly appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, as she can then address particular issues. According to Julian Rotter, Bebarly has a(n) __________. external locus of control internal locus of control strong self-concept real self

internal locus of control

According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of __________. learned responses unconscious forces personal choices biologically driven traits

learned responses

Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing __________. personal values self-efficacy observable behaviors internal thought processes

observable behaviors

In Rogers's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called? real self self-actualizing tendency functioning fully self-concept

self-actualizing tendency

Albert Bandura considers __________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance. self-awareness self-image self-esteem self-efficacy

self-efficacy

Many of Johnathon's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed? persona anima animus shadow

shadow

Colleagues at work are asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of __________ traits. common source surface cardinal

surface

Which of the following traits or characteristics was NOT found to be more similar in identical twins when compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study? intelligence tendency to divorce leadership empathy

tendency to divorce

What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality? Adoption studies have not supported many behavioral genetics studies, thus questioning the idea that personality can be influenced by genetics. Adoption studies have resulted in conflicting findings, with some strongly supporting the influence of heredity on personality while others suggest that heredity has no influence whatsoever. Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics. Adoption studies are a new area of study and have yet to offer any information on the effects of heredity on personality.

Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics

What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of its studies on human personality traits? Behavioral geneticists conduct their studies by looking at single individuals over a long period of time, thus slowing the rate at which they can gather data. Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects. Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct studies on animals, only on humans. Behavioral geneticists are unable to scientifically validate anything.

Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects.

Which of the following is an example of a halo effect? Jordan always seems to like the last person she interviews for a job because she remembers the most about them. Kenneth tends to distrust all instructors, regardless of if they are new or if he has had them for multiple classes. Shawn unknowingly tends to rate his new client's behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring from his own alma mater. Wyleen provided her diagnosis only after conducting her own assessment and compiling information from two of her professional colleagues.

Shawn unknowingly tends to rate his new client's behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring from his own alma mater.

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"? Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of his or her innermost intuitions and urges. Someone who is working to discover his or her real self. Someone who has discovered his or her self-efficacy. Someone who is working to discover his or her ideal self.

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of his or her innermost intuitions and urges.

If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, what they typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their __________. character temperament mood personality

personality

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the __________ stage. phallic oral latency anal

phallic

What is the function of a validity scale? to help better explain the results of a personality test to determine how a subject really feels to determine if a person is giving an accurate response to offer a diagnosis of abnormal behavior plus a positive therapeutic treatment

to determine if a person is giving an accurate response

According to Freud, the __________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. preconscious conscience conscious unconscious

unconscious