chapter 13
Since 8-10% of the DNA in human cells consists of sequences from endogenous retroviruses, this demonstrates that viruses can be normal residents of the human body. cause only transient infections in humans. cause only chronic infections in humans.
can be normal residents of the human body.
if an agent is transferred from an infected person to another person without an intermediate object, substance or space, it is said to be ______ transmission. fomite vehicle indirect contact
contact
Some type of contact must occur between the skin or mucous membranes of an infected person and an infectee in order for __________ transmission to occur.
direct
Streptokinase and staphylokinase? digest mucus. digest keratin. produce fibrin clots. dissolve fibrin clots
dissolve fibrin clots
Starting in 2013, an outbreak caused by a filovirus called ________ virus quickly became an epidemic.
ebola
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n) ______. endotoxin enterotoxins. toxoid exoenzyme exotoxin
endotoxin
The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in human populations is called ______. epidemiology microbiology virology surveillance pathology
epidemiology
The ________ layer of the skin is continually sloughed off and replaced. epidermis dermis subcutaneous
epidermis
Extracellular enzymes utilized by microbes to dissolve host's defense barriers and promote the spread to deeper tissues are ________. exoenzymes capsules exotoxins endotoxins
exoenzymes
A toxin (usually a protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n) ________. toxoid exotoxin endotoxin exoenzyme
exotoxin
A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n)_________
exotoxin
Some microbes can produce an exotoxin called ________ which can induce the lysis of red blood cells.
hemolysin or hemolysins
An enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, which is the "glue" that holds host cells together, is called_________
hyaluronidase
The time period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms is known as the ______. incubation period period of invasion convalescent period prodromal stage
incubation period
The normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body can be referred to as: Multiple select questions. (5) transients parasites indigenous microflora resident microbiota pathogens normal microbiota normal flora commensals
indigenous microflora resident microbiota normal microbiota normal flora commensals
A nonspecific response to tissue damage that protects the host from further damage is known as ________. lymphadenitis inflammation leukopenia toxemia
inflammation
The gastrointestinal tract is the portal of entry for pathogens contained in ______ substances. ingested contacted inhaled injected
ingested
A state of inactive infection is called ______. latency source carrier reservoir sequelae
latency
Species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce ____________, substances that are toxic to white blood cells, including phagocytes.
leukocidins
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there. focal acute localized systemic mixed
localized
The internal cavity of any structure is generally referred to as the __________. Examples could include: the chamber inside of the small intestine or inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
lumen
The exoenzyme that digests the mucous coating on mucous membranes is called __________
mucinase
The first microbes to colonize the upper respiratory tract are __________ streptococci.
oral
The incubation period is characterized by ______. pathogen multiplication clear symptoms a constant length of time for all pathogens
pathogen multiplication
_________is a broad concept that describes an organism's potential to cause infection or disease.
pathogenicity
White blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles are generally referred to as ______. eosinophils erythrocytes pathogens phagocytes
phagocytes
The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the _________ of _________ .
portal ; entry
A pathogen is considered unsuccessful if it does not have a specific ________. toxin virulence factor adhesion mechanism portal of exit
portal of exit
A ______ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes. sequelae source carrier reservoir latency
reservoir
Evidence that viruses can be normal residents of the human body comes from the Human Genome Project showing that 8-10% of DNA in human cells consists of sequences from endogenous___________
retroviruses
Any subjective evidence of disease that is sensed by the patient is called a(n) _______. sign syndrome symptom
symptom
A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that has a poisonous effect on other organisms is a(n) ________. toxin biofilm capsule enzyme
toxin
Which are categories of virulence factors? toxins endospores antiphagocytic effects exoenzymes inflammation
toxins antiphagocytic effects exoenzymes
Bacterial kinases dissolve fibrin clots. true or fasle
true
Lactobacillus is a common bacterial resident of the female vagina. true or false
true
Any characteristic or structure of a pathogen that allows it to establish itself in a host or cause damage to the host is referred to as a(n) ______. entry portal microbial antagonist exit portal virulence factor
virulence factor
Pathogens enter the skin through which means? Multiple select question.(3) Bites of other organisms Digestive enzymes creating passage Breaks in the skin Diffusion across the stratum corneum
Bites of other organisms Digestive enzymes creating passage Breaks in the skin
__________ refers to the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors.
Blank 1: Adhesion
___________ transmission is a term used to describe the direct or indirect transmission of a pathogen through a population. HINT: This term is the opposite of the term used to describe the transmission of a pathogen from mother to offspring across the placenta.
Blank 1: Horizontal
________ is a nonspecific response to tissue injury or infection that protects the host from further damage.
Blank 1: Inflammation
________ are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing pathogens and cellular debris.
Blank 1: Phagocytes, Phagocytic, Macrophages, or Neutrophils
Virulence factors fall into three categories: _________ effects,________ , and ____________ (which can lead to toxemia).
Blank 1: antiphagocytic Blank 2: exoenzymes Blank 3: toxins
The exoenzyme that digests the collagen fibers in connective tissue is called__________
Blank 1: collagenase
A disease is considered ________ when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host.
Blank 1: communicable, contagious, or transmissible
A__________ is a bacterial toxin that is part of the gram-negative cell wall and is usually released only when the bacteria has been damaged or destroyed.
Blank 1: endotoxin, LPS, or lipopolysaccharide
A pathogen can directly damage its host by secreting __________ or ___________
Blank 1: exoenzymes, exoenzyme, or enzymes Blank 2: toxins, exotoxins, exotoxin, or toxin
Gastrointestinal pathogens enter via ________, __________, and other ingested substances.
Blank 1: food Blank 2: drink, beverage, or water
It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are called _________.
Blank 1: inapparent, asymptomatic, or subclinical
When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as ________
Blank 1: latency, latent, or persistence
The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as _________.
Blank 1: lipopolysaccharide or LPS
An infection that remains confined to the initial infection site is called a(n)_________ infection.
Blank 1: localized or local
The infectious dose is the _________ _______ of microbes required for an infection to proceed.
Blank 1: minimum, estimated, or smallest Blank 2: number, amount, or quantity
LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram ___________ cells.
Blank 1: negative
Lipopolysaccharide is located in the ___________ ____________of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.
Blank 1: outer Blank 2: membrane
A category of white blood cells called _________ are most likely to be the first defense encountered upon entering the host by a microbe that is not part of the normal biota.
Blank 1: phagocytes or neutrophils
The specific avenue through which pathogens depart the body is known as the________ of _________
Blank 1: portal Blank 2: exit
Any abnormality uncovered upon physical examination or diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease is referred to as a(n)__________
Blank 1: sign
A(n) ________ is an objective assessment of disease, as opposed to a(n) , _________ which is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.
Blank 1: sign Blank 2: symptom
A _______ is a product of an organism that is poisonous to other organisms.
Blank 1: toxin, endotoxin, or exotoxin
A(n) _________ ________ is a property of a microbe that improves their invasiveness or ability to evade host defenses in order to cause disease.
Blank 1: virulence Blank 2: factor
An exoenzyme that causes the clotting of blood or plasma is called _________
Coagulase
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma? Coagulase Mucinase Streptokinase Collagenase Keratinase Hyaluronidase
Coagulase
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the fibers in connective tissue? Hyaluronidase Keratinase Coagulase Mucinase Streptokinase Collagenase
Collagenase
Which of the following is NOT a means by which pathogens enter the skin? Breaks in the skin Contaminated needles Digestive enzymes of microorganisms creating a passageway Bites of other organisms Diffusion across the stratum corneum
Diffusion across the stratum corneum
Which factor does NOT make the human body a favorable environment for many different microbes? Dryness Stable pH Surface area Constant nourishment Stable temperature
Dryness
An infection characterized by high fever and severe gastrointestinal symptoms followed by rapid death, first observed in 2013, was caused by the Ebola virus. avian influenza virus. Zika virus. HIV.
Ebola virus.
________ is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations.
Epidemiology
A _________is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved in hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules or damage to host tissues.
Exoenzyme
LPS is found in which type of bacterial cells? L-forms Gram-negative Gram-positive Mycoplasmas Acid-fast
Gram-negative
______ are a type of bacterial exotoxin that disrupt the cell membrane of red blood cells. Enterotoxins Hemolysins A-B toxins Nephrotoxins Neurotoxins
Hemolysins
Which of the following is a term used to describe the "type" of transmission of a pathogen from one person to another, not including those transmitted from mother to fetus? Vertical Horizontal
Horizontal
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for digesting the "cement" that holds host cells together? Hyaluronidase Mucinase Keratinase Coagulase Streptokinase Collagenase
Hyaluronidase
What is the minimum number of microbes that must enter the body to cause infection? Lethal dose Infectious dose Effective dose Equivalent dose
Infectious dose
The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called _______.
Keratinase
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protein in the outermost skin cells? Keratinase Collagenase Coagulase Mucinase Hyaluronidase Streptokinase
Keratinase
Which of the following are considered to be signs of blood infection? Multiple select question.(3) Leukopenia Thrombopenia Anemia Microbes in blood Leukocytosis
Leukopenia Microbes in blood Leukocytosis
Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin? Streptolysin Collagenase Coagulase Staphylokinase Hemolysin Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Which of the following terms is used to describe the inside chamber of a structure (e.g., inside the small intestine or inside the endoplasmic reticulum)? Periplasm Matrix Cytoplasm Lumen
Lumen
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for breaking down the protective coating on mucous membranes? Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Coagulase Keratinase Mucinase Collagenase
Mucinase
Which are considered typical residents of the urethra? Multiple select question. Nonhemolytic streptococci Staphylococcus Haemophilus species Corynebacterium Helicobacter
Nonhemolytic streptococci Staphylococcus Corynebacterium
Where is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) located in bacterial cells? Outer membrane Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Periplasmic space Flagella Cytoplasm
Outer membrane
When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defense? Antibodies Phagocytes Lymphocytes Complement Pyrogens
Phagocytes
In reference to diseases, the natural host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its __________.
Reservoir
A pathogen can directly damage its host by Multiple select question.(2) Secretion of toxins Secretion of exoenzymes Inducing excessive immune responses
Secretion of toxins Secretion of exoenzymes
A(n) ______ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer. Sign Syndrome Symptom
Sign
Which of the following are generally more precise? Signs Symptoms
Signs
The outer layer of the_______, and scalp is constantly being shed to the environment.
Skin; epidermis
Which of the following are flora of the respiratory tract? Multiple select questions.(4) Escherichia coli Helicobacter Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus Lactobacillus Streptococcus species Clostridium species Neisseria species
Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus Streptococcus species Neisseria species
what factors make the human body a favorable environment for a wide range of microbes? Multiple select question. (4) Surface area Source of nourishment Moisture Temperature Immune system Dryness
Surface area Source of nourishment Moisture Temperature
A ________ is subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient.
Symptom
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a sign of blood infection? Thrombopenia Microbes in blood Leukocytosis Leukopenia
Thrombopenia
Diseases that are caused by toxins produced by other organisms are generally called ________.
Toxinoses
______ are diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms. Toxemia Endotoxin Exotoxins Toxinoses
Toxinoses
Which term is NOT used to refer to the normal microbes that inhabit the human body and usually do not cause disease? Indigenous biota Resident biota Transient biota Normal flora Commensals
Transient biota
True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.
True
True or false: A microbe may be active in host tissue, even if no overt symptoms of infection manifest themselves.
True
True or false: A portal of entry is the route a pathogen uses to get into the human host.
True
True or false: A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a leukocidin.
True
Pathogenicity is ______. a measure of the ability of a microorganism to grow on the human body. a structure or characteristic of a microorganism that contributes to the relative severity of a disease caused by the microorganism. a broad concept that describes an organism's ability to cause disease. the relative severity of of the disease caused by a particular microorganism.
a broad concept that describes an organism's ability to cause disease
The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry through interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors is called ______. opsonization adhesion attachment fusion
adhesion