Chapter 13

1) The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the A) coccygeal ligament. B) conus medullaris. C) cauda equine. D) subarachnoid space. E) denticulum latum.

A

13) In ________, one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons. A) divergence B) intercommunication C) a plexus D) a pool E) convergence

A

14) Interneurons are organized into functional groups called A) neuronal pools. B) plexi. C) rami. D) spindles. E) perineuria.

A

15) The neural "wiring" of a single reflex is called a(n) A) reflex arc. B) ramus. C) ganglion. D) tract. E) intershoot.

A

19) Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the A) pia mater. B) dura mater. C) epidural space. D) subdural space. E) subarachnoid space.

A

19) Reflexes that activate muscles on the opposite side of the body as the stimulus are called A) contralateral. B) ipsilateral. C) commensual. D) involuntary. E) parasympathetic.

A

20) In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron. A) monosynaptic B) ipsilateral C) commensual D) involuntary E) polysynaptic

A

22) Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? A) loss of sensation in his torso B) inability to breathe C) problems with moving his arms D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) problems moving his legs

A

25) The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

A

3) The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed A) paraplegia. B) hemiplegia. C) spinal shock. D) quadriplegia. E) spinal transection.

A

31) The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. B) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions. C) sensory and motor nuclei. D) both axons and dendrites. E) interneurons.

A

40) The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the A) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) dorsal ramus. D) ventral ramus. E) dermatomes.

A

45) Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) coccygeal

A

49) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the A) perineurium. B) epineurium. C) endoneurium. D) epimysium. E) endosteum.

A

5) The dorsal root contains ________ neurons. A) sensory B) motor C) interneurons D) efferent E) unipolar

A

52) The obturator nerve is distributed to the A) adductors of the hip. B) skin over the perineum. C) extensors of the hip. D) skin over buttocks. E) biceps femoris.

A

53) A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will A) lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis. B) interfere with position sense. C) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense. D) block autonomic regulation. E) affect visceral motor function.

A

57) The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the A) endoneurium. B) perineurium. C) aponeurium. D) metaneurium. E) subneurium.

A

59) If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he A) might be unable to breathe on his own. B) could walk without difficulty. C) would have full range of motion in all extremities. D) would be in a coma. E) would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

A

7) The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

A

74) You are sitting at a Mexican restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit. A) parallel B) reverberation C) serial D) convergent E) consensual

A

Anatomically, the spinal cord is part of the __________, and the spinal nerves are part of the __________. A. CNS; PNS B. PNS; CNS C. somatic division; autonomic division D. motor division; sensory division

A

12) The nerve crucial for breathing that originates within the cervical plexus is called the ________ nerve. A) brachial B) phrenic C) intercostal D) ganglion E) sciatic

B

16) Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A) filum terminale. B) subarachnoid space. C) dura mater. D) pia mater. E) arachnoid mater.

B

18) Reflexes that activate muscles on the same side of the body as the stimulus are called A) contralateral. B) ipsilateral. C) commensual. D) involuntary. E) parasympathetic.

B

4) The ________ separates the dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal. A) subdural space B) subarachnoid space C) epidural space D) venous dural sinus E) central canal

C

44) The ________ of each spinal nerve innervates the skin and muscles of the back. A) white ramus communicantes B) gray ramus communicantes C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatome

C

47) In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? A) cranial B) cervical C) brachial D) lumbar E) sacral

C

48) In the condition ________, a virus infects dorsal root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes. A) myasthenia gravis B) neuronal damage C) shingles D) chickenpox E) Hodgkin's disease

C

30) Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the A) anterior gray horns. B) lateral gray horns. C) posterior gray horns. D) gray commissures. E) white commissures.

D

12) The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the A) dura mater. B) subarachnoid space. C) arachnoid. D) pia mater. E) choroid plexus.

D

2) The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed A) paraplegia. B) hemiplegia. C) spinal shock. D) quadriplegia. E) spinal transection.

D

20) Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the A) dura mater. B) arachnoid mater. C) epidural space. D) subarachnoid space. E) cerebral ventricles.

D

23) The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) unmyelinated axons. B) neuroglia. C) Schwann cells. D) myelinated axons. E) nodes of Ranvier.

D

24) The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) nerve tracts. B) columns. C) meninges. D) neuron cell bodies. E) funiculi.

D

27) Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the A) central canal. B) posterior gray horns. C) gray commissures. D) white columns. E) anterior gray horns.

D

3) Spinal nerves are A) purely sensory. B) purely motor. C) both sensory and motor. D) interneuronal. E) involuntary.

C

2) The ________ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament. A) conus medullaris B) filum terminale C) cauda equina D) dorsal root E) ventral root

B

26) The anterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sensory nuclei. B) somatic motor nuclei. C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) sympathetic nuclei.

B

29) The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord, seen easily in microscopic spinal cord cross sections, are called A) wings. B) horns. C) pyramids. D) fibers. E) tracts.

B

41) The postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal nerve and contain postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are A) white rami communicantes. B) gray rami communicantes. C) dorsal ramus. D) ventral ramus. E) dermatomes.

B

43) Which of the following associations is incorrect? A) 8 cervical spinal nerves B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves C) 5 lumbar spinal nerves D) 5 sacral spinal nerves E) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

B

46) The ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus. A) cervical B) brachial C) lumbar D) sacral E) thoracic

B

55) Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve. A) saphenous B) sciatic C) femoral D) obturator E) genitofemoral

B

6) The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) interneurons.

B

76) Reflexes based on synapses formed during development are ________ reflexes. A) visceral B) innate C) acquired D) somatic E) vegetative

B

79) The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

B

8) The white ramus and the gray ramus collectively are called the A) spinal nerve. B) rami communicantes. C) meninges. D) ganglia. E) ascending tracts.

B

83) In which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater? A) a monosynaptic reflex B) a polysynaptic reflex

B

84) Which statement is false regarding reflexes? A) Reflex responses can change over time. B) You have no conscious control or modification ability over reflex action. C) Some reflex responses are hereditary. D) Reflex responses can be enhanced by repetition. E) All of the above statements are true; there are no false statements.

B

1) The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system. A) peripheral B) somatic C) central D) autonomic E) afferent

C

11) A complex, interwoven network of nerves is called a A) dermatome. B) ramus. C) plexus. D) ganglion. E) tracts.

C

11) The subdural space lies between A) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. B) the pia mater and the dura mater. C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater. D) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space. E) the endosteum and the periosteum.

C

13) A dorsal and ventral root of each spinal segment unite to form a A) cervical enlargement. B) lumbar enlargement. C) spinal nerve. D) spinal meninx. E) spinal ganglion.

C

17) The most complicated spinal reflexes are called A) collateral reflex arcs. B) ipsilateral reflex arcs. C) intersegmental reflex arcs. D) dermatomes. E) spinal plexuses.

C

17) The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age A) 20 years. B) 10 years. C) 4 years. D) 6 months. E) 2 months.

C

18) The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A) cranial meninges. B) cranial mater. C) spinal meninges. D) spinal mater. E) epidural membranes.

C

21) In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about A) T6. B) T10. C) L1. D) L5. E) C1.

C

28) In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as A) nuclei. B) ganglia. C) columns. D) nerves. E) horns.

C

61) Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body. Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed? A) the anterior gray horns B) the anterior gray commissures C) ascending tracts D) descending tracts E) the anterior white commissures

C

73) Recognized neuronal circuit patterns include all of the following except A) convergent. B) divergent. C) multipolar. D) reverberating. E) parallel processing.

C

78) All of the following are true of muscle spindles except that they A) are found within skeletal muscle. B) consist of specialized fibers called intrafusal fibers. C) are found in tendons. D) are the receptor for the stretch reflex. E) are innervated by gamma motor neurons.

C

8) The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A) arachnoid. B) pia mater. C) dura mater. D) epidural block. E) periosteum.

C

82) The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. C) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. D) usually depends on cranial neurons. E) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex.

C

What is the term for the expanded segment of the spinal cord where nerves that serve the shoulder and upper limbs exit? A. lumbar enlargement B. conus medullaris C. cervical enlargement D. dorsal root ganglion

C

38) Into what spinal area would one inject a chemical whose purpose is to anesthetize the patient? A) the subarachnoid space B) the central canal C) the subdural space D) the epidural space E) the venous dural sinus

D

39) The outermost connective-tissue covering of nerves is the A) endoneurium. B) endomysium. C) perineurium. D) epineurium. E) epimysium.

D

4) The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ segments. A) five B) twelve C) twenty-five D) thirty-one E) The number varies widely among individuals.

D

5) The dorsal root ganglia mainly contain A) axons of motor neurons. B) axons of sensory neurons. C) cell bodies of motor neurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) synapses.

D

50) Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. A) shoulder B) intercostal C) abdominal D) leg E) facial

D

51) The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. A) white rami communicantes B) gray rami communicantes C) dorsal ramus D) ventral ramus E) dermatomes

D

56) The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm. A) ansa cervicalis B) lesser occipital C) radial D) phrenic E) sciatic

D

58) The ventral rami form four major plexuses, including all of the following except the ________ plexus. A) brachial B) lumbar C) sacral D) nuchal E) cervical

D

7) During the procedure known as a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region. A) EEG B) encephalomyelogram C) laminectomy D) lumbar puncture E) thoracic tap

D

75) All of the following are true of neural reflexes except that they A) are automatic motor responses. B) are the simplest form of behavior. C) help preserve homeostasis. D) cannot be modified by the brain. E) involve at least two neurons.

D

80) Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called A) a crossed extensor reflex. B) a stretch reflex. C) a tendon reflex. D) reciprocal inhibition. E) reverberating circuits.

D

81) The ________ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles. A) stretch B) tendon C) flexor D) crossed extensor E) reciprocal

D

86) Which of the following is not true about a positive Babinski reflex? A) normal in newborns B) abnormal in adults C) a sign of injury to descending spinal tracts D) why you close your eyes when you sneeze E) flaring of the toes when the sole is stroked

D

9) After age ________, the vertebral column continues to elongate, but the spinal cord itself does not. A) 8 B) 12 C) 18 D) 4 E) 1

D

9) Suppose that you feel something brushing against your abdomen. The sensory information would be carried to the spinal cord over a(n) ________ ramus. A) dorsal B) sympathetic C) lateral D) ventral E) ascending

D

10) If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed, A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked. B) output to visceral organs would be blocked. C) the spinal cord would not be able to process information at that level. D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord. E) sensory input would be blocked.

E

10) The specific strip of skin that is innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a A) rootlet. B) ramus. C) meninx. D) ganglion. E) dermatome.

E

14) In meningitis, A) inflammation of the meninges occurs. B) bacteria can be the cause. C) viruses can be the cause. D) CSF flow can be disrupted. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

15) Which of the following is true regarding an epidural block? A) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery. B) It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection. C) It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. D) It can provide mainly sensory anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected. E) All of the answers are correct.

E

16) ________ reflexes activate skeletal muscles. A) Involuntary B) Cranial C) Spinal D) Autonomic E) Somatic

E

21) A(n) ________ reflex has at least one interneuron placed between the sensory and motor neurons. A) monosynaptic B) ipsilateral C) commensual D) involuntary E) polysynaptic

E

42) Postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are A) dorsal rami. B) ventral rami. C) white rami. D) gray rami. E) sympathetic nerves.

E

54) The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n) A) dermatome. B) autonomic nerve. C) lateral nerve. D) tract. E) plexus.

E

6) Blood vessels traveling within the ________ space deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord. A) dura mater B) central C) epidural D) subdural E) subarachnoid

E

60) As the ________ nerve approaches the knee, it divides into two branches, the fibular nerve and the tibial nerve. A) perineal B) femoral C) brachial D) pudendal E) sciatic

E

62) The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the A) radial. B) median. C) ulnar. D) musculocutaneous. E) phrenic.

E

77) Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following except A) their development. B) where information processing occurs. C) the motor response. D) the complexity of the neural circuit. E) whether they are sensory or motor.

E

85) Tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. Her frightened parents take her to the emergency room, where she is examined. Her knee-jerk reflex is normal and she exhibits a plantar reflex (negative Babinski reflex). These results suggest that Tina has A) injured one of her descending nerve tracts. B) injured one of her ascending nerve tracts. C) a spinal injury in the lumbar region. D) a spinal injury in the cervical region. E) suffered no damage to her spinal cord.

E