Chapter 14 Psych EC

Which of the following is the purpose of the medication disulfiram in the treatment of alcohol abuse or dependence?

It causes even minor consumption of alcohol to make a person sick and dizzy.

Which of the following are true of a substance? (Select all that apply.)

It changes thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It is any natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects.

Which of the following are common medical conditions associated with long-term alcohol misuse? (Select all that apply.)

Malnutrition Dementia Low-grade hypertension

Inhalants tend to act as a ______ on the central nervous system.

depressant

Which of the following medications is thought to block the effects of endorphins during drinking, which creates a reduction in cravings?

Naltrexone

When combined with ______, opioids can suppress the respiratory system and cause death.

depressants

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of the neurotransmitter ______, causing it to accumulate in the synapse.

dopamine

The repeated use of some substances causes the brain to reduce its production of _________

dopamine

Amphetamines release the neurotransmitters _____ and _____ and block their reuptake.

dopamine; norepinephrine

The symptoms of alcohol withdrawal occur in stages. The ____ stage involves tremulousness, weakness, anxiety, headache, and nausea.

first

Binge drinking is defined as _____.

five or more drinks within several hours for men

Darrell has enrolled in the Alcohol Skills Training Program (ASTP) and finds that _____. (Select all that apply.)

he must attend eight 90-minute sessions in the program he is encouraged to challenge his beliefs about drinking making him more sociable he needs to self-monitor by recording his drinking behaviors

Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter of action in MDMA?

serotonin

An empty stomach speedily delivers alcohol to which organ, where it is rapidly absorbed into the body?

small intestine

Gradual withdrawal from heroin can be achieved with _____

methadone

Which of the following is not considered by some to be an ideal treatment for heroin relapse because of its own potential for dependence?

methadone

What are current research results on the effectiveness of AA?

results are mixed

Any natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects is called a(n) ________

substance

Lucy has taken some LSD and is intoxicated. She perceives numbers as being music. This is an example of _____.

synesthesia

Which of the following explain how cocaine use disorder develops? (Select all that apply.)

Users develop tolerance quickly. Frequent doses are required to maintain a high. Cocaine's effects wear off quickly.

The "pleasure pathway" begins in which region of the brain?

Ventral tegmental area

The second stage of alcohol withdrawal is characterized by _____.

convulsive seizures

Which of the following are effects of cannabis? (Select all that apply.)

Feeling of well-being Lethargy Heightened awareness of environment

Which synthetic opioid is partially responsible for the nation wide epidemic in opioid overdoses?

Fentanyl

Which are common routes of administration for illegal opioid use? (Select all that apply.)

Injected into the veins Smoked Snorted

Which of the following are causes of death from drinking large quantities of alcohol? (Select all that apply.)

Interactions with other substances or drugs Respiratory paralysis

Which of the following are correct in regard to phencyclidine, or PCP? (Select all that apply.)

It can be smoked or snorted. It is known as angel dust.

About ____ percent of the U.S. population reports having tried a hallucinogen or PCP.

11 percent

According to recent studies, what percentage of college students report having ever used amphetamines and methamphetamines?

13.4

According to meta-analyses and reviews of existing treatments, the treatment of substance-related disorders may help only ____ percent of people with substance user disorders abstain for up to 1 year.

17 to 35

Which of the following age groups represents the largest proportion of problem drinkers?

18-24

In most U.S. states, the legal definition of intoxication is if a person's blood-alcohol level is _____ or above.

0.08

Approximately how many alcoholic drinks per day is believed to be optimal to receive health benefits?

1 to 2

What percent of people in the United States currently smoke cigarettes?

23 percent

What percent of alcohol dependents or abusers recover on their own without seeking treatment?

25 percent

According to controlled studies, how many number of sessions of motivational interviewing seems to be effective in reducing substance use?

4

____ percent of adults in the United States have used cannabis in some form, usually marijuana.

42

What percent of college students report ever using cocaine?

5.5

In a recent survey, what percentage of Americans indicating that they support the legalization of cannabis?

61

Mortality rates for smokers are _____ percent greater than for nonsmokers.

70

Even though it is difficult to do, _____ percent of the people who smoke say they would like to stop smoking.

70 percent

In the United States, what percentage of people over age 12 report having smoked cigarettes at some point in their lives?

70 percent

Which of the following are features of Alcoholics Anonymous? (Select all that apply.)

Abstinence is necessary. It is based on a disease model. There are 12 steps to recovery.

Which of the following are among the four conditions that have historically been seen as important in defining individuals' use of substances? (Select all that apply.)

Abuse Intoxication Dependence

The MATCH study compared three interventions: cognitive-behavioral, a 12 step program, and motivational interviewing for alcohol use disorders. What were the findings?

All of the interventions were equally effective.

Which of the following are dangers of higher doses of phencyclidine, or PCP? (Select all that apply.)

Amnesia Analgesia Coma

Which of the following are part of the behavioral therapeutic tools for substance disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Aversive conditioning Drugs such as disulfiram Classical conditioning

Which of the following are used for nicotine dependence?

Bupropion and varenicline

Which of the following are potential sources of caffeine? (Select all that apply.)

Chocolate Coffee Over-the-counter cold remedies Tea

Risks of which health problems are increased by cannabis use? Select all that apply.

Chronic cough Emphysema Cancer

True or false: Krista describes herself as a "caffeine addict" and drinks approximately 4 cups of large Starbucks coffee per day. Due to Krista's excessive caffeine use, she meets criteria for caffeine intoxication.

False

True or false: The treatment of substance related disorders is not as challenging as it once was because of increased awareness.

False

Which of the following are risks strongly associated with opioid use? (Select all that apply.)

Death due to overdose or adulterated drugs Severe withdrawal if discontinued High risk of HIV infection if injected

Which of the following are side effects of barbiturates and benzodioazepines? (Select all that apply.)

Decreased blood pressure Decreased respiratory rate Decreased heart rate

Which of the following are true regarding alcohol use among ethnic groups within the United States? (Select all that apply.)

Ethnic group differ substantially in their drinking habits. Low rates of consumption in some countries are linked to Islam's prohibition against drinking. Native Americans are at particularly high risk for alcohol-related problems.

Which of the following medications causes unpleasant physical reactions after consuming alcohol while taking the medication?

Disulfiram

Which of the following would best be described as cognitive strategies in treating substance disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Engaging in active problem-solving Examination of expectations Challenging dysfunctional thinking

Which of the following are negative side effects of using inhalants? (Select all that apply.)

Hepatitis Cognitive deficits Sudden death Respiratory irritations

Which of the following are severe side effects of GHB? (Select all that apply.)

High blood pressure Violent behavior Wide mood swings Liver tumors

Which of the following are the two distinct phases of alcohol's effects on the brain? (Select the two answers that apply.)

In low doses, the user becomes more self-confident and relaxed. In high doses, the user exhibits symptoms of depression and sexual dysfunction.

Which of the following best describes the physiological action of nicotine?

It helps release several biochemicals in the brain, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Which of the following are true of motivational interviewing? (Select all that apply.)

It is used primarily for substance use. The interviewer uses empathy in the interview. It was developed by William Miller.v

_______ is a rapid-acting anesthetic that produces hallucinogenic effects.

Ketamine

Prescription stimulants are used to treat which of the following? Select all that apply.

Neurological disorders ADHD Asthma

Which are reasons that alcohol use disorders decline with age? Select all that apply.

Older people make more mature choices related to alcohol use Older people have grown up under stronger prohibitions against alcohol use

Which of the following inhalants are solvents? (Select all that apply.)

Paint thinner Glue Spray paint

Which of the following are benefits of drinking moderate amounts of alcohol, according to some studies? (Select all that apply.)

Prevention of damage to blood vessels Increase in good cholesterol

Which of the following is true of cocaine usage in the United States?

Rates of usage have gone down in recent decades.

Whether individuals ever use substances and whether their use progresses into a substance use disorder depend on a complex interplay of which of the following vulnerabilities? (Select all that apply.)

Psychological Biological Social

Which of the following are negative side effects of ecstasy? (Select all that apply.)

Reduced serotonin levels Cardiac problems Lowered attention and memory Liver failure

Randall's psychologist tells him that it is fairly common for people in alcohol abstinence programs to slip and go back to drinking and that the best remedy is to consider this a temporary setback. Which of the following is the psychologist reflecting?

Relapse prevention techniques

Some common unpleasant symptoms associated with moderate caffeine use include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Restlessness Hand tremors Nervousness

Which of the following are necessary ingredients for a diagnosis of caffeine intoxication to be made? (Select all that apply.)

Significant distress Impairment in functioning

According to the DSM-IV, which of the following was the diagnosis given when a person's recurrent use of a substance resulted in significant harmful consequences?

Substance abuse

Which of the following is the disorder used in the DSM-5 to describe chronic difficulties in resisting the desire to drink alcohol or take drugs?

Substance use disorder

Aaron is a 19-year-old college student who drinks alcohol. Which of the following would Marlatt and colleagues say are reasonable approaches to this situation? (Select all that apply.)

The focus of interventions should be on education. College students can learn to drink safely. College drinking should be viewed as normative.

Which of the following are effects of depressants? (Select all that apply.)

They impair motor skills. They slow the central nervous system. They reduce concentration.

Which of the following is true about risk factors associated with substance use disorders?

Women are less likely than men are to expect drug consumption to have positive outcomes.

Several studies have found that cannabis use significantly increases the risk of developing

a psychotic disorder.

Benzodiazepine overdose is especially likely when mixed with ______.

alcohol

______ drugs block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it.

antagonist

Which of the following is a form of freebase cocaine boiled down into chunks and smoked?

crack

Substance _________ is a set of behavioral and physiological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system.v

intoxication

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are

legally manufactured and sold by prescription.

GHB is a central nervous system depressant originally approved for the treatment of __________

narcolepsy

Studies have found that ____ of the children on some Native American reservations have experimented with inhaling gasoline.

nearly all

A(n) ______ is a substance that relieves pain.

opioid

The _____ stage of alcohol withdrawal involves delirium tremens, or DTs.

third