chapter 14 psych

Which personality concept is matched with the correct theory?

superego—psychoanalytic

Jennifer's 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to

try out many possible selves.

______________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others.

unconditional positive regard

Critics of Freud doubt that conscience and gender identity form as the child resolves the Oedipus complex at age:

5 or 6

Which choice correctly pairs a component of the biopsychosocial approach to personality with a sample influence?

biological—genetically based temperament

If the self-serving bias is evident in the way that an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:

blame her failure on bad officiating.

People who appear unable or unwilling to acknowledge the true state of affairs are sometimes likened to ostriches, burying their head in the sand. This metaphor illustrates the Freudian defense mechanism of:

denial

Jorge was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his coworkers. When Jorge gets home from his job he yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

displacement

Landon has become more responsive to his boyfriend's advances since he noticed that an attractive man had moved in next door. Landon is using a defense mechanism called:

displacement

When people's genetically influenced traits evoke specific responses from others, which then nudge them in a particular direction, what is involved?

gene-environment interaction

When people are open with their feelings, drop their façades, and are self-disclosing, they are displaying

genuineness

Unconditional positive regard is to the id as _____ theory is to _____ theory.

humanistic; psychoanalytic

Which choice correctly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?

humanistic—Maslow

Michael often acts in aggressive, impulsive ways without consideration for the long-term effects of his behavior. Freud would suggest that Michael is primarily driven by his

id

Krista had a really hard day at work. She is feeling worthless and unlovable. She is overheard making disparaging comments about herself, such as "No one likes me." Psychologists indicate that she might be doing this toe

illicit reassuring comments

Which of these is NOT a social-cultural influence in the biopsychosocial approach to the study of personality?

learned responses

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. Which choice exemplifies a behavioral factor associated with roller skating for Lin?

learning to roller skate

Kayden has to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He is worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach is:

not very reliable and that it has limited validity.

Jennifer typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Debra usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Jennifer and Debra to stress indicate that each has a distinctive

personality

The defense mechanism known as _____ occurs when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

projection

The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of the defense mechanism _____.

projection

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may

react violently

Alex often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Which defense mechanism does Alex demonstrate?

reaction formation

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of personal traits and environment, a process that Albert Bandura called:

reciprocal determinism

Marcus is applying for a new job. They have asked for copies of his transcripts, a list of personal references, and letters of recommendations from his past employers. He also has to complete a face-to-face interview. Which of these is the BEST indicator of his potential performance at this new job?

recommendations

Genevieve was the victim of a violent home invasion in which her entire family was viciously murdered and she was critically injured. Genevieve has nightmares and flashbacks of the trauma, which is inconsistent with Freud's view of the defense mechanism known as _____.

repression

Rhiannon is confident she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses. Rhiannon has high

self-efficacy

The _____ perspective involves reciprocal determinism.

social-cognitive

This theory of personality believes that conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns

social-cognitive

Brooke is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and will discuss her unattractive hair. Brooke's overestimation of people's reactions is known as the _____ effect.

spotlight

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this

spotlight effect

This is overestimating others' noticing and evaluating one's appearance, performance, and blunders

spotlight effect

When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his

superego

The _____ theory explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

terror management

Lately, 5-year-old Liam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings toward his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing:

the Oedipus complex

Shaun has been confronted by his roommate about his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drink several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:

the false consensus effect.

As a psychologist, you ask one of your clients to complete the MMPI. After you score the test, you notice that the client endorsed answers that make her seem healthier than she really is. These answers would be detected on

the lie scale

Which personality theory emphasizes the Big Five?

trait

Rebecca is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?

transcripts

Sigmund Freud thought that the part of a dream that people remember is a censored version of:

unconscious wishes

When a student perceives himself as less likely to develop drinking problems or drop out of school than his average classmate, he is illustrating

unrealistic optimism