Chapter 13: Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism

The combination effects of ________ (powered by internal energy) and ________ (powered through the sun through motion of air, water and ice) create Earth's continental crust.

Tectonic activity; weathering and erosion

list four volcanic activity zones ________, ________, ________, ________.

continental rift valley; oceanic-continental plate convergent boundary; sea-floor spreading center; oceanic-oceanic plate convergent boundary

A ________, or heartland region, is an old and stable part of the continental crust.

craton

Rocks are subjected to stress due to ________ a) tectonic forces b) gravity c) pressure from overlaying rocks d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The San Andreas system in California is an example of a a) strike- slip fault b) transform fault c) right- lateral motions d) all of these are correct

d) all of these are correct

Which of the following is an example of a first order of relief? a) the Alps b) The Tibetan Plateau c) the Ohio Valley d) an ocean basin

d) an ocean basin

The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface area along the fault plane called the a) epicenter b) fault zone c) Richter zone d) focus, or hypocenter

d) focus, or hypocenter

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? a) strain-stress-induced b) compression-- shortening or folding c) tension-- stretching or faulting d) shearing-- stretching

d) shearing-- stretching

If you were paranoid of earthquakes, which of the following area would be the safest to live? a) convergent plate boundary b) divergent plate boundary c) island arc along a subduction zone d) shield

d) shield

the moment magnitude scale is based on energy released and is less accurate than Richter's scale which is based on the amplitude of seismic waves.

false

Earth's continental shields

African; Indian; Canadian; Brazilian

Types of stree

tension; compression; shear

Three types of Orogenesis

1. oceanic- continental collision 2. oceanic-oceanic collision 3. continential-continential colliision

A hypsographic curve is a graph that shows the Earth's surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level

True

A residual "synclinal ridge" may form within a trough of a fold.

True

Orogeny means mountain generating

True

The mean sea level is at 0m

True

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the a) epicenter b) fault zone c) Richter zone d) focus, or hypocenter

a) epicenter

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as a) relief b) an order of relief c) topography d) crust

a) relief

Normal faults are associated with a) tension forces b) compressional forces c) plate convergence d) transcurrent forces

a) tension forces

the most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the A) western coast B) eastern coasts C) southern coasts D) mid-continent

a) western coasts

approximately what percentage of Earth's surface is exposed at sea level? a) 18% b) 29% c) 49% d) 62%

b) 29%

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as a) folding b) faulting c) stressing d) bending

b) faulting

Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with A) subduction and melting of plates along collision zones B) hot spots C) rift zones D) all of the above

b) hot spots

An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the A) land barometer B) seismograph C) the Richter scale D) tiltmeter.

b) seismograph

Which of the following is true of the earthquake in the Liaoning Province of NE China on February 4, 1975? a) hundreds of thousands were killed b) the quake was successfully forecasted and 3 million people were evacuated c) there were virtually no precursors or symptoms that an earthquake was coming d) an earthquake prediction was disastrously incorrect

b) the quake was successfully forecasted and 3 million people were evacuated

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form a) a syncline b) a tension zone c) an anticline d) a thrust fault

c) an anticline

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is a) denser b) usually formed with less than 50% silica and is rich in iron and magnesium c) generally more complex on content and structure d) essentially composed of basalt

c) generally more complex on content and structure

The most detailed order of relief applies to ________ order relief features. a) first b) second c) third d) none of the above

c) third

People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean,". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a ________ fault associated with ________ forces for this to happen.

normal; tension

list two types of scale to rate earthquakes _________ and ________.

richer's scale; moment magnitude scale

A continental ________ is a region with a craton is exposed at the surface.

shield