Chapter 14- The Brain and Cranial Nerves- Connect

Rostral

"toward the nose"

Caudal

"toward the tail"

Brainstem components in order from most rostral (nose) to the most caudal (tail):

1) Diencephalon 2) Midbrain 3) Pons 4) Medulla oblongata

The following are in order of how the CSF flows through the brain. The most superior structure should be listed first, and the most inferior structure should be listed last.

1) Lateral ventricle 2) Interventricular foramina 3) Third ventricle 4) Cerebral aqueduct 5) Fourth ventricle

The order of how CSF flows through the brain:

1) Lateral ventricle 2) Interventricular foramina 3) Third ventricle 4) Cerebral aqueduct 5) Fourth ventricle

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12

Which nerve innervates muscles that move the eyeball laterally?

Abducens (VI)

Extensions of the arachnoid meninx that reabsorb CSF are called ______ granulations or villi.

Arachnoid

Which term refers to the white matter located in the deeper aspects of the cerebellum exhibiting a branching fern-like pattern?

Arbor vitae

Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?

Basal nuclei, cerebral cortex, limbic system

The blood barrier system (BBS) consists of what?

Blood-brain barrier and Blood-CSF barrier

The blood-brain barrier consists of tight junctions between which of the following?

Capillary endothelial cells

Which structure occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem?

Cerebellum

What are the 3 major divisions of the brain?

Cerebellum, brainstem, cerebrum

Where is the gray matter of the cerebrum located?

Cerebral cortex, Limbic system, Basal nuclei

Together, the right and left brain cerebral hemispheres make up which part of the brain?

Cerebrum

The ____ region of the diencephalon forms the floor of the third ventricle and extends anteriority to the optic chiasm.

Hypothalamus

Which structure serves as the major control center of the endocrine and autonomic nervous system?

Hypothalamus

Cranial nerves that are predominantly motor.

III, VI, XII, IV, XI

The _______ colliculi are part of the auditory pathway and function to receive signals from the inner ear, relaying them to other parts of the brain.

Inferior

What is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?

Urea

Which cranial nerves begin or end in the pons?

V through VIII

The ______ system is the part of the brain involved with emotion and learning.

Limbic

Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

The pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the _______.

Metencephalon

Which brainstem region contains the cerebral aqueduct, continuations of the medial lemniscus, and the reticular formation, and the superior and inferior colliculi?

Midbrain

Which structure is located between the pons and the diencephalon?

Midbrain

The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles?

Myelencephalon and Metencephalon

Within the fist three weeks of embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken to form which of the following?

Neural groove

Which embryonic structure develops first?

Neural plate

The _______ nerves (cranial nerves I) pass through the cribriform plate in the roof of the nasal cavity functioning in the sense of smell.

Olfactory

The _____ lobe starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus.

Parietal

What are the 5 cerebral lobes?

Parietal lobe, insula, frontal, occipital, and temporal

Functions of CSF?

Protection, chemical stability, buoyancy

The thalamus does what?

Relays motor signals from the cerebral cortex, regulates emotional memory function, processes many types of sensory information

Which tracts run through the pons?

Tectospinal tract and medial lemniscus

Embryonic brain regions that develop into the forebrain?

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

What structure is sometimes called the "gateway to the cerebral cortex?"

Thalamus

The _________ nerve is a widely distributed cranial nerve that transmits both sensory and motor impulses to the head, neck, and most of the viscera in the abdominal and thoracic cavities.

Vagus

Which portion of the cerebellum connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres?

Vermis

Bundles of axons make up which of the following?

White matter

The term ____ means "toward the tail," while the term ____ means "toward the nose."

caudal, rostral

The meningeal layers from must superficial to deep are the ____ mater, ____ mater, and the ____ mater.

dura, arachnoid, pia

The cells that modify the CSF filtrate as it passes through the capillaries are called ______ cells.

ependymal

The slender, transverse, parallel, folds of the cerebellum are specifically called ________.

folia

The 3-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called _____.

meninges

What molecules can pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBS)?

Glucose, oxygen, caffeine

Name the large, C-shaped structure that contains most of the commissural tracts of the brain.

Corpus callosum

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?

Cortex

The _____ is the region of the brain between the midbrain and corpus callosum and includes the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus.

Diencephalon

What are the meningeal layers from most superficial to deep:

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Which structures produce CSF?

Ependymal cells, Choroid plexus

Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland?

Epithalamus

Which structures are located in the diencephalon?

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

How many ventricles are located in the brain?

Four

The chief functions of the ______ lobe include voluntary motor functions, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment and aggression.

Frontal

The ______ ventricle is a narrow median space inferior to the corpus callosum and receives fluid from the interventricular foramen.

Third

Which ventricle is located between the right and left halves of the diencephalon?

Third ventricle

What is the function of the blood barrier system?

To regulate passage of materials from the blood into the brain.

What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?

Transverse cerebral fissure

Which cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain, and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing?

Trigeminal

The ____ is the region of the brain responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

cerebellum

What fills the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the space between the CNS and dura mater?

cerebrospinal fluid

The _____ is an oval-shaped structure in the diencephalon located at the superior end of the brainstem beneath the cerebral hemispheres.

thalamus