Chapter 14 A&P 2
50) ________ describes the movement of fluid out of the capillary, while ________ describes the movement of fluid into the capillary. A) Hydrostatic pressure : oncotic pressure B) Edema : venous pooling C) Venous pooling : edema D) Absorption : filtration E) Filtration : absorption
E
58) Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs across capillaries and, to a lesser extent, A) arteries. B) veins. C) arterioles. D) metarterioles. E) venules.
E
6) Which of the following is NOT a component of the microcirculation? A) arterioles B) venules C) capillaries D) metarterioles E) veins
E
64) Which of the following would decrease central venous pressure? A) activity of skeletal muscles B) increased respiratory activity C) increased sympathetic activity D) increased blood volume E) standing up
E
78) Which of the following does NOT occur in response to baroreceptors detecting an increase in mean arterial pressure? A) decreased heart rate B) decreased venous compliance C) decreased end-diastolic volume D) decreased frequency of sinoatrial node action potentials E) vasoconstriction
E
81) An increase in sympathetic nervous activity to arterioles will have little effect on vasoconstriction of the A) kidneys. B) skeletal muscles. C) gastrointestinal tract. D) heart and kidneys. E) brain and heart.
E
83) Due to their location, baroreceptors in the large systemic veins and the heart function primarily to monitor A) heart rate. B) total peripheral resistance. C) blood flow. D) mean arterial pressure. E) blood volume.
E
17) Increases in angiotensin II levels in the blood will elevate total peripheral resistance.
TRUE
18) Walls of fenestrated capillaries are more permeable than the walls of continuous capillaries.
TRUE
2) The pressure gradient for blood flow through the systemic circuit is the mean arterial pressure.
TRUE
20) An increase in venous pressure can cause edema.
TRUE
21) There are no valves in the cranial veins.
TRUE
22) Veins have greater compliance than arteries.
TRUE
23) Increased respiratory activity facilitates venous return.
TRUE
28) Local controls of blood flow can override extrinsic controls.
TRUE
29) The velocity of blood flow is greatest in the arteries and slowest in the capillaries.
TRUE
3) The more proteins in blood, the higher the blood viscosity.
TRUE
5) Resistance is lower in the pulmonary circuit than in the systemic circuit.
TRUE
6) The factor having the greatest influence on resistance to blood flow is the radius of the blood vessels.
TRUE
112) Nitric oxide has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction and vasospasm C) vasospasm D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasoconstriction
A
118) What is a decrease in blood flow that is less than what is necessary to keep up with metabolic demands called? A) ischemia B) infarction C) hypoxia D) hypoxemia E) hyperemia
A
120) Bradykinin causes vasodilation by stimulating the release of what substance from endothelial cells? A) nitric oxide B) endothelin I C) thromboxane A2 D) arachidonic acid E) cyclooxygenase
A
124) What is bulk flow of fluid from inside a capillary into interstitial fluid called? A) filtration B) adsorption C) absorption D) excretion E) secretion
A
134) Calculate the net filtration pressure given the following information: capillary blood pressure = 40 mm Hg; interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 2 mm Hg; plasma osmotic pressure = 20 mm Hg; and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure = 5 mm Hg. Does filtration or absorption occur across this capillary wall? A) 23 mm Hg; filtration B) 17 mm Hg; filtration C) 27 mm Hg; absorption D) 27 mm Hg; filtration E) 67 mm Hg; absorption
A
18) The pulsatile nature of blood pressure is greatest in which blood vessels? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins
A
20) The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within which type of blood vessel is primarily involved in the control of the organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure? A) arterioles B) capillaries C) arteries D) venules E) veins
A
25) Chemicals released by metabolically active cells will cause which of the following? A) relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow B) relaxation of capillary smooth muscle to decrease blood flow C) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow D) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to decrease blood flow E) contraction of capillary smooth muscle to increase blood flow
A
29) A decrease in pressure within an arteriole will initiate a(n) A) myogenic response. B) arterial baroreceptor reflex. C) cardiac and venous baroreceptor reflex. D) active hyperemia. E) sinus arrhythmia.
A
37) During exercise, which of the following tissues receive less blood flow compared to resting conditions? A) gastrointestinal tract only B) brain only C) skin only D) heart only E) both gastrointestinal tract and skin
A
39) What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles? A) alpha only B) beta1 only C) beta2 only D) beta3 only E) both alpha and beta1
A
41) In cardiac and skeletal muscle vasculature, the distribution of alpha and beta receptors is such that epinephrine will A) induce a dilation that increases blood flow to these tissues. B) induce a constriction that decreases blood flow to these tissues. C) increase myocardial contractility. D) increase skeletal muscle contractility. E) have no effect on peripheral resistance.
A
43) Drugs that block angiotensin-converting enzyme would cause which of the following? A) decreased mean arterial pressure B) stimulation of reactive hyperemia C) decreased heart rate D) decrease in epinephrine release E) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
A
47) Which of the following would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters? A) carbon dioxide B) sympathetic activity C) epinephrine D) parasympathetic activity E) vasopressin
A
48) Glucose moves across continuous capillary walls by what mechanism? A) diffusion B) facilitated C) primary active transport D) secondary active transport E) transcytosis
A
5) Which of the following equations is correct? A) cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate B) cardiac output = mean arterial pressure × total peripheral resistance C) resistance = (length × radius4) / viscosity D) mean arterial pressure = cardiac output × stroke volume E) mean arterial pressure = resistance × viscosity
A
51) The portion of osmotic pressure exerted by ________ in the blood is known as colloid osmotic pressure (or oncotic pressure). A) proteins B) small ions C) large ions D) lipids E) steroids
A
32) Which of the following substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasoconstriction? A) oxygen B) nitric oxide C) adenosine D) bradykinin E) endothelin-1
E
54) Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss? A) The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid to the blood. B) The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption. C) Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed. D) While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins. E) The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid.
A
57) Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by what type of cell located within the lymph nodes? A) macrophages B) leukocytes C) platelets D) mast cells E) erythrocytes
A
65) An increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart, with no change in total peripheral resistance, would A) elevate mean arterial pressure. B) elevate central venous pressure. C) reduce mean arterial pressure. D) elevate pulmonary venous pressure. E) reduce the stretch on the aorta.
A
7) The lumen of every blood vessel is lined by a monolayer of what cell type? A) endothelial cells B) smooth muscle cells C) fibroblasts D) erythrocytes E) platelets
A
76) Which of the following will NOT occur in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor? A) increased urine flow B) increased ventricular contractility C) increased heart rate D) increased peripheral resistance E) increased venomotor tone
A
77) Which of the following is NOT altered within seconds to minutes of the baroreceptor reflex being activated? A) blood volume B) heart rate C) stroke volume D) total peripheral resistance E) venomotor tone
A
92) The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is A) diffusion. B) mediated transport. C) vesicle transport. D) active transport. E) bulk flow.
A
96) During exercise, carbon dioxide produced by muscle cells causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle. This is an example of A) active hyperemia. B) reactive hyperemia. C) hypoxia. D) flow autoregulation. E) ischemia.
A
9) There is a progressive decrease in pressure throughout the vasculature as blood moves down its pressure gradient.
TRUE
1) Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance? A) flow = pressure × resistance B) pressure = flow × resistance C) resistance = flow × pressure D) flow = pressure + resistance E) flow = pressure - resistance
B
100) Which of the following has the regulation of its radius determining blood flow through specific organs? A) vein B) arteriole C) capillary D) artery E) venule
B
102) Which of the following blood vessels is slightly larger than capillaries, allowing for some exchange between blood and the tissue? A) capillary B) venule C) arteriole D) vein E) artery
B
103) Which of the following is a decrease in tissue oxygen? A) active hyperemia B) hypoxia C) ischemia D) myogenic response E) reactive hyperemia
B
104) Which of the following is a decrease in blood supply to the tissue such that it does not meet the metabolic demands of the tissue? A) reactive hyperemia B) ischemia C) hypoxia D) myogenic response E) active hyperemia
B
106) A constriction of an arteriole in response to stretch of the arteriole smooth muscle is called A) hypoxia. B) myogenic response. C) active hyperemia. D) ischemia. E) reactive hyperemia.
B
107) An increase in blood flow to tissues in response to a previous reduction in blood flow is called A) hypoxia. B) reactive hyperemia. C) active hyperemia. D) myogenic response. E) ischemia.
B
111) Carbon dioxide has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasospasm B) vasodilation C) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm D) vasoconstriction E) vasoconstriction and vasospasm
B
12) Arteries have ________ compliance and ________ resistance to flow. A) high : high B) low : low C) high : low D) low : high E) zero : high
B
125) What is the fluid within the lymphatic vessels called? A) pus B) lymph C) plasma D) filtrate E) exudates
B
129) Where are the arterial baroreceptors located? A) brachiocephalic artery B) aortic arch and carotid sinuses (carotid arteries) C) the pons D) coronary sinuses and aortic arch E) coronary arteries
B
132) An increase in the stretch of a baroreceptor will cause venomotor tone to ________ while ventricular contractility will ________. A) increase : decrease B) decrease : decrease C) increase : increase D) remain constant : not change E) increase : not change
B
14) A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 80. Which of the following is FALSE? A) Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg. B) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg. C) Mean arterial pressure is 70 mm Hg. D) Diastolic pressure is 60. E) Heart rate is 80.
B
17) In the circulatory system, the largest pressure drop occurs across which blood vessels? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins
B
23) What is the purpose of extrinsic control of arteriolar smooth muscle contractile activity? A) regulate blood flow through specific capillary beds B) regulate mean arterial pressure C) regulate stroke volume D) regulate cardiac output E) regulate heart rate
B
24) Which of the following chemicals' concentration is NOT increased by an elevation in metabolic activity? A) potassium B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) hydrogen E) pyruvic acid
B
31) An increase in the concentration of which of the following within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would cause that vessel to constrict? A) lactic acid B) oxygen C) prostacyclin D) adenosine E) nitric oxide
B
33) Which of the following substances is continuously secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation? A) oxygen B) nitric oxide C) adenosine D) bradykinin E) endothelin-1
B
35) During exercise, which organs receive an increase in the proportion of cardiac output delivered to them? A) brain and heart B) skeletal muscle, heart, and skin C) skeletal muscle, heart, and brain D) skeletal muscle, skin, and brain E) gastrointestinal tract and skeletal muscle
B
42) Arteriolar smooth muscle in which of the following tissues tends to have beta2 receptors predominating? A) brain B) skeletal muscle C) skin D) gastrointestinal tract E) liver
B
44) Fenestrated capillaries are unique in their ability to A) allow few molecules to pass between endothelial cells. B) allow relatively large molecules to pass between endothelial cells. C) move molecules across endothelial cells by transcytosis. D) restrict the passage of proteins across endothelial cells. E) maintain a low permeability to small water-soluble molecules.
B
45) What organ has capillaries that are the most restrictive to movement of hydrophilic solutes? A) liver B) brain C) bone marrow D) skeletal muscle E) kidneys
B
46) Which of the following would increase blood flow through a capillary bed? A) constriction of the arteriole leading into the capillary bed B) contraction of smooth muscle in the metarterioles bypassing the capillary bed C) contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed D) decrease in blood pressure in the arteriole leading into the capillary bed E) increase in venous pressure
B
52) Under normal conditions, which Starling forces favor filtration? A) capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure B) capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure C) capillary hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure D) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and plasma oncotic pressure E) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
B
53) Which of the following inaccurately represents normal forces across capillary walls? A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases from arteriole end to venous end. B) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases from arteriole end to venous end. C) Capillary oncotic pressure is due primarily to plasma proteins. D) Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure is almost zero. E) At rest, net filtration occurs across capillary walls.
B
55) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that alters the balance between filtration and absorption in the body? A) increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure within the feet as one stands B) increasing hydrostatic pressure gradient in cases of enhanced interstitial protein C) increasing the permeability of the capillaries in regions of tissue damage D) decreasing plasma protein synthesis in cases of liver damage E) increasing the elimination of plasma proteins in cases of kidney damage
B
56) Which of the following comparisons between systemic capillaries and lymphatic capillaries is TRUE? A) Walls of systemic capillaries are more permeable. B) Net filtration occurs across systemic capillaries; net absorption occurs across lymphatic capillaries. C) Fluid enters systemic capillaries from systemic arterioles; fluid enters lymphatic capillaries from lymphatic veins. D) Pressure is higher in lymphatic capillaries. E) Blood cells are found in both types of capillaries.
B
60) Veins functions as ________ reservoirs due to their ________ compliance. A) pressure : high B) volume : high C) pressure : low D) volume : low E) pressure : lack of
B
62) The high compliance of veins allows them to A) act as pressure reservoirs. B) accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure. C) rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume. D) hold only small volumes of blood. E) provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole.
B
67) The respiratory pump facilitates the return of blood to the heart by A) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration. B) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration. C) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration. D) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration. E) squeezing blood from the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm muscle.
B
70) ________ are responsible for the detection of mean arterial pressure. A) Venous baroreceptors B) Arterial baroreceptors C) Aortic chemoreceptors D) Thermoreceptors E) Medullary chemoreceptors
B
79) The chronic elevation in arterial pressure (hypertension) that occurs in many individuals results in A) a decreased sensitivity of the baroreceptor that causes pressure to fluctuate. B) a gradual increase in pressure that resets the baroreceptors. C) the maintenance of a constant error signal by the baroreceptor. D) the resetting of the baroreceptor to a lower pressure. E) the baroreceptors becoming more sensitive to pressure.
B
82) The hormone vasopressin acts in the short term to ________ and in the long term to ________, thereby increasing mean arterial pressure. A) decrease urine outflow : vasoconstrict arterioles B) vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow C) vasodilate arterioles : increase urine outflow D) increase urine outflow : vasodilate arterioles E) vasodilate arterioles : decrease urine outflow
B
89) Which of the following accurately describes sympathetic control of blood vessels in the skin during thermoregulation? A) Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation. B) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation. C) Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction. D) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction. E) Heat activates the parasympathetic activity and has no effect on the sympathetic nervous system.
B
90) Mean arterial pressure can be increased by all of the following EXCEPT A) increasing venous return. B) decreasing end-diastolic volume. C) increasing heart rate. D) increasing sympathetic activity. E) increasing blood volume.
B
94) Which of the following can cause edema? A) increase in extravasated plasma proteins only B) damage to capillary walls only C) decreased venous pressure only D) both an increase in plasma proteins and a decrease in venous pressure E) both damage to capillary walls and an increase in extravasated plasma proteins
B
11) What component of artery walls allows them to store energy that is later used to maintain continuous blood flow through the circulatory system? A) smooth muscle B) skeletal muscle C) elastin D) collagen E) endothelium
C
110) Angiotensin II has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm B) vasodilation C) vasoconstriction D) vasoconstriction and vasospasm E) vasospasm
C
115) Parasympathetic nervous activity has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasospasm B) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm C) neither vasoconstriction and vasodilation D) vasodilation E) vasoconstriction
C
122) To produce angiotensin II, what must be secreted from the kidney to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme? A) vitamin D3 B) erythropoietin C) renin D) angiotensinogen E) preangiotensin
C
133) What structures of the cardiovascular system are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, but are NOT by the parasympathetic nervous system? A) arteriolar smooth muscle B) SA node, AV node, and bundle of His C) ventricular myocardium, arteriolar smooth muscle and venous smooth muscle D) SA node and AV node E) arteriolar smooth muscle and venous smooth muscle
C
16) Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels? A) ventricle B) arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries E) veins
C
19) The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins
C
21) Blood flow velocity is inversely proportional to the pooled surface area of a structure; therefore, it is greatest in the ________ and slowest in the ________. A) arteries : veins B) arterioles : veins C) arteries : capillaries D) capillaries : arteries E) veins : arteries
C
26) What is a decrease in tissue oxygen called? A) hypoxemia B) hyperemia C) hypoxia D) hyperoxia E) ischemia
C
27) What is an increase in blood flow in response to an increase in tissue metabolic activity called? A) hyperoxia B) reactive hyperemia C) active hyperemia D) ischemia E) hypoxia
C
3) In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit A) is under greater pressure. B) has lower blood flow. C) has lower resistance to blood flow. D) has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow. E) transports deoxygenated blood.
C
30) Which of the following accurately compares active hyperemia to reactive hyperemia? A) One is an increase in blood flow, the other is a decrease. B) One is caused by an increase in metabolites, the other to a decrease in perfusion pressure. C) One is caused by increased metabolic activity, the other in response to an increase in metabolites from an occlusion to blood flow. D) One involves vasodilation, the other vasoconstriction. E) One is an intrinsic response, the other an extrinsic response.
C
34) Which of the following is an important vasodilator in coronary arteries? A) oxygen B) nitric oxide C) adenosine D) bradykinin E) endothelin-1
C
49) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that enables molecules to move across capillary endothelial cells? A) transcytosis across endothelial cells B) movement through water-filled gaps between endothelial cells C) rapid diffusion of water-soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cells D) diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cell E) movement of exchangeable proteins across endothelial cells
C
66) An increase in total peripheral resistance, in the absence of any change in cardiac output, would A) reduce mean arterial pressure. B) decrease central venous pressure. C) elevate mean arterial pressure. D) decrease pulmonary venous pressure. E) reduce the stretch on the aorta.
C
69) The long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves the A) release of hormones over a period of minutes. B) immediate change in activity of the nervous system. C) control of blood volume by the kidneys. D) control of peripheral resistance. E) stimulation of an increase in urine flow through the kidneys.
C
71) Which of the following best classifies the baroreceptor reflex? A) spinal; autonomic; innate; monosynaptic B) spinal; autonomic; innate; polysynaptic C) cranial; autonomic; innate; polysynaptic D) cranial; somatic; conditioned; polysynaptic E) cranial; autonomic; conditioned; monosynaptic
C
74) Where is the cardiovascular control center? A) hypothalamus B) pons C) medulla oblongata D) adrenal medulla E) adrenal cortex
C
75) Which of the following descriptions of the autonomic innervation of the cardiovascular system is FALSE? A) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the SA node. B) Only sympathetic neurons provide significant innervation of the contractile cells of the heart. C) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in arterioles. D) Only sympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in veins. E) Sympathetic activity increases cardiac output, whereas parasympathetic activity decreases cardiac output.
C
8) What is/are the component(s) of a blood vessel's extracellular matrix that provide(s) the tensile strength required to withstand pressure? A) gap junctions B) elastin C) collagen D) hemoglobin E) albumin
C
93) Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure: capillary hydrostatic pressure = 30 mm Hg; interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 5 mm Hg; capillary oncotic pressure = 25 mm Hg; and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure = 10 mm Hg. A) 40 mm Hg, favoring filtration B) -40 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption C) 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration D) -10 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption E) 0 mm Hg, no net force
C
95) Which of the following is an incorrect description of a blood vessel type? A) Arteries are elastic. B) The radius of arterioles can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls. C) Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange. D) Veins have high compliance. E) Most of the blood volume at rest is in the systemic veins.
C
99) Which of the following has high compliance, allowing it to hold a large volume of blood with little change in pressure? A) arteriole B) venule C) vein D) capillary E) artery
C
38) Which of the following would decrease mean arterial pressure? A) increase in heart rate B) increase in venous return C) increase in stroke volume D) increase in total peripheral resistance E) increase in arteriole diameter
E
10) The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________, and the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________. A) arteries : arteries B) veins : veins C) arteries : veins D) veins : arteries E) arteries : arterioles
D
101) Which of the following is the smallest of blood vessels with thin walls allowing for ready exchange of material between blood and tissue? A) vein B) venule C) artery D) capillary E) arteriole
D
109) Oxygen has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm B) vasodilation C) vasoconstriction and vasospasm D) vasoconstriction E) vasospasm
D
116) What is the equation relating flow to resistance and a pressure gradient? A) flow/resistance = 1/pressure gradient B) flow × resistance = 1/pressure gradient C) flow × resistance = pressure × gradient D) flow = pressure gradient / resistance E) flow = pressure × resistance
D
117) What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit? A) total peripheral resistance B) perfusion pressure C) pulse pressure D) mean arterial pressure E) cardiac output
D
119) What are local controls that tend to keep blood flow constant called? A) flow telemetry B) extrinsic factors C) autonomics D) flow autoregulation E) osteogenic factors
D
123) What are blood vessels that normally bypass capillary beds are called? A) pre-capillary sphincters B) venules C) pararterioles D) metarterioles. E) A-V malformations
D
126) What is a drop in mean arterial pressure that results from standing up called? A) paroxysmal hypotension B) resultant hypotension C) recumbent hypotension D) orthostatic hypotension E) metastatic hypotension
D
13) What is a measure of the change in vascular volume as pressure within the vessel is altered? A) blood flow B) diffusibility C) resistance D) compliance E) the pressure gradient
D
130) What are the two functions of increasing blood flow to the skin during exercise? A) energy reserve for underlying musculature; provide energy for sweat production B) facilitate dissipation of heat; remove water for sweat production C) fat utilization for energy production; remove water for sweat production D) facilitate dissipation of heat; provide energy for sweat production E) facilitate dissipation of heat; energy reserve for underlying musculature
D
15) Blood pressure is usually estimated from indirect measurements of the pressure in what structure? A) left ventricle B) aorta C) radial artery D) brachial artery E) femoral artery
D
2) What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit? A) capillary hydrostatic pressure B) central venous pressure C) left ventricular pressure D) mean arterial pressure E) right atrial pressure
D
40) The effects of epinephrine on vascular resistance are dependent upon which of the following? A) concentration of local metabolites B) direction of change in mean arterial pressure C) specific baroreceptor activated (low or high pressure) D) relative distribution of alpha and beta receptors E) relative distribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
D
59) What region of the cardiovascular system contains valves? A) heart only B) metarterioles only C) veins only D) both the heart and veins E) the heart, metarterioles, and veins
D
61) Valves, which are found ________, maintain the unidirectional movement of blood, thereby facilitating the return of blood to the heart. A) in all veins B) only in central veins C) in all venules D) only in peripheral veins E) only in arteries
D
63) At rest, the greatest proportion of blood volume is present within the A) heart. B) systemic arteries. C) systemic capillaries. D) systemic veins. E) pulmonary veins.
D
68) Which of the following would NOT increase mean arterial pressure? A) increased sympathetic activity to the heart B) increased sympathetic activity to the veins C) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the heart D) decreased parasympathetic activity effects on the arterioles E) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood
D
72) As mean arterial pressure increases, the ________, informing the medulla oblongata that blood pressure has indeed increased. A) blood flow to the brain increases B) number of neurons stimulated within the aortic arch increases C) amplitude of the action potentials from the baroreceptors increases D) frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors increases E) number of sympathetic neurons activated decreases
D
73) Information about mean arterial pressure is integrated within what area of the central nervous system? A) cervical spinal cord B) pons C) hypothalamus D) medulla oblongata E) cerebellum
D
80) The reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decrease in mean arterial pressure would be exacerbated by the ________ that occurs as a consequence of the baroreceptor reflex. A) decreased compliance of the veins B) increased venous return C) increased stroke volume D) increased peripheral resistance E) increased ventricular contractility
D
84) Which of the following terms is used to label the rhythmic changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity that affect heart rate coincident with respiration? A) pulmonary sinus rhythmia B) pulmonary sinus arrhythmia C) respiratory sinus rhythmia D) respiratory sinus arrhythmia E) lung sinus rhythmia
D
15) Histamine induces vasodilation by stimulating the synthesis of nitric oxide.
TRUE
85) Despite seeming counterproductive, an increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels activates ________, which causes a(n) ________ in heart rate and a(n) ________ in total peripheral resistance. A) baroreceptors : decrease : decrease B) baroreceptors : increase : increase C) baroreceptors : decrease : increase D) chemoreceptors: decrease : decrease E) chemoreceptors : decrease : increase
D
88) The increase in blood flow to active skeletal muscle relative to other organs is largely caused by the A) decrease in metabolic factors within the muscle. B) decrease in parasympathetic activity. C) increase in sympathetic activity. D) increase in local metabolic factors within the muscle. E) increase in parasympathetic activity.
D
9) The elastic nature of the largest blood vessel's walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole. A) volume reservoir B) non-distensible structure C) non-compliant structure D) pressure reservoir E) contractile force
D
91) Which of the following can cause vasoconstriction? A) increase in carbon dioxide B) increase in osmolarity C) release of nitric oxide D) angiotensin II E) increase in histamine
D
97) Which of the following structures contains high pressure baroreceptors? A) aortic arch only B) carotid sinus only C) right atrium only D) both the aortic arch and carotid sinus E) aortic arch, right atrium, and carotid sinus
D
36) Any change in the relative distribution of cardiac output to an organ is typically due to changes in which of the following? A) central venous pressure B) viscosity of the blood moving through that organ's vascular bed C) compliance of that organ's vascular bed D) mean arterial pressure E) resistance of that organ's vascular bed
E
105) An increase in blood flow to tissues in response to increased metabolic activity is called A) myogenic response. B) reactive hyperemia. C) hypoxia. D) ischemia. E) active hyperemia.
E
108) Vasopressin has what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction and vasospasm B) vasodilation C) vasospasm D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasoconstriction
E
113) Hydrogen ions have what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasoconstriction B) vasoconstriction and vasospasm C) vasospasm D) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm E) vasodilation
E
114) Sympathetic nerves have what effect on systemic arterioles? A) vasodilation B) neither vasodilation or vasoconstriction, but may cause vasospasm C) vasoconstriction and vasospasm D) vasospasm E) vasoconstriction
E
121) Epinephrine triggers vasodilation by binding to which receptors and vasoconstriction by binding to which receptors? A) alpha2 : beta2 B) alpha1 : beta1 C) beta : cholinergic D) alpha : beta2 E) beta2 : alpha
E
127) Smooth muscle in the veins has what type of adrenergic receptor? A) beta2 B) gamma C) alpha cholinergic D) cholinergic E) alpha
E
128) Which of the following is the equation relating cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, and total peripheral resistance? A) TPR = CO/MAP B) CO = TPR/MAP C) MAP + CO + TPR = pulse pressure D) MAP = CO - TPR E) MAP = CO × TPR
E
131) In response to a decrease in the stretch of a baroreceptor, sympathetic nervous activity will ________ while parasympathetic nervous activity will ________. A) not change : increase B) decrease : increase C) decrease : remain constant D) not change : remain constant E) increase : decrease
E
22) Which of the following statements about smooth muscle in arterioles is FALSE? A) The muscle forms rings around the arteriole. B) Muscle contraction is under intrinsic controls. C) Muscle contraction is under extrinsic controls. D) The muscle has inherent (myogenic) tone. E) The muscle is multi-unit smooth muscle.
E
28) In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations ________, which causes a(n) ________. A) decrease : active hyperemic response B) decrease : increase in tissue ischemia C) decrease : dilation of the arterioles D) increase : active hyperemic response E) increase : constriction of the arterioles
E
86) Which of the following will NOT occur as a consequence of the activation of the baroreceptor reflex that would occur in response to an increased heat load within the body? A) an increase in heart rate B) an increase in stroke volume C) a decrease in resistance within the skeletal muscle vasculature D) an increase in venoconstriction E) an increase in resistance within the skin vasculature
E
87) The increase in stroke volume that occurs during exercise is caused primarily by a(n) A) decrease in end-systolic volume. B) increase in end-diastolic volume. C) increase in venous return. D) decrease in peripheral resistance. E) increase in myocardial contractility.
E
98) Of the following choices, which has the elastic recoil of its walls during diastole, causing a continuation of blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle? A) vein B) venule C) arteriole D) capillary E) artery
E
1) The flow equation is: flow = pressure gradient × resistance.
FALSE
12) An increase in blood flow to metabolically active tissue is called reactive hyperemia.
FALSE
13) Intrinsic regulation of arteriolar radius regulates mean arterial pressure.
FALSE
14) Flow autoregulation refers to an organ's ability to maintain perfusion pressure in the presence of a range of blood flows.
FALSE
16) Intrinsic changes in arteriole radius have no effect on arterial blood pressure.
FALSE
19) Precapillary sphincters are controlled by local metabolites and the sympathetic nervous system, but not epinephrine.
FALSE
24) Smooth muscle in the veins is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
FALSE
25) Arterial baroreceptors are located in the left ventricle and aorta.
FALSE
26) The baroreceptor reflex responds to an increase in mean arterial pressure by increasing sympathetic nervous activity, while reducing parasympathetic nervous activity.
FALSE
27) The baroreceptor reflex plays a primary role in the long-term regulation of mean arterial pressure.
FALSE
30) The thoracic duct returns lymph to the blood by emptying into the pulmonary trunk.
FALSE
4) Flow through the pulmonary circuit is less than that through the systemic circuit due to a smaller pressure gradient.
FALSE
7) Smooth muscle is ONLY found in arterioles.
FALSE
8) Blood flow through the systemic circulation is intermittent, flowing during systole and pausing during diastole.
FALSE
10) Due to their diameter, capillaries have the greatest individual resistance, while the arteriole networks have the greatest total resistance.
TRUE
11) The distribution of cardiac output to each organ is determined by the relative resistance of that organ's vascular bed compared with all other organs.
TRUE