Chapter 14 (HW)

But in some cases, distinct species can occasionally interbreed producing _______ offspring. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

hybrid

In _____ isolation, it is physically impossible for two species to mate with each other, often because their genitalia do not fit together properly. behavioral temporal mechanical habitat

mechanical

Alternatively, the __________ species concept identifies species based on physical traits or body form. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

morphological

The _____ species concept is the most applicable to classifying species from the fossil record. biological morphological phylogenetic ecological

morphological

In the mountains of the southeastern United States, there are many similar but distinct salamander species that are restricted to particular mountaintops or ridge systems. They are found in patches of suitable high-elevation habitat, separated by unsuitable lowland areas. This distribution pattern indicates __________. a barrier based on temperature isolation adaptive radiation numerous sympatric speciation events numerous allopatric speciation events

numerous allopatric speciation events

For which of the following groups would the biological definition of species be useful? oaks and other sexually reproducing, extant (currently living) trees fossil dinosaurs, which are known to have reproduced sexually fossil bacteria, which are known to have reproduced asexually asexually reproducing plant and animal species that live in the present

oaks and other sexually reproducing, extant (currently living) trees

The _____ species concept defines species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and form one branch on the tree of life. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

phylogenetic

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another is a: speciation biological species concept reproductive barrier species population

population

The separation between species is maintained by ___________ isolation, which prevents gene flow between species. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

reproductive

A ___________________ is anything that prevents successful interbreeding between species. speciation biological species concept reproductive barrier species population

reproductive barrier

Darwin thought that significant evolution was much too slow to be witnessed in a human lifetime. Recent experiments by biologists have _____. confirmed Darwin's view indicated that evolution takes place extremely quickly; in fact, individuals can evolve to become new species within their life spans shown that evolutionary change takes even longer than Darwin imagined shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory

shown that some populations can evolve quite rapidly, with important changes occurring over several generations in the laboratory

The process that gives rise to new species is called speciation biological species concept reproductive barrier species population

speciation

The process of speciation starts with a single species. It often involves the following steps: (1) two populations become physically separated from one another by a barrier to dispersal and stop exchanging genes; (2) the populations experience independent evolutionary changes; (3) changes in one or both populations result in development of reproductive isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding; further changes in geography may bring the groups back into contact. When do you officially have two separate species? step 1 step 2 step 3 none of the above

step 3

Eastern and western spotted skunks breed at different times of the year. Therefore, they are prevented from interbreeding by _____ isolation. behavioral temporal mechanical habitat

temporal

In the ________ species concept, species are defined by their niche---the role they play in the environment. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

ecological

Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). How many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 1 2 3 4 5

1

Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 12 23 36 45 92

23

A particular diploid plant species has 48 chromosomes, or two sets. A mutation occurs and gametes with 48 chromosomes are produced. If self-fertilization occurs, the zygote will have _____ set(s) of chromosomes. 1 2 3 4 5

4

Of the 59 matings in the experimental groups, how many were between like-adapted flies (flies adapted to the same medium)? 17 22 30 42

42

Which population would be most likely to undergo relatively rapid allopatric speciation? A group of birds develops a unique set of mating preferences so that they are unlikely to mate with other birds of the same species in the same geographic area. A population of snakes becomes separated from other populations on a very large island that is formed by rising sea levels. Occasionally, a snake or two swims from the mainland to the island or from the island to the mainland. A population of flowering plants lives along the shore of a pond about one kilometer from the nearest neighboring population. Hummingbirds regularly fly back and forth across this distance and transport pollen between the two populations. A group of wild horses is transported from Wyoming to a small desert island, previously without horses, off the coast of California. No additional horses reach the island thereafter.

A group of wild horses is transported from Wyoming to a small desert island, previously without horses, off the coast of California. No additional horses reach the island thereafter.

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition. Genetic drift Microevolution Gene flow Adaptive radiation Paedomorphosis

Adaptive radiation

Which of the following examples uses the biological species concept to describe different species? Researchers use DNA sequence data to conclude that two populations of bacteria are different species. Two populations of birds mate and produce offspring that subsequently mate with one another and produce offspring. Researchers use fossil evidence to define different dinosaur species. Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile.

Female horses and male donkeys are able to mate, but their offspring (mules) are infertile.

_____ is the process by which haploid gametes form a diploid zygote. Embryogenesis Meiosis Gastrulation Fertilization Mitosis

Fertilization

Which of the following statements is supported by the data from the control group matings? Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their own starch-adapted population. Male starch-adapted flies were less likely to mate with female starch-adapted flies than with female maltose-adapted flies. Female starch flies from population #2 were more likely to mate with male flies from their own population than with flies from a different starch population.

Flies were about as likely to mate with flies from different starch-adapted populations as with flies from their own starch-adapted population.

Many populations of clams release their sperm and eggs into the same region of a lake, but only the sperm and eggs from the same species successfully unite to form zygotes. Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Gametic isolation

Gametic isolation

Two populations of lobsters do not mate because one population lives in the Atlantic Ocean and the other lives in the Pacific Ocean. Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Gametic isolation

Habitat isolation

The birds-of-paradise are a group of brightly colored birds living mostly in New Guinea that have elaborate and elongated feathers. Behavioral isolation prevents different birds-of-paradise species from mating and reproducing. Which of the following describes a behavioral isolation reproductive barrier? Males and females of one species are only active at night, while other species are only active during the day. Males of one species have shorter legs that only allow them to physically mate with females of the same species. Males of one species perform orchestrated dances and sing songs that only attract females of the same species. Males and females of one species live on one side of the island and never venture to the other side where other species live.

Males of one species perform orchestrated dances and sing songs that only attract females of the same species.

A male snail and a female snail from different species attempt to mate, but the orientation of their different types of shells prevents mating from occurring. Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Gametic isolation

Mechanical isolation

A biologist spends her summer break collecting frogs from a remote jungle in Peru. She discovers two distinct color forms that could be variants of a single species or two different species. What would be the most direct test of their species status under the biological species concept? Compare the color patterns of the two groups. If they are distinct enough, the two forms belong to different species. Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups. If the two forms do not mate with each other, they are different species. Compare the habitat use of the two groups. If they use different habitats, they must be different species. Compare the DNA of the two groups. If their genes are different, they must be different species.

Observe mating in the natural environment of the two groups. If the two forms do not mate with each other, they are different species.

Lake Victoria is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Hundreds of forms are present, differing slightly in their color patterns, habitat use, and feeding behavior. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or whether they are members of entirely different species? Keep them together in aquariums to see if they will interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Conduct studies on comparative anatomy to find morphological differences between the species. Observe them together under natural conditions to see if they interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Scientists compare DNA sequences because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical.

Observe them together under natural conditions to see if they interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Which of these is an example of temporal isolation? The average weight of the individuals in one species is 100 pounds; in the other species the average is 640 pounds. One species can't dance; the other does not respond to species that can't dance. One species is found only in North America, the other only in Europe. One species is diurnal (day active) and mates at high noon; the other is nocturnal (night active) and mates at midnight.

One species is diurnal (day active) and mates at high noon; the other is nocturnal (night active) and mates at midnight.

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true? Reinforcement decreases the morphological difference between two new species. Reinforcement is also called dispersive selection. Reinforcement is a type of natural selection. Reinforcement increases the number of intermediate phenotypes.

Reinforcement is a type of natural selection.

Two populations of flowers do not produce offspring because one blooms during early spring and the other blooms during late spring. Mechanical isolation Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Gametic isolation

Temporal isolation

A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat and colonizes a nearby island. After many generations, the island sinks and the population of birds living on the island returns to its original habitat. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the two bird populations? The populations will be able to interbreed even though they are different species. The birds were separated by dispersal. The populations will not be able to interbreed because they are different species. The populations were sympatric while they diverged.

The birds were separated by dispersal.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data on matings in the experimental groups? The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming between the populations. There is no evidence of reproductive isolation between the starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies. The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies appear to now be separate species as defined by the biological species concept.

The starch-adapted flies and maltose-adapted flies are not different species, but a reproductive barrier is forming between the populations.

A similar control experiment was performed with flies adapted to maltose, and similar results were obtained. What were these control experiments testing? These control experiments tested whether in the process of becoming adapted to different food sources, the flies had lost the ability to reproduce. These control experiments tested whether flies were more likely to choose mates from their own population than from another population adapted to the same medium. These control experiments tested whether the starch-adapted flies had a greater preference for like-adapted flies than did the maltose-adapted flies.

These control experiments tested whether flies were more likely to choose mates from their own population than from another population adapted to the same medium.

The following options are all reproductive barriers. Which one is an example of a prezygotic barrier in which the two different species do mate? Two dragonfly species regularly mate, but their gametes are incompatible. One bird species lives in wetlands, the other in dry forests; hence, they do not encounter each other. Hybrid mules produced by mating donkeys and horses are sterile. Two crayfish species cannot interbreed because their genitalia do not engage properly with each other.

Two dragonfly species regularly mate, but their gametes are incompatible.

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. microevolution genetic drift adaptive radiation gene flow paedomorphosis

adaptive radiation

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____. mass extinction adaptive radiation mutation gene flow paedomorphosis

adaptive radiation

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. artificial selection mass extinction adaptive radiation gene flow paedomorphosis

adaptive radiation

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. extended hops gliding flight courtship all of these

all of these

This species concept can be applied to _______ species, and it is the way most of the 1.8 million named species have been identified. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

asexual and extinct

According to the ______ species concept, a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring. biological reproductive hybrid morphological asexual and extinct ecological phylogenetic

biological

The _______________ defines a ______________ as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring. speciation biological species concept reproductive barrier species population

biological species concept; species