Chapter 14 McGraw Hill - Blood

hemoglobin

Iron is critical for the synthesis of _____ , the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

iron

Keeping in mind the structure of hemoglobin, name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.

hemolytic anemia

Which of the following conditions can be caused by bacterial infections and results in the destruction of red blood cells?

monocytes

The most mobile and active phagocytic white blood cells are the neutrophils and the ______.

neutrophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes

The number of ______ may increase during bacterial infections. The number of ______ may increase during parasitic infections or allergic reactions. The number of ______ may decrease in HIV infection and AIDS.

positive chemotaxis

The process called ______ results in leukocytes being attracted to a site of tissue damage. They are attracted by chemicals released by damaged cells.

Lymphocytes

The smallest white blood cells are the _______ , which have a large round nucleus and a cytoplasm that lacks granules.

macrophages; old erythrocytes

The spleen and the liver contain ______ that remove _____ from the blood.

leukocytes

The technical term for a white blood cell is

diapedesis

The term _____ describes the movement of white blood cells (leukocytes) out of a blood vessel by squeezing between the cells of the blood vessel wall.

Leukocytosis

The term for a white blood cell count above 10,500 cells per microliter is ______.

Basophils

The type of leukocyte called ______ are the rarest of the leukocytes.

eosinophil

The type of leukocyte with a bilobed nucleus and deep red cytoplasmic granules is a(n)

b

The type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies is a(n) ____ cell.

lymphocyte

The white blood cell shown in the center of the image is a(n) ______.

They are needed for DNA synthesis during cell division.

Why does the availability of B complex vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, influence erythropoiesis?

Anemia

With the condition called ______, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

what is biliverdin

a greenish pigment that is eventually converted into an orange pigment or secreted into the bile (what is)

water

92% of plasma is made up of

histamine

A compound released by basophils that causes dilation of blood vessels is ______ .

pernicious anemia

A lack of intrinsic factor causes a deficiency in vitamin B12, which in turn causes ________ ________.

chronic leukemia

A patient finally visits their doctor after experiencing several months of lethargy, low grade infections, and bone pain. The doctor performs blood work and notes an abnormally high number of leukocytes. What is the diagnosis?

acute leukemia

A patient is diagnosed with leukemia and succumbs to the disease 6 weeks later. What type of leukemia did this patient have?

biliverdin; bilirubin

After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, heme decomposes into iron (which is later recycled in the bone marrow) and a greenish pigment called ______ which will later be converted into ______.

transferrin

After the heme decomposes into iron and biliverdin, iron then combines with a protein called _______ and is carried in the blood to the bone marrow.

nutrients

Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, and lipids are the plasma

Sodium and Potassium

Among the electrolytes found in plasma, the most abundant ions are ______ and _______.

thromboxane A2; aggregation

Aspirin is a drug that prevents ______ formation by platelets, working against platelet ______ as a result.

histamine; heparin

Basophils migrate to damaged tissues where they release ______ (which promotes inflammation) and ______ (which inhibits blood clotting).

inflammatory

Biochemicals released by leukocytes cause an increase in permeability of small blood vessels at sites where microorganisms have invaded human tissues. This results in swelling, an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, and is called a(n) ______ responce.

polycythemia

Cancer can be a cause of _____ , an excessive increase in red blood cells.

T lymphocytes

Cells called ______ are able to directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells.

originally a monocyte that has migrated into the tissues

Describe a macrophage.

large bilobed nucleus with deep red granules

Describe characteristics of an eosinophil.

cell with many deep blue granules

Describe the appearance of basophils that have been stained with Wrights stain.

Each neutrophil has a lobed nucleus.

Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil.

albumins; lipoproteins

Free fatty acids in the plasma are associated with ______, and more complex lipids join with other proteins for form ______.

decrease in lymphocytes

HIV or AIDS

a destruction of red blood cells

Hemolytic anemia is characterized by ______.

monocyte

Identify the white blood cell shown in the image.

lysosome

In order to break down captured bacteria, an organelle found in abundance in macrophages is the

4; 4

In total, hemoglobin molecules are composed of ___ polypeptide chain(s) and ___ heme group(s). (Give numbers.)

maintenance of osmotic pressure transport of nutrient molecules constitute the antibodies of immunity

Indicate three functions of plasma proteins.

poisoning (lead, arsenic or mercury poisoning) infections

Indicate two causes of leukopenia.

transports various molecules through the body maintains osmotic pressure of the blood

Indicate two functions of the plasma protein called albumin.

red bone marrow

Leukocytes develop in ______ in response to various hormones.

amoeboid motion

Leukocytes move through interstitial spaces using ______, a type of self-propulsion.

Monocytes and leukocytes

Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include

regulate fluid and electrolyte balance transport nutrients and vitamins transport gases promote pH homeostasis

List four functions of plasma.

25-33%

Lymphocytes make up about _____ of the circulating white blood cells.

thrombopoietin

Megakaryocytes, and therefore platelets, develop in response to which hormone?

largest

Monocytes are the ______ of the different types of leukocytes.

liver

Most plasma proteins, including albumin, are synthesized in the _____.

plasma

Name the liquid part of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended.

platelets

Name the type of formed element that is important in the repair of damaged blood vessels.

lysosome

Neutrophils contain numerous copies of the organelle containing digestive enzymes, called the

granules

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are categorized as granulocytes since they contain cytoplasmic

macrophages

Once red blood cells become damaged, cells called _____ phagocytize and destroy them, primarily in the liver and spleen.

serotonin

Platelets are a source of _____, a strong vasoconstrictor that leads to a reduction in blood flow.

megakaryocyte

Platelets are fragments of very large cells called

kidneys and liver

Prolonged low blood oxygen in adults causes the ______ and ______ to release erythropoietin (EPO), which in turn stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

electrolytes

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are examples of ______ found in plasma

alpha and beta; gamma

The _____ globulins function to transport fats, while the ______ globulins function as antibodies during an immune response.

leukopenia

The condition called ______ is a WBC count below 3,500 cells per microliter.

chronic

The condition called ______ leukemia develops slowly, with a life expectancy of about 3 years (after symptoms appear) if untreated.

negative

The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of red blood cell formation through _____ feedback mechanisms.

Eosinophils

The leukocytes called _____ function to moderate allergic reactions and inflammation, and also fight certain parasitic worm infestations.

neutrophils

The leukocytes called ______ have nuclei that are lobed and have fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple in a neutral stain .

albumin

The most abundant plasma protein, called _______ , transports molecules such as bilirubin, free fatty acids, and many hormones.

proteins

The most abundant solutes in plasma are ______.

Platelet

Thrombocyte is an alternative term for

high platelet count

Thrombocytosis is caused by a ______ in the blood, which may result from an iron deficiency or an infection.

thromboxane A2

To prevent the formation and release of ______ from platelets, low-dose aspirin is prescribed for individuals with a higher risk of blood clotting.

oxygen levels in blood decrease

Under what conditions does the rate of erythropoiesis increase?

intrinsic factor

Vitamin B12 is essential to blood cell production. What substance assists in the absorption of vitamin B12 from the digestive system?

formation of blood clots

What is the function of fibrinogen?

plasma proteins

Which component of blood transports various substances, and helps in regulation of fluid balance and blood pH?

most plasma proteins

Which of the following are produced by the liver?

Alpha and beta; gamma

______ globulins are produced in the liver, while ______ globulins are produced by cells originating in the lymphatic tissues.

what is globin

broken down into amino acids and recycled (what is)

creatine metabolism

creatinine

what is iron

mostly recycled to the bone marrow (what is)

what is bilirubin

orange pigment that is secreted into bile or excreted by kidneys (what is)

increase in eosinophils

parasitic infection or allergic reaction

protein catabolism

urea

nucleic acid catabolism

uric acid

polycythemia

An excessive increase in red blood cells, called ______, may occur in emphysema when the decreased surface area of the lung results in limited gas exchange.

They live for about ten days. They are less than half the size of a red blood cell. They are capable of ameboid movement.

Indicate three characteristics of platelets.

They are the second-most common leukocytes. They are agranulocytes.

Indicate two characteristics of lymphocytes.

increase in neutrophils

bacterial infection

eosinophil

Which type of white blood cell is visible in the center of the image?

aplastic anemia

Which type of anemia arises from destruction of bone marrow cells?

megakaryocyte

Which type of cell develops extensions that tear and produce cell fragments called platelets?

basophil

Which type of white blood cell is visible in the center of the image?

The percentages of each type of leukocyte within a blood sample.

What is a differential white blood cell count?

3,500-10,500 cells per microliter

What is a normal white blood cell count (WBCC or WCC)?

a secretion from the stomach that assists in the absorption of B12

What is intrinsic factor?

presence of infection

What is suggested by an increased white blood cell count (WBCC)?

directly attack microorganisms and tumor cells

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

leukocytosis

What is the term for the condition in which there are too many white blood cells?

decreased rate of erythropoiesis

What might be an effect of a dietary deficiency in iron or folic acid?

make small blood vessels more permeable

When microorganisms invade tissues, leukocytes release chemicals that ______, producing swelling that delays the spread of pathogens to other areas of the body.

rapid onset and progression

Which describes characteristics of acute leukemia?

albumin

Which is the most abundant type of plasma protein?

They are the least abundant of the WBC types.

Which is true of basophils?

a form of cancer that results in very high numbers of granulocytes and their poorly differentiated precursors in the blood

Which of the following options correctly describes myeloid leukemia?

lysosomes

Which organelle is abundant in neutrophils, allowing these cells to break down captured bacteria?

iron, folic acid, vitamin B12

Which three of the following are dietary factors required for erythropoiesis?

associated with bruiselike spots called petechiae platelet count below 150,000 platelets per microliter conventional treatment is transfusion of platelets

Which three statements describe thrombocytopenia?

list of the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample useful for diagnosing whether an illness is due to a bacterial infection or allergic reaction

Which two statements describe a differential white blood cell count?

not ordinarily used as a source of energy most abundant of the dissolved substances in the plasma

Which two statements describe plasma proteins?

lymphocytes and monocytes

Which two types of leukocytes are agranulocytes?