Chapter 13: The Rise of Mass Democracy

Anti-Masonic Party

1. Clay and Jackson went off against each other in the election. Novel features made the campaign of 1832 especially memorable. 2. For for the first time a 3rd party entered the field. The Newborn Anti-Masonic Party which opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic Order. Energized by the mysterious disappearance and probable murder in 1826 of a New Yorker who was threatening to expose the secret rituals of the masons. 3. The Anti-Masonic Party quickly became a potent political force in New York and spread its influences to middle America and New England.

Andrew Jackson's threats to South Carolina

1. Such tactics might have imitated John Quincy Adams but Andrew Jackson was the wrong president to threaten. 2. Jackson wasn't a diehard supporter of the Tariff but he would not permit defiance or disunion. His military instincts rasped Jackson privately threatened to invade South Carolina and have the nullifiers hanged. 3. In public, Jackson dispatched Naval and Military reinforcements to South Carolina.

Election of 1832

1. A novelty of the presidential contest in 1832 was the calling of National nominating conventions. 3 of them to name candidates. The Anti-Masons and a group of National Republicans added on other innovation when they adopted formal platforms publicizing their positions on issues. 2. Henry Clay and his overconfident National Republicans enjoyed impressive advantages with lots of funding from groups. Yet Jackson defeated Henry Clay. 3. A wave that swept the West, South, Pennsylvania, New York. The Popular vote stood at 687,502 to 530,189 for Jackson. 219-49 Electoral votes.

Problems given to Van Burren as President

1. A pair of short-lived rebellions in Canada in 1837. Mostly over Political Reform but aggravated by unregulated immigration from the USA. 2. It started up ugly incidents along the Northern Frontier and threatened to trigger a war with Britain. Martin tried to stay neutral and not led to war. 3. The Anti-slave agitators in the north were also in full city. They were condemning the annexation of Texas. Worst of all Jackson headed to Van Burren the makings of depression. Hard times ordinarily bright the reputation of a president and Van Burren was no exception.

Dirty Attacks against John Quincy Adams

1. Adams also got critism Adams got large sums over the years in Federal salaries well earned though they have been. 2. Adams was even accussed of having precured a servant girl for the lust of the Russian Tsar.

Americans going to Texas

1. American's greed for land continued to settle the land of Texas. Which the USA had abandoned to Spain when acquiring Flordia in 1819. 2. Spanish Authorities wanted to populate the empty land but before they could carry through with there plans. Mexicans won there independence in 1821. A new government in Mexico concluded arrangements in 1823 for granting a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin. 3. With the understanding that he would bring in 300 American families.

Andrew Jackson's Platform

1. Andrew Jackson the war hero clearly has the strongest personal appeal especially in the west. Where his campaign against the forces of corruption and privilege in government were pushed. 2. He polled almost more popular votes then his two rivals combined but failed to win a majority of the electroal vote.

The Splitting of the Democratic Republicans

1. Andrew Jackson's next presidential campaign started early on February 9th, 1825. John Quincy Adam's controversial Election by the House was noisy for 4 years. 2. Even before the Election of 1828 the temporary United Democratic-Republicans of the Era of Good Feelings had split into 2 camps. 3. One was the National Republicans with Adams and the other the Democratic-Republicans with Jackson leading the ticket.

Tariff of 1832

1. Back in Washington Congress tipped the balance by passing the new tariff of 1832. It was very protective and fell far short of meeting Southern Demands. 2. To many Southerns it had a disquieting air of permance. The Nullification Crisis deepened.

How Jackson caused the Panic of 1837

1. But Speculation alone did not cause the crash. Jacksonian Finance, including the Bank War and the specie circular, gave an additional joint to an already teetering structure. 2. Failures of wheat crops, ravaged by the Hessian fly deepened the distress. Grain prices were forced so high that mobs in New York City went crazy 3 weeks before Van Burren took office. The Panic began before Jackson left office but its full fury fell upon Burren.

The South worried about Slaverly

1. But much deeper issues underlay the Southner outcry in particular a growing anxiety about possible Federal Interference with the institution of Slaverly. 2. The congressional debate on the Missouri Compromise had kindled those anxieties but the continuted slave uprisings scarded the people of the south.

Why was the Bank of USA bad?

1. But the Bank of the USA was a private institution accountable not to the people but to its elite circle of moneyed investors. 2. It's president Nicholas Biddle held immense and unconstitutional amounts of power over the Nation's Financial Affairs. Enemies of the bank called him Czar Nicolas I and called the Bank a " Hydra of Corruption " 3. The Banks very existence seemed to sin against the egalitarian spirit of American Democracy.

" The Bloody Bill "

1. By 1842 the rates would be back at the mildly protective level of 1816. The compromise tariff of 1833 finally squeezed through Congress. 2. The debate was bitter with most of the opposition naturally coming from protectionist New England and the Middle States. Calhoun and the South favored the compromise. But at the same time, Congress passed the force bill known among Carolinians as the Bloody Bill. 3. This bill authorized the President to the Army and the Navy if necessary to collect Federal Tariff Duties.

Adam's Nationalistic views against the Nation

1. Durning his entire adminstration he removed only 12 public servants from the Federal Payroll. Adam's nationalistic views gave him furture further foes. 2. Much of the nation was turning away from Post-Ghent Nationalism and towered state's rights and sectionalism. But Adams swam against the tide. Confirmed Nationalism that he was Adams in his first annual message urged upon Congress the construcation of roads and cannals. 3. He renewed George Washington's proposal for a national university and advocated for a national university and advocated for federal support for an astronomical observatory.

Washington's approach to Native Americans

1. Federal Policy toward the natives varied. Beginning in the 1790s the Washington Government recognized the tribes as separate Nations and agreed to acquire land from them only through formal treaties. 2. The Indians were shrewd and stubborn negotiators. But this changed when Americans routinely violated there own covenants erasing and redrawing treaty line after treaty line on their maps as white settlement pushed West.

Henry Clay's action against Andrew Jackson

1. Former Senator Robert Y. Hayne responded with a counter production. If a civil war was to be avoided one side would have to surrender or both would have to compromise. 2. Henry Clay of Kentucky now in the Senate stepped forward an enemy of Jackson. He had no desire to see Jackson win by crushing the Carolinians and returning with the defeat of Calhoun. 3. Although Henry Clay supported the Tariffs, therefore, he threw his influence behind a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of 8 years.

Increasing conflict with Texas and Mexico

1. Friction rapidly increased between Mexicans and Texas over issues such as slavery, immigration, and local rights. Slavery especially was a touchy subject. Mexico emancipated it's slaves in 1830 and prohibited for there colonization by Americans. 2. The Texans refused to honor these decrees they kept their slaves in bondage and new American settlers kept bringing more slaves into Texas. 3. When Stephen Austin went to Mexico City in 1833 to explain their differences with the Mexican Government the dictator Santa Anna put him in jail for 8 months.

The Election of 1840

1. Harrison won by a close margin of 1,274,624 to 1,127,781 votes with 234 to 60 electoral votes. America faced two economic visons on how to deal with panic. 2. Whigs wanted to expand and stimulate the economy. Democrats favored retrenchment and an end to high flying banks and aggressive corporations.

The Divorce Bill

1. He was convinced that some of the financial fear was fed by the injection of Federal Funds into Private Banks. He championed the principle of divorcing the government from banking altogether. 2. By establishing an independent treasury the government could lock its surplus money in values in several of the largest cities. Government funds would then be safe. But they would be denied to the banking system as reserves, therefore, shriveling available credit resources. 3. Van Buren's Divorce Bill was never popular. The Democrats barely supported it. The Whigs hated it primarily because it killed there hopes to revive the Bank of USA. After a struggle, the independent treasury bill passed Congress in 1840. Repealed by the Whigs in 1841.

Henry Clay's failure against Jackson

1. Henry Clay's political instincts continued to fail him. Delighted with the financial failures of Jackson's message but to Jackson's political appeal he arranged to have thousands of copies printed as campaign documents. 2. The President's accusations may have turned off the people in the East but made sense to the common person. The Bank issue was now thrown into the presidential election of 1832.

Immigrants who came to Texas

1. Immigrants to Texas would be Roman Catholic and upon settlement would be Mexicaned. These requirements were largely ignored. Texas pioneers remained American at heart. Annoyed with the presence of foreign governments, Annoyed by the presence of Mexican soldiers. 2. Texan Americans numbered about 30,000 most of them law-abiding, god-fearing people. The pioneer individualists who came to Texas were not easy to push around.

Government efforts to turn the Indians

1. In 1793 Congress appropriated $20,000 for the promotion of literacy and agricultural and vocational instruction among the Indians. 2. Although many tribes violently resisted white encroachment others followed the path of accommodation.

The Rise of the Democratic Party

1. In 1828 a new Politcal Party called the Democratic Party captured the white house. By the 1830's the democrats faced an oppostion party the Whigs. A new kind of two-party system.

Trail of Tears (1838)

1. In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act providing foe the transplanting of Indian Tribes then resident east of the Mississippi. The heaviest blows fell on the 5 civilized tribes on the forced marches. 2. Notably the Cherokees along the trail of tears to the newly established Indian Territory where they would be permanently free of white encroachments.

Elecation results of 1824 goes to the House

1. In such a deadlock the house directed by the 12th Amendment must chose among the top 3 candiates. 2. Clay was elimated but as speaker of the house presided over the chamber that had to pick the winner. Henry Clay was in a postion to throw the elecation to a candiate of his choice. 3. Crawford recently fell by paralytic stroke was out of the question. Clay hated Jackson and his allegience to the west. Jackson hated Clay's public denunciation of his Flordia Invasion in 1818. 4. The only candiate that was left was Adams they had never had a professional relationship. But the two men had much in common poltically both were Nationalists and advocates of the American System.

Why New England wanted Tariffs

1. In the 1820's influential New Englanders like Daniel Webster gave up their traditional defense of free trade to support higher tariffs too. The Wool and Textile industry were booming and forward-thinking Americans came to believe that their future prosperity would come from there own factories rather than the seas. 2. But Wool Manufacturers bleated for high barriers. Jacksonites promoted high tariff bills expecting to be defeated which would give a black eye to President Adams.

Carolina Exposition

1. In time to take a strong stand on principle against all Federal Encroachments on State's Rights. South Carolina took the lead in protesting against the tariff of Abominations. 2. Their legislature was so far in 1828 to publish a pamphlet known as the Carolina Exposition. Secretly written by John C Calhoun one of the top political theorists ever produced by America. 3. The Exposition denounced the recent tariffs unjust and unconstitutional. Going beyond the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 it bluntly and explicitly proposed the states should nullify the tariff.

Why did the Whig Party stand for?

1. Instead of boundless territorial acquisition, they called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. They supported institutions like prisons, asylums, and public schools. 2. The Whigs welcomed the market economy drawing support from manufacturers in the north, planters in the south, and merchants and bankers in all sections. 3. The Whigs were not simply a party of wealthy fatcats like the Democrats painted them to be. By absorbing the Anti-Masonic Party the whigs blunted much of the Democratic appeal to the common man.

Andrew Jackson defending the Spoils System

1. Jackson defended the Spoils System on Democratic grounds. He argued that someone you know could work better than a stranger. And the constant turning of members would keep things fresh. 2. Washington was due for a house cleaning. No party overturns had occurred since the defeat of the Federalists in 1800 controlled by the DR's. 3. Barely making any progress. But the Spoils System was less about finding new people and rewarding those who benefitted the Democrats.

Indian Removal Act

1. Jackson snapped at the Indian's Defense and wanted his decision enforced. Jackson proposed the removal of the remaining eastern tribes. 2. Mainly the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles beyond Mississippi. Emigration was originally supposed to be voluntary because it would be cruel and unjust to compel the aboriginals to abandon on the graves of there people. 3. Jackson thought that the Indians could preserve their Native Cultures in the west. Jackson's policy led to the forced removal of more than 100,000 Indians.

Native Americans before western expansion

1. Jackson's Democrats were committed to Western Expansion but such expansion necessarily meant confrontation with the Native Americans. 2. More than 125,000 Native Americans lived the forests and prairies east of the Mississippi River in the 1820s.

Jackson's Inauguration

1. Jackson's Inauguration seemed to symbolize the ascendancy of the masses. " Hickoryites" poured into Washington D.C. from far away. 2. They were curious to see there hero take office and hoped to pick up well-paying office jobs themselves. 3. The White House was thrown open for the first time to the public. A crowd of rubbernecking clerks, shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers surged in. Breaking items of value Jackson got people on the lawn by moving all the alcohol outside.

Andrew Jackson's Elecation Stragerty.

1. Jackson's followers presented Jackson as a hero and as a rough Frontiersman and champion of the commonman. 2. They denounced Adams as a corrupt Aristocrat and argured the will of the people had been screwed over in 1825. The only way to right the wrong was to seat Jackson who would then bring about reform. By sweeping out the dishonest Adams gang. 3. Much of this talk was poltical hyperbole. Jackson was no Frontier Farmer he was a wealthy planter. Jackson was born in a Log Cabin but now lived in a luxurious manor off the labor of his many slaves. And Adams though perhaps an Aristocract was far from corrupt.

Jackson's Upbringing

1. Jackson's upbringing had it's short comings. Born in the Carolinas and early orphaned. Andrew grew up without parental restraints. As a kid he displayed much more intrest on brawling and cockfighting than in opportunities for reading and spelling. 2. Even though Andrew eventually learned his gramar and spelling was always weak. Andrew moved upwest from the Carolinas to Tennesse. Where fighting was praisded above intelligence. 3. Through Native intelligence, force of personality, and power of leadership Andrew Jackson became a judge and a member of Congress. Afflicted with a violent temper, he became involved in a number of duels, stabbings, and bloody fights.

The Rise of John Quincy Adams

1. John Quincy Adams was a closeted thinker rather then a poltican. He was irritable, sarcastic, and tactics yet few indidviduals have evercome to the presidency with a more brillant record in statecraft epscially in foreign affairs. 2. He ranks as one of the most sucessful secretarties of state yet one of the least sucessful presidents. Adams entered the White House under charges of " Bargin. " Corruption" and " Unsupation." 3. Fewer than 1/3 of voters voted for him. As the first minority president he found it diffcult to win popular support even under favorable condtions. He had achievded high office by commanding respect rather then popularity. While Adam's enemies acussed him of striking a corrupt bargin his poltical allies wished he would strike a few more.

European involvement in the Panic

1. Late in 1836, the failure of two prominent British Banks created tremors. And these in turn caused the British investors to call in foreign loans. 2. The Resulting pinch in the USA combined with other setbacks heralded the beginning of the panic. Europe's economic distresses have often become America's distresses. 3. Every major American Financial panic has been affected by conditions oversees. Hardships were cute widespread. American Banks collapsed by the hundreds including some "pet" banks. Which carried down several million in government funds. Commodity prices dropped, sales of public land fell off and custom revenues dried. Factories closed and unemployment increased rapidly.

Americans attempt to Chiristianizing Indians

1. Many White Americans felt respect and admiration for the Indians and believed that they could be assimilated into white society. 2. Much energy, therefore, was devoted to " civilizing and Christianizing the Indians." The Society for propagating the gospel among Indians was founded in 1787. Many denominations sent missionaries into Indian Villages.

The rise of Martin Van Buren

1. Martin Van Buren 8th President was the first to be born under the American Flag. The New President labored under several handicaps. As a machine-made candidate, he got resentment of many Democrats who hated how Martin got basically won the election because of Jackson. 2. The people felt let down inheriting Andrew Jackson's seat without his popularity. Van Burren also inherited the ex-president's enemies. Van Burren 4 years overflowed with toil and trouble.

The Rise of William Henry Harrison

1. Martin Van Buren was renominated by the Democrats in 1840. Without terrific enthusiasm. The Whigs were desperate to win the presidency. Learning from there mistake in 1836 the Whigs united behind one candidate. Ohio's William Henry Harrison. 2. Known for his success against Indians and the British at the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Thames. John Tyler of Virginia was chosen as his vice president. 3. The Whigs were eager to avoid offense published no official platform. Hoping to with a pro-Harrison Campaign. Harrison was portrayed as a hero looking like a poor farmer called from his cabin to drive corrupt Jackson Spoilsmen from the " Presidental palace." Making Van Burren look like a rich Aristocrat.

Dirty Attacks against Andrew Jackson

1. Mudslidding reached new lows in 1828 and the electroate devloped a taste for bare knuckle poltics. They described Jackson's mother as a prostitute and his wife as a Adulters. 2. They printed Black Bordered handbills shapded like coffins, recounting Jackson's numerous duels and brawlsand trumpeting his hanging of 6 miltamen.

Outcomes of the Nullification Crisis

1. Neither Jackson nor the nullies won a clear cut victory in 1833. Clay was the true hero of the hour hailed in Charleston and Boston alike for saving the country. 2. Armed conflict had been avoided but the fundamental issues had not been resolved. When the nullies and the union clashed compromise would be proved more useful.

The Birth of the Whig Party

1. New Political Parties were created as the 1830s lengthed as early as 1828 Jackson's faction of the Democratic-Republicans became the Democratic Party. Jackson's opponents mad at his ironfisted exercise of Presidental Power called him " King Andrew " 2. They called themselves Whigs a name chosen to remind people of the British and revoluntary ideas of tyrannical monarchy. The Whig Party contained so many diverse elements of hatred of Jackson and his executive usurpation.

New kinds of campaigning

1. New forms of poltics emergded in this era. Candiates used banners, badges, parades, barbeacues, free drinks, and baby kissing to get the vote. 2. Voter turnout rose dramatically, only 1/4 of eligible voters cast a ballot in the presidental elecation but that proporation doubled in 1828. 3. And in 1840 it reached 78%

South Carolina Nullification Crisis

1. Nullifiers and Unionists clashed head-on in the state election of 1832. Nullies wearing Palmetto Ribbons on their hats emerged with more than a 2/3 majority. 2. The state legislature called for a convention in Columbia and declared the existing tariff to be null avoided within South Carolina. 3. As a further act of defiance, the convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the union.

Election of 1828

1. On the voting day, the electorate split largely sectional lines. Jackson's strongest support came from the West and the South. The Middle States and the old Northeast were divided. 2. While Adams won New England and elements of the Northeast. But when the popular vote was converted to electoral votes. General Jackson's triumph could not be denied. Jackson won by Adams with an electoral count of 178 to 83. 3. Thanks due to the western states and the south parts of the Northeast like New York and Pennsylvania.

The Spoils System

1. Once in power the Democrats famously suspicious of the Federal Government demonstrated they were not above striking some bargains of there own. 2. Under Jackson, the Spoils System rewarding political supporters with the public office was introduced into the Federal Government on a large scale. 3. The System secured a firm hold in New York and Pennsylvania where well-greased Party Machines handed out the "gravy" of office.

Jackson's war on the Bank of USA

1. President Jackson did not hate all banks and business but he distressed Monopolistic Banking and oversized businesses. 2. Jackson wanted to share the prejudices of his own West against the " Moneyed Monster " known as the Bank of the USA.

People against Jackson's Bank decisons

1. Removing the deposits involved nasty complications even the President's closet advisers opposed this saying it was unnecessary and possibly unconstitutional. Jackson was forced to reshuffle his cabinet twice before he could find a secretary of the treasury who would agree with his decisions. 2. Desperate Biddle called in his bank loans evidently hoping to illustrate the Bank's importance by producing a minor financial crisis. A number of wobblier banks were driven to the wall by " Biddle's Panic " But Jackson's resolution was firm. 3. But the death of the Bank of the USA left a financial Vacuum in the American Economy and kicked off a lurching cycle of booms and busts.

End of Texas Revolution

1. Sam Houston's army retreated to the east. Luring Santa Anna to San Jacinto. The Mexicans numbered about 1,300 men Texan 900. 2. Suddenly on April 21, 1836, Houston turned taking advantage of the Mexican siesta the Texans wiped out the pursuing force and captured Santa Anna. 3. The dictator was induced to sign 2 treaties. By there terms, he agreed to withdraw Mexican troops and to recognize the Rio Grande as the Southwest boundary of Texas. When released Santa Anna said the agreements were illegal and refused to act. These events put the U.S. government in a sticky situation.

Corrupt Deal of 1824

1. Shortly before the final ballot Clay met privately with Adams and gave him support. Decison came in 1825 the House met, on the ballot thanks to Clay's behind the scences Adams was elecated President. 2. A few days later it was annoucded that Henry Clay would be the new Secretarty of State. Being Secretarty of State made you likely to be the next president back then. 3/4 secretarties became President 3. According to Jackson supporters Adams had bribed Clay with the postion. Masses of Angry Jackson supporters most of them common folk raised in a roar of protest against then Corrupt Bargain. No postive evdeince has yet been unearthed to prove that Adams and Clay had a bargain. Even if there was a Bargain it wouldn't have been igeal.

Cherokee Nation holding Slaves

1. Some Cherokees became prosperous Cotton Planters and even turned to slaveholding. Nearly 1,300 black slaves worked for there Native American Masters in the Cherokee Nation in the 1820s.

End of Nullification Crisis

1. South Carolinas faced away from the attention of the bill. No other Southern States has sprung to there support through Georgia and Virginia toyed with the idea. 2. A unionist minority within South Carolina was gathering guns, organizing militias, and nailing stars and strips to flag poles. Faced with a civil war within and invasion the Columbia Convention met again and repealed the ordinance of nullification.

Results from the death of the Bank of USA

1. Surplus Federal Funds were placed in several dozens state in situations called Pet Banks. Without a sober Central Bank in control, the Pet Banks and smaller "wildcat" Banks flooded the country with paper money. 2. Jackson tried to rein in the runaway economy in 1836. "wildcat" currency had become so unreliable especially in the west. That Jackson authorized the treasury to issue a specie circular. A decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard" metallic money. This step slammed the brakes on the speculative boom. 3. A change of direction that contributed to financial panic and crash in 1837. By then Jackson was retired and his predecessor would have to deal with it.

Black Hawk War (1831-1832)

1. Suspicious of the White's Intentions from the start. Sauk and Fox braves from Illinois and Wisconsin led by Black Hawk resisted eviction. 2. The Indians were bloodily crushed in the Black Hawk War of 1832 by regular troops. Including Lieutenant Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and by volunteers including Captain Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. 3. In Florida, the Seminole Indians joined by runaway Black Slaves retreated to Flordia. For 7 years ( 1835 - 1842 ) they waged a bitter guerilla war that killed 1,500 soldiers.

Why Texas joining America was disliked.

1. Texas officially petitioned for annexation in 1837. But America was distasted with the slavery issue. Anti-Slavery Americans in the North were opposing annexation. 2. They contended that the whole scheme was a conspiracy cooked up by southern " Slavocracy" to bring new slave pens into the union. 3. Many Texans were slaveholders and admitting Texas to the union inescapable meant enlarging American Slavery.

Who did the Anti-Masonic party of 1832 appeal to?

1. The Anti-Masons appealed to long-standing American suspicions of secret societies. Which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly. Which appealed to DR's. 2. But Jackson himself was a mason and publically gloried in his membership. The Anti Masons was also an Anti-Jackson Party. The Party attracted support from many evangelical protestant groups seeking to use political power to effect moral and religious reforms. 3. Such as prohibiting mail delivery on Sunday and keep the Sabbath Holy. This moral duty annoyed DR's who were opposed to all governments meddling in social and economic life.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

1. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was established in 1836 to administer relations with America's original inhabitants. But as the land-hungry white people pushed west faster than anticipated the government's permanent Indian Land went in smoke. 2. Their " Permanent " land only lasted 15 years.

Cherokees adoption of white ways

1. The Cherokees of Georgia made remarkable efforts to learn the ways of the whites. They gradually abandoned their seminomadic life and adopted a system of settled agriculture and a notion of private property. 2. Missionaries opened schools among the Cherokee and the Indian Sequoyah devised a Cherokee Alphabet. In 1808 the Cherokee National Councils Legislated a written legal code. And in 1827 it adopted a written constitution that provided for Executive, legislative, and Judicial Branches of Government.

Indains Pushed out of Georiga

1. The Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles were called among the " 5 civilized tribes " 2. All this embrace of civilization apparently was not good enough for whites. In 1828 the Georgia Legislature declared the Cherokee Tribal Council illegal and asserted it's jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indians lands. 3. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court which upheld the rights of Indians. But President Jackson wanted to open Indian lands to white settlement and refused to recognize the court's decision.

How the Election of 1840 changed American Poltics.

1. The Election of 1840 demonstrated 2 major changes in American politics since the era of good feelings the first was the triumph of a populist Democratic style. 2. By the 1840s aristocracy was taint, democracy was respectable. The politician was now forced to curry favor with the voting masses. 3. Wealthy and prominent men had to forsake all social pretensions and cultivate the common touch if they hoped to win elections. Appeal to the common man instead of the rich.

Why wasn't the " Era of good Feelings " wasn't so great

1. The Era of good feelings wasn't really great it was shattred by the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820. 2. Economic distress and the slavery issue raised the poltical stakes in the 1820's and 1830's 3. Poltical Conflict came to be celebrated as neccsary for the health of Democracy. New Poltical Parties emergded and new styles of campaigning took hold.

Why was Jackson unique?

1. The First President from the West the first nominee at a formal party convention in 1832 without a college education. 2. Jackson was unique he had risen from the masses but he was not one of them. Except he shared many of their prejudices. A frontier Aristocrat he owned many slaves, cultivated broad acres, and lived in the finest mansions in America. 3. More western than eastern, more countryman than common man, more country than crude he was hard to put into a category.

Why was the South screwed over by the tariff?

1. The Northeast was experiencing a boom in manufacturing. The West was proposing from rising property values and a multiplying population. The Southwest was expanding into the Cotton Industry. The old South was falling on hard times and the tariff provided a convent and plausible scapegoat. 2. Southerners sold their cotton and other farm produce in a world market completely unprotected by tariffs but were forced to buy there manufactured goods in an American Market heavily protected by tariffs. Protectionism protected Yankee and middle state manufacturers. The Farmers and planters of the Old South felt they were struck with the bill.

The Spread of the Panic of 1837.

1. The Panic of 1837 was a symptom of the financial sickness of the times. Its basic cause was rampant speculation promoted by a mania of get-rich-quickism. 2. Gamblers in Western lands were doing a " Land office business" on borrowed capital much of the shakey currency of wildcat banks. The speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves.

The Public's reaction to Adam's prospals

1. The Public reaction to these proposals was unfavorable. To many work a day Americans though that stuff was a waste of public funds. 2. If the Federal Government should take on heavy burdens it would have to continue the hated tariff duties. Worse off it could meddle local concerns like education and roads, it might eventully mess with Black Slaverly. 3. Adam's land policy antagonizded the Westerns people clamored for wide-open expansion and resented the President's attempts to curb public domain.

The end of the Recharter Bank Bill

1. The Recharter Bill slid through Congress as planned but was vetoed by Jackson. Jackson was declared the monopolistic bank unconstitutional. 2. The Supreme Court had earlier declared it constitutional in the case of Mcculloch v Maryland. But Jackson acted as though he regarded the Executive Branch as superior to the Judicial Branch. Jackson's veto message created constitutional consequences. 3. It not only squashed the Bank bill but it amplified the power of the President. Even though Jackson involved the constitution in his bank veto message he essentially argued that he was vetoing the bill because he found it harmful to the nation.

The end of the Black Hawk War

1. The Spirit of the Seminoles was broken in 1837 when the American Field Commander seized there leader Osceola under a flag of truce. The war dragged on for 5 more years where their descents now live. 2. About 4/5 moved to Oklahoma where several thousand of the tribes survive.

How the Spoils System helped form the 2 Party System

1. The Spoils System was an important element of the emerging 2 party order. Loyalty to parties over claims based on economic class or geographic region. 2. The promise of patronage provided a compelling reason for Americans to pick a party and stick with it thick and thin.

South Carolina's Nullies attempt to block the Tariff

1. The Stage was set for a showdown. Through Jackson's first term the nullies tried to get the necessarly 2/3 vote for nullification in the South Carolina legislature. 2. But they were blocked by a determined minority of unionists.

The Issue of higher or lower Tariffs

1. The Tariff Issue had been one of John Quincy Adam's biggest headaches. Now Andrew Jackson felt his pain. Tariffs protected American Industry against competition from European Manufactured goods. 2. But they also drove up prices for all American's agricultural goods exported abroad. The middle states had been long supporters of protective tariffs.

America helping the Texas Revolution

1. The Texans could have won their independence without help and supplies from Americans. The Mexicans complained America had an obligation under international law to enforce its neutrality status. 2. But American public opinion overwhelming favorable to the Texans openly nullified the existing legislation. The Federal authorities were powerless to act President Jackson extended the right to recognition to Texas led by Sam Houston. 3. Many Texans wanted not just recognition of the Independence but outright union with the USA.

The Whig's proposal to the Bank

1. The Whigs came forward with proposals for active government remedies to fix the economy. They called for expansion of Bank credit, Higher tariffs, and subsides for internal improvement. 2. But Van Burren influced by Jackson's philosophy of keep a low powerful government ignored these proposals. Van Burren tried to apply vintage Jacksonian policy to aiding the Economy through the " Divorce Bill "

Supporters of Whig Party

1. The Whigs first emerged as a group in the Senate where Clay, Webster, and Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handled removal of Federal Deposits from the Bank of USA. 2. Afterward, the Whigs rapidly evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson. Supporters included supporters of Clay's American system, Southern State's righters offended by Jackson's stand on nullification, the large northern industrialists and merchants, and eventually many of the Evangelical Protestants associated with the Anti-Masonic Party 3. The Whigs thought themselves as conservatives yet they were progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms.

What Andrew Jackson had at stake for the Bank of the USA

1. The bank war erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank of the USA's Charter. 2. The Charter wasn't set to expire until 1836. But Clay pushed for renewal 4 years early to make it an election issue in 1832. As Jackson's leading rival for the presidency Clay with fateful blindness looked upon the Bank Issue as a winner. 3. Clay's plan was to ram a recharter bill through Congress and sent it to the White House. If Jackson signed it he would alienate his worshipful Western followers. If Jackson vetoed it he would lose the presidency in the forthcoming election by alienating the wealthy and influential groups in the east

Pressure to take action on Slavery

1. The congressional debate on the Missouri Compromise had kindled those anxieties and they further fanned led by a free black named Denmark Vesey. 2. The South Carolinians still closely tied to the slave-owning cousins were feeling the pressure of British Abolition on the London Government. 3. Abolitionism in America similarly used the power of the government in Washington to suppress Slavery in the South.

Why the Bank of the USA was hated in the West

1. The conviction formed Jackson's opposition. The Bank also won no friends in the West by foreclosing on many western farms and draining tribute into eastern coffers. Profit, not public service was its first goal.

The Lone Star State gains Indepence

1. The explosion finally came in 1835 when Santa Anna wiped out all local rights and started to raise an army to suppress the Texans. 2. Early in 1836 the Texans declared their independence and used the lone star flag and named Sam Houston Commander in Chief. Santa Anna with 6,000 men swept in Texas. 3. Trapping nearly 200 people at the Alamo in San Antonio wiped them out after a 13-year siege. All these operations further delayed the Mexican advance and killed American Opposition. Scores of vengeful Americans seized their rifles and rushed to the aid of relatives, friends, and compatriots.

Adam's attempt to deal with Cherokee Indians

1. The fate of the Cherokee Indians threatned with eviction from their holdings in Georgia. Brought even more bitterness. 2. White Georgians wanted the Cherokees out. Adams attempted to deal fairly with the Indians. 3. The Georgia Governor by threating to resort to arms sucessfully resisted the efforts of the Washington D.C. Government to interpose Federal Authority on behalf of the Cherokees.

The fight for the Presidency of 1824

1. The last of the old style elecations was marked by the controversial corrupt bargain of 1824. James Monroe last of the Virginia Dynasty completed his second term. 2. 4 candiates towered above the others John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford and Andrew Jackson. 3. All 4 rivals professed to be DR's because well organized parties had yet emergded. The results of the noisy campaign were intressing but confessing.

Power of the Bank of America

1. The national government minted gold and silver coins in the mid-1800s but did not issue money. Paper notes were printed by private banks. Their value fluctuated with the health of the Bank and the amounts of money printed. Giving private bankers considerable power over the nation's economy. 2. No bank in America had more power than the Bank of the USA. In many ways, the Bank acted as a branch of government. It was the principal depository for the funds of the Washington Government and controlled much of the nation's gold and silver. 3. Unlike smaller Banks that were stable in value a source of credit and stability, the Bank was an important and useful part of the Nation's expanding economy.

Why did the South hate the tariffs?

1. To the Jacksonite's surprise, the Tariff passed in 1828 and Andrew Jackson inherited a lot of heat. Southerners as heavy consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry of there own were hostile to the Tariffs. 2. They were shocked by the rate of the tariffs of 1828. Branded it the " Black Tariff" or the tariff of abominations. The several Southern States opted for formal protests. The Southerners reacted so angrily against the tariffs because they believed " The Yankees Tariff" discriminated against them.

Election of 1836

1. Vice President Martin Van Burren of New York was Jackson's choice for " Appointment." as his successor in 1836. Jackson, nearly 70 years was too old to even consider running for a 3rd term. 2. Jackson rigged the nominating convention and rammed Van Burren down the throats of the delegates. Van Burren was supported by the Jacksonites without wild enthusiasm. As the election neared the Whigs showed their inability to nominate a single candidate. 3. Their long-shot strategy was instead to run several prominent figures each with a different regional appeal and hope to scatter the vote so that no candidate would win a majority. The deadlock would have to be broken by the House where the Whigs might have a chance. This failed Van Burren won office with a popular vote of 75,483 and 170 Electoral votes.

The negatives of the Spoils System

1. What Democrats basically provided what they asked of there appointees. less about " What can he do for the country." instead of " What has he done for the party" or " Is he loyal to Jackson?" 2. Scandal inevitably accompanied the new system men who had openly bought their posts by campaign contributions were appointed to office. Illiterates, Incompetents, and crooks were given positions of public trust.

Jackson destroying the Bank of USA

1. With its charter denied the Bank of the USA was due to expire in 1836. Jackson was convinced that now that he had trust from voters for the Bank's extermination and he feared that someone may try to restart the bank again. 2. Jackson, therefore, decided in 1833 to bury the bank for good by removing Federal Deposits from its values. He proposed depositing no more funds with Biddle and gradually shrinking existing deposits by using them to defrey the day to day expenses of the Government. 3. By slowly siphoning off the government's funds he would bleed the bank dry and ensure it's demise.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there were widespread unemployment and distress.