Chapter 14

Which of the following dominated the Aztec state?

A hereditary nobility

Who was Prester John?

A mythical Christian king in Africa believed to be a descendant of one of the three kings who visited Jesus after his birth

What was Hernán Cortés's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?

Cortés was able to exploit internal dissention within the Mexica Empire

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

"[E]veryone gives the title of barbarism to everything that is not according to his usage." How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint, expressed in the quote above, to Europe's growing imperial activities?

He rejected the notion that one culture is superior to another

The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the

Indian Ocean Trade

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?

It divided the Pacific Ocean, giving Spain everything east of India and Portugal everything west of India

Who resisted the Portuguese efforts to gain control over Indian Ocean trade?

Muslim-controlled port cities

Which European nation- with the help of Genoese financiers, merchants, and navigators- initiated an exploration along the Atlantic Coast of Africa in search of new sources of gold, silver, and copper?

Portugal

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's, Geography, mislead European cartographers?

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west

In chronological order, what were the three successive commercial empires established by Europeans in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries?

The Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch

What group of people benefited the most from large price increases in the sixteenth century?

The middle class

What was the Portuguese caravel?

A three-mast sailing ship

Which of the following best characterizes the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

What motivations for exploration by Europeans are expressed in the following two quotes? Bartholomew Diaz: "[T]o serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those were in darkness, and to grow rich as all men desire to do." Hernán Cortés: "I have come to win gold, not to plow the fields like a peasant."

Accumulating wealth and converting indigenous populations to Christianity

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion

After losing access to slave trading from the Black Sea, the Genoese obtained which of the following as slaves?

Black Africans

How did French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration levels from France?

Colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women

Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?

Desire for material profit

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?

Enslavement benefited Africans by bring Christianity to them

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilzations

When Vasco de Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?

He hired an Indian pilot as his guide

According to his agreement with the Spanish crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?

He would be named viceroy over any territories he discovered and receive one-tenth of the material rewards of the journey

What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?

Islands off the coast of Japan

____________ were active in Japan and China in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, until authorities banned their teachings.

Jesuit missionaries

The _______ was the center of the Afro Eurasian trade world.

Mediterranean Sea

Which of the following plays by Shakespeare highlighted the issue of race?

Othello

In the fifteenth century, two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East: the Turkish Ottomans and the

Persian Safavids

Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by

Prince Henry

The New Laws put forward by King Charles I of Spain in 1542

Set limits on the authority of encomienda holders

How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Inca King Atahualpa?

The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him

How did the encomienda system function?

The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter

How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?

The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century?

The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?

The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarchy

How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?

They sought a northwest passage across North America

How did the Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?

They traded for slaves with local leaders

The Mongol emperors of China

encouraged trade with Europe

Bartolomé de Las Casas asserted that the Indians

had human rights

At the time of his death, Columbus believed the islands he found were

off the coast of Asia

Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because

there were religious disputes among the colonists

In the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company

took over much of the East Indies from Portugal

How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?

It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire

Spanish settlement in the Americas was centered on

towns and cities