Chapter 14 art101

The frontality, stiff poses, lack of modeling, hierarchy, symmetry, gold background in Berlinghieri's Saint Francis Altarpiece reveal his training in which tradition?

Byzantine

The art of 13th and 14th century Italy is a confluence or mixture of different earlier traditions. What are they? (multiple answers)

Byzantine Classical Greek and Roman French Gothic

Choose the correct order for these paintings, showing the earliest in style first, and the most "innovative" last - Duccio is A, Giotto is B, Cimabue is C.

C, A, B

What, in part, might account for some of the differences in Duccio's and Giotto's approach to the same subject?

Duccio's more "conservative" and elaborately decorative approach might be because of the commission - the grand Siena Cathedral.

What might account for the grand scale, richness of ornament and color, and the large number of figures in Duccio's painting?

Duccio's painting was a grand civic commission for Siena Cathedral.

Giovanni's marble panel depicts the same subject as his father's but is inspired by a different tradition. What was that tradition?

French Gothic

How does Giotto's altarpiece differ in its treatment of the space from his teacher's (Cimabue)?

Giotto creates a greater sense of spatial depth.

Why did Enrico Scrovegni commission Giotto to paint the frescoes of his private chapel?

He had made his fortune through the practice of usury.

What does Giotto do to create the sense that the viewer is seeing something like a play in a theater?

He uses a shallow, stage-like space AND The figures gestures and expressions resemble responses that seem "acted out".

What accounts for the incorporation of something like a Roman triumphal arch at the entrance to a basilica?

It symbolized the idea of victory over sin and death.

What is the subject of this image?

The Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints

Why was the subject of the Virgin and Child popular?

The Virgin was seen as a human intercessor between the faithful and Christ.

How does Giotto create images that parallel the religious dramas that were used for teaching during his day? (multiple answers)

The figures gestures, body language, and poses suggest theatrical performance. AND He places the figures in a shallow space, up front, close to the viewer.

Both of these cathedrals follow the basilica plan.

True

Nicola Pisano had to satisfy the demands of a contract to fulfill this commission.

True

St. Francis was founder of a "mendicant" order of monks. What was a "mendicant order"?

a community of monks committed to a simple devotional life dedicated to helping the poor, sick, and dying

What is an altarpiece?

a large, usually elaborate image set behind the main altar of a church

This architectural form (outlined in red) in Greek Classical architecture called [ Select ] , and it alternates with [ Select ] .

a triglyph metopes

The stark abstract style and scenes of miracles promoted St. Francis as _____________ .

an otherworldly figure who, through devotion, shared the miraculous healing power of Christ

What models inspired his approach to the sculpted panels?

classical Roman models, such as carved on Roman stone coffins

Which of Giotto's innovations represents a departure from the Italo-Byzantine style? (multiple answers)

clearer focus on the human drama AND the sculptural modeling of the figures AND the placement of the story in a setting

What French Gothic elements appear on his pulpit design? (multiple answers)

columns resting atop sculpted lions trefoils figural sculpture attached to columns

Duccio's altarpiece was ______________________.

commissioned by the city of Siena to replace a smaller altarpiece for the main altar of Siena Cathedral

As an example of Late Medieval Italian church architecture, Siena Cathedral incorporates a number of Gothic architectural elements. What are some of these Gothic elements? (multiple answers)

deep, elaborately ornamented porticos (entrances) circular window upward pointing triangular forms sharply pointed pinnacles and tall towers figural sculpture attached to the architecture bundled columns

Orvieto Cathedral is an example of Late Medieval Italian church architecture, and incorporates a number of Gothic architectural elements. What are some of these Gothic elements? (multiple answers)

deep, elaborately ornamented porticos (entrances) sharply pointed pinnacles and tall towers tall, triangular forms circular window bundled columns

What accounts for the major differences that we see in these two approaches to basically the same subject matter?

different traditions: Roman classical vs. French Gothic

The hierarchical scale, general lack of naturalism, and the use of gold suggests that the Madonna and Child are_________________.

divine figures enthroned in Heaven

The abstract style, use of gold, and strong hierarchical arrangement ______________ .

emphasizes the divine and otherworldly power of St. Francis

The horizontal element supported by the capitals and columns is called the ______________________.

entablature

The vertical grooves carved into these columns is called __________________.

fluting

The mendicant orders of 14th century Italy were primarily _____________________.

focused on urban needs

What technical term do art historians apply to Giotto's treatment of the angels in this fresco The Lamentation?

foreshortening

What sorts of commissions were these projects?

highly prestigious and costly

Typically, for this time, Giovanni Pisano learned sculpture from _________________ .

his father

The elaborate ornament, narrative images, icons, large scale, colored marble tell us that Nicola Pisano's pulpit was _________________ .

intended for grand, important devotional occasions

As an example of Late Medieval Italian church architecture, Siena Cathedral incorporates a number of architectural elements that are NOT Gothic. What are some of these elements? (multiple answers)

lack of figural sculpture on the door jambs the use of colored marble in decorative patterns rounded arches the lack of tall, flanking towers (though there are references to them) the continuation of the earlier Roman Christian basilica behind the facade

Giotto gives more sculptural effect to his figures by _______________ .

modeling colors in light and shadow

Which element of Giotto's new style appears in the Madonna Enthroned?

more sculptural, naturalistic rendering of the figures

Which element of the following was NOT typical of devotional icons of the 13th - 14th centuries?

naturalism

The triangular area supported above the entablature is called the _______________________.

pediment

Giotto gives greater focus to the human drama of Christ's Passion by _________________________ . (multiple answers)

placing the action in a setting AND organizing the composition to focus on the individual figures' responses and on the main action AND creating more humanly believable figures through modeling and proportion

Classical Greek and Roman architecture is based upon a ________________________.

post and lintel structure

What classical elements appear? (multiple answers)

rounded arches post and lintel structure Corinthian capitals

What is the subject matter of this panel?

the Annunciation, Nativity, Adoration of the Shepherds

What in part accounts for the rise of the importance of the mendicant orders in Italy in the 14th century?

the Great Schism and the absence of the pope from Italy

What elements of Giotto's altarpiece follow convention for this subject? (multiple answers)

the Virgin and Child are placed high in the center on a throne the blue color of the virgin's robe hierarchy of scale: smaller accompanying angels and saints the rich use of gold in the background, and in the halos

What was the setting for Nicola's pulpit?

the baptistery of the cathedral complex at Pisa

What was the setting for Giovanni's pulpit?

the cathedral of the cathedral complex at Pisa

What in Duccio's altarpiece shows the then current trend away from Medieval traditions?

the creation of a sense of three-dimensional volume in the figures

What are some of the Gothic style elements in Giotto's painting? (multiple answers)

the hierarchy of scale the architectural style of the throne

What were the characteristics of a Christian basilica? (multiple answers)

the separation of the main central space from the side aisles by rows of columns or by an arcade AND a large interior space divided into a long central space flanked by side aisles AND a semi-circular space for an altar at the east end

What are some of the Gothic elements adapted by Giovanni Pisano in this relief sculpture? (multiple answers)

the slightly elongated bodies of the figures, with slightly larger heads the courtly costumes the emphasis on fluid, curvilinear motion and lines the elegant facial types

In Berlinghieri's painting of Saint Francis, what physical feature in the image is meant to lead viewers to closely associate the saint with Christ?

the stigmata

What are some of the Byzantine elements in Giotto's image? (multiple answers)

the symmetrical, ritualistic alignment of the figures the rich use of gold the hierarchy of scale the central focus of the image

Both of these images show elements of the Italian Renaissance more human-centered focus that is to come. What elements are these?

the use of Classical elements in Nicola's relief sculpture, and the more human emotional focus in Giovanni's

As an example of Late Medieval church architecture, what is NOT Gothic in Orvieto Cathedral? (multiple answers)

the use of colored marble in decorative patterns the lack of sculpture on the door jambs the rounded arches the lack of tall, flanking towers (though there are references to them) the continuation of the earlier Roman Christian basilica behind the facade

What in the painting still reflects the maniera greca? (multiple answers)

the use of lots of gold AND the generally flat, patterned composition AND the hierarchically arranged composition and focus on the center