Chapter 15
78) Considering the wavelengths of light received and abundance of various photoreceptors, which color is best received by the retina? A) purple B) yellow C) bright red D) blue E) green
yellow
126) The structure that supports the organ of Corti is the A) tectorial membrane. B) basilar membrane. C) membranous labyrinth. D) vestibular duct. E) tympanic membrane.
basilar membrane
99) The external acoustic meatus includes all of the following except the A) tympanic membrane. B) eardrum. C) tympanon. D) ceruminous glands. E) auditory tube.
auditory tube
109) ________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax. A) Sudoriferous B) Ceruminous C) Mammary D) Sweat E) Apocrine sweat
ceruminous
63) The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by A) moving up and down. B) moving in and out. C) changing shape. D) opening and closing. E) dilating and constricting.
changing shape
59) What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision? A) aqueous humor B) ciliary body C) iris D) extrinsic eye muscles E) none, because the lens is rigid
ciliary body
24) The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) filiform papillae. D) fungiform papillae. E) circumvallate papillae.
circumvallate papillae
15) Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae except A) vallate. B) foliate. C) fungiform. D) filiform.
filiform
175) Name the three tiny bones located in the middle ear, from lateral to medial. (Module 15.16A) A) malleus, incus, and stapes B) malleus, stapes, and incus C) stapes, incus, and malleus D) stapes, malleus, and incus E) incus, malleus, and stapes
malleus, incus, and stapes
117) The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in A) ampullae. B) cristae. C) cupulae. D) maculae. E) otoconia.
maculae
37) All of the following is a function of tears except A) lubricates the eye. B) washes away debris. C) provides oxygen. D) nourishes the cornea and conjunctiva. E) maintains acidic environment.
maintains acidic environment
16) Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore. A) papillae B) flagella C) cilia D) microvilli
microvilli
76) A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy. A) wavelength B) color C) photon D) rhodopsin E) vibration
photon
73) An elongate outer layer containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the middle layer describes a(n) A) bipolar cell. B) photoreceptor. C) ganglion cell. D) amacrine cell. E) horizontal cell.
photoreceptor
77) The visual receptors of the retina are called A) photoreceptors. B) ganglion cells. C) bipolar cells. D) amacrine cells. E) horizontal cells.
photoreceptors
49) The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the A) anterior chamber. B) posterior chamber. C) pupil. D) canal of Schlemm. E) vitreous body.
posterior chamber
31) All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands except that they A) produce a strongly hypertonic fluid. B) produce most of the volume of tears. C) produce lysozyme. D) produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions. E) are located in recesses in the frontal bones.
produce a strongly hypertonic fluid
32) The palpebrae do not A) remove dust and debris. B) contain tarsal glands. C) cover and protect the eye. D) keep the eye lubricated. E) produce tears.
produce tears
43) All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it A) consists of the sclera, limbus, and cornea. B) provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye. C) produces aqueous humor. D) contributes substantial focusing power. E) is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.
produces aqueous humor
38) The opening in the iris through which light passes is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) pupil. D) anterior chamber. E) posterior chamber
pupil
66) Why do things look blurry underwater without dive goggles or a mask? A) The water magnifies the image because it is denser than the lens of the eye. B) Light moves more slowly through the water, causing images to appear larger and closer. C) Rather than air, light is moving from water into the cornea and is thus refracted too little for a sharp focus. D) The cornea does not function in water, causing the image to appear larger and closer. E) Light waves are scattered by the water before reaching the eye, causing the image to appear blurry and unclear.
rather that air, light is moving from water into the cornea and is this refracted too little for a sharp focus
75) There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated A) red, yellow, and blue. B) red, green, and blue. C) red, green, and yellow. D) red, white, and blue.
red, green and blue
166) Identify the three types of cones. (Module 15.11C) A) red, green and yellow cones B) red, blue and yellow cones C) red, green and blue cones D) white, red and green cones E) black, white, and color cones
red, green and blue cones
64) When light encounters a medium of different density, it is bent or A) reflected. B) refracted. C) absorbed. D) transduced. E) propagated.
refracted
81) A pigment synthesized from vitamin A is A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP.
retinal
80) Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP.
rhodopsin
71) ________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light. A) Rods B) Cones
rods
114) Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the A) semicircular canals. B) cochlea. C) statoconia. D) saccule and utricle. E) organ of Corti.
saccule and utricle
97) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stapes? A) moves up and down when the stapedius muscle contracts B) auditory ossicle attached to tympanic membrane C) bending it produces receptor potential in hair cells D) necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) seals the oval window
seals the oval window
17) A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced. A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10 E) 20
10
103) Which structure contains the receptors for hearing? A) 6 B) 8 C) 9 D) 10 E) 11
11
131) The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation. 1. The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window. 2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus. 3. Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve. 4. Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes. 5. Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the organ of Corti toward or away from the tectorial membrane. 6. Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. What is the proper sequence for these steps? A) 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 3. B) 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 1. C) 2, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3. D) 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3. E) 2, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3.
2,4,6,1,5,3
8) Axons leaving the olfactory epithelium collect into ________ or more bundles that penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid. A) 4 B) 8 C) 12 D) 15 E) 20
20
84) The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by photons of light. 1. Ganglia cells detect changes in bipolar cell activity. 2. Neurotransmitter release changes. 3. Retinal changes to a more linear form. 4. Rhodopsin breaks down (bleaches). 5. Opsin changes the membrane permeability of the outer segment to Na+. 6. Opsin activation occurs. What is the proper sequence for these steps? A) 1, 6, 5, 2, 4, 3 B) 3, 6, 5, 2, 1, 4 C) 6, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 D) 3, 6, 5, 1, 2, 4 E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2
3,6,5,2,1,4
13) The olfactory receptor cell can be activated by as few as ________ odorant molecules. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
4
20) An adult has approximately ________ taste buds, each of which contains ________ different receptor cells. A) 50; 10,000 B) 5,000; 40-100 C) 500,000; 4 D) 500; 40-100 E) 50,000; 10,000
5000; 40-100
74) The visible spectrum for humans extends between a wavelength of 400 nm and ________ nm. A) 100 B) 500 C) 600 D) 700 E) 900
700
139) What is a generator potential? (Module 15.1B) A) A generator potential is an action potential produced by sensory neurons. B) A generator potential is the depolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating an action potential. C) A generator potential is the repolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating ac action potential. D) A generator potential is an electrical stimulus that propagates from the sensory neuron to the CNS. E) A generator potential is a very strong stimulus in a sensory receptor that causes the inside of the cell to become positive.
A generator potential is the depolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating an action potential.
85) All of the following occur when a rod is stimulated by light, except A) ganglion cells pick up changes in activity in the bipolar cells. B) the retinal changes to a more linear shape. C) neurotransmitter release changes. D) Na+ permeability changes. E) ATP is hydrolyzed.
ATP is hydrolyzed
142) Trace the olfactory pathway, beginning at the olfactory epithelium. (Module 15.2B) A) Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and travel along the olfactory tract. Axons from the tract then synapse at the olfactory bulb. Axons from the olfactory bulb travel to the olfactory cortex, thalamus, and portions of the limbic system. B) Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and travel along the olfactory tract. Axons from the olfactory tract go to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and portions of the ventricles. Then the axons from those regions synapse again at the olfactory bulb. C) Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and synapse at the olfactory bulb. Axons from the olfactory bulb travel directly to the olfactory cortex, olfactory association area, and the epithalamus. D) Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and synapse at the olfactory bulb. Axons from the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and portions of the limbic system. E) Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and synapse at the olfactory bulb. Axons from the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex, basal nuclei, and portions of the reticular formation.
Axons from the olfactory epithelium bundle together and synapse at the olfactory bulb. Axons from the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and portions of the limbic system.
1) The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air. A) pressure B) chemicals C) proteins D) water E) dust
Chemicals
2) Olfactory glands A) house the sense of smell. B) support the olfactory epithelium. C) react to aromatic molecules. D) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus. E) group as olfactory bulbs.
Coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus
186) Which cranial nerves are involved with eye, head, and neck movements? (Module 15.21B) A) Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XI. B) Cranial nerves I, II, and III. C) Cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI. D) Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, XII. E) Cranial nerves VI, VII, IX, XI.
Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XI.
188) Which cranial nerves provide taste sensations from the tongue? (Module 15.22A) A) Cranial nerves I and II. B) Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. C) Cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI. D) Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, XII. E) Cranial nerves VI, VII, IX, XI.
Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X.
184) Define decibel. (Module 15.20A) A) Decibels are units of force. B) Decibels are units of pressure. C) Decibels are units of the intensity of sound. D) Decibels are units of light. E) Decibels are units of wavelengths.
Decibels are units of the intensity of sound.
165) How could a diet deficient in vitamin A affect vision? (Module 15.11B) A) Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of aqueous humor available to circulate to the tissues of the anterior chamber. B) Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of retinal that the body could produce, thereby interfering with night vision. C) Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of opsin that can be produced, reducing the wavelengths of light that can be absorbed. D) Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of red cones, causing red-green color blindness. E) Deficiency in vitamin A blocks the production of all cone pigments, causing total color blindness.
Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of retinal that the body could produce, thereby interfering with night vision.
162) Why does the near point of vision typically increase with age? (Module 15.9C) A) Elasticity of the lens decreases with age. B) Elasticity of the lens increases with age. C) The number of photoreceptors decreases with age. D) The amount of refraction changes because the liquid inside the eye decreases with age. E) The amount of refraction changes because the liquid inside the eye increases with age.
Elasticity of the lens decreases with age.
144) Describe filiform papillae. (Module 15.3B) A) Filiform papillae are taste buds. B) Filiform papillae are gustatory receptors. C) Filiform papillae are epithelial projections shaped like small buttons. Each one contains about five taste buds. D) Filiform papillae are epithelial projections that are relatively large and surrounded by deep folds containing as many as 100 taste buds. E) Filiform papillae are epithelial projections that are slender and conical. They provide friction for the tongue to move objects in the mouth, but they do not contain taste buds.
Filiform papillae are epithelial projections that are slender and conical. They provide friction for the tongue to move objects in the mouth, but they do not contain taste buds.
160) Define focal point. (Module 15.9A) A) Focal point is when all light rays entering the pupil are entering parallel. B) Focal point is the distance between the lens and the retina. C) Focal point is when light is refracted as it passes from the air into the corneal tissues. D) Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the retina. E) Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the lens.
Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the retina.
143) Define gustation. (Module 15.3A) A) Gustation is the sense of smell. B) Gustation is the sense of taste. C) Gustation is the sense of equilibrium. D) Gustation is the sense of sight. E) Gustation is the sense of hearing.
Gustation is the taste
146) What are gustducins? (Module 15.4A) A) Gustducins are gustatory sensory neurons that transmit the gustatory signals. B) Gustducins are taste buds. C) Gustducins are ion-gated channels on the gustatory receptor cell that respond to sodium ions from salt solutions or hydrogen ions from acidic or sour solutions to induce depolarization in the cell. D) Gustducins are G protein complexes that use second messengers to produce the depolarization in the cell from sweet, bitter, and umami sensations. E) Gustducins are epithelial projections on the surface and sides of the tongue that may contain taste buds.
Gustducins are G protein complexes that use second messengers to produce the depolarization in the cell from sweet, bitter, and umami sensations.
172) Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A) A) It is the term for normal vision. B) It is the term for nearsightedness. C) It is the term for farsightedness. D) It is the term for color blindness. E) It is the term for visual correction.
It is the term for normal vision.
39) ________ glands are modified sebaceous glands located along the margin of the eyelid that secrete a lipid-rich product. A) Tarsal B) Lacrimal C) Mucous D) Palpebral E) Conjunctival
Tarsal
140) Compare olfactory receptors with receptors for the other special senses. (Module 15.1C) A) Olfactory receptors are at the surface of the olfactory epithelium and can generate a fast action potential, whereas receptors for the other special senses are deep and slower to generate an action potential. B) Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors and respond to dissolved chemicals, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are mechanoreceptors. C) Olfactory receptors have short axons because of their close proximity to the olfactory bulb, whereas the receptors for the other special senses have long axons because they are further away from the CNS. D) Olfactory receptors do not require the CNS for processing the signal, whereas the receptors for the other special senses require processing by the CNS. E) Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons.
Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons.
170) Define optic radiation. (Module 15.13A) A) Optic radiation refers to the bundles of commissural fibers linking the visual cortex on the left side of the cerebrum with the visual cortex on the right side of the cerebrum. B) Optic radiation refers to the bundles of association fibers linking the visual cortex with the visual association area on the same side of the cerebral cortex. C) Optic radiation refers to bundles of projection fibers linking the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus with the visual cortex in each cerebral hemisphere. D) Optic radiation refers to bundles of projection fibers linking the basal nuclei of the cerebrum with the visual association areas. E) Optic radiation refers to bundles of association fibers linking the visual cortex with the visual association area in each cerebral hemisphere.
Optic radiation refers to bundles of projection fibers linking the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus with the visual cortex in each cerebral hemisphere.
182) Name the fluids found within the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct. (Module 15.19B) A) Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli. Endolymph fills the scala tympani and cochlear duct. B) Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. Endolymph fills the cochlear duct. C) Perilymph fills the cochlear duct. Endolymph fills the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. D) Perilymph fills the scala tympani and cochlear duct. Endolymph fills the scala vestibuli. E) Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli and cochlear duct. Endolymph fills the scala tympani.
Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. Endolymph fills the cochlear duct.
88) In the retina, the correct sequence of neural wiring is A) rod - bipolar cell - ganglion cell - thalamus. B) cone - bipolar cell - pigmented cell - inferior colliculus. C) cone - bipolar cell - horizontal cell - pigmented cell. D) rod - bipolar cell - pigmented cell - thalamus. E) rod - bipolar cell - amacrine cell - pigmented cell.
Rod, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, thalamus
164) Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B) A) Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color. B) Rods require intense light, and objects appear black and white. Cones are active in dim light, and objects appear in color. C) Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear in color. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in black and white. D) Rods require intense light, and objects appear in color. Cones are active in dim light, and objects appear in black and white. E) Both rods and cones require intense light. Rods allow color vision and cones allow objects to appear black and white.
Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color.
180) Cite the functions of sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle. (Module 15.18B) A) Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to high pitched sounds. B) Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to low pitched sounds. C) Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to high pitched and low pitched sounds, respectively. D) Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to rotation. E) Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to changes in horizontal movement and vertical movement, respectively.
Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to changes in horizontal movement and vertical movement, respectively.
177) Identify the structures of the bony labyrinth. (Module 15.17A) A) The bony labyrinth contains the semicircular ducts and semicircular canals. B) The bony labyrinth contains the utricle and saccule. C) The bony labyrinth contains the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. D) The bony labyrinth contains the malleus, incus, and stapes. E) The bony labyrinth contains the cochlear duct and the cochlea.
The bony labyrinth contains the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea.
178) How do the semicircular canals and the semicircular ducts differ? (Module 15.17B) A) The semicircular canals are part of the membranous labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the bony labyrinth. B) The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and they are surrounded by the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth. C) The semicircular canals are part of the membranous labyrinth, and they are surrounded by the semicircular ducts, which are part of the bony labyrinth. D) The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth.
The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth.
179) Define otoliths. (Module 15.18A) A) They are tiny auditory bones that propagate sound waves to the internal ear. B) They are small cellular extensions that detect changes in the flow of endolymph. C) They are flexible, gelatinous structures that are found in each ampulla of the semicircular ducts. D) They are the extensions of hair cells embedded in the ampullary cupula. E) They are densely packed calcium carbonate crystals that sit upon the gelatinous otolithic membrane in the maculae.
They are densely packed calcium carbonate crystals that sit upon the gelatinous otolithic membrane in the maculae.
183) When the basilar membrane moves, what happens to the hair cells of the spiral organ? (Module 15.19C) A) They press against the spiral ganglion. B) They press against the basilar membrane. C) They press against the tectorial membrane. D) They press against the vestibular membrane. E) They push down into the ampulla.
They press against the tectorial membrane.
28) A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve A) VII. B) III. C) IX. D) V. E) XIII.
V
27) Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves A) IX, X, and XI. B) VII, VIII, and IX. C) VII, IX, and X. D) V, VII, and IX. E) IX, XI, and XII.
VII, IX, X
68) In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A) a round lens B) a flat lens C) It doesn't matter, focus distance doesn't change with the shape of the lens.
a flat lens
82) The first step in the process of photoreception is A) the bleaching of rods. B) the bleaching of cones. C) absorption of a photon by a visual pigment. D) inhibition of the sodium pumps. E) release of neurotransmitter.
absorption of a photon by a visual pigment
83) Which of the following is not true about rhodopsin? A) called visual purple B) bleached during photoreception C) is the visual pigment in rods D) consists of opsin + retinal E) activates transducin
activates transducin
168) Visual pigments undergo which three changes during photoreception? (Module 15.12B) A) activation, bleaching, and reassembly B) activation, bleaching, and deactivation C) depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization D) activation, denaturation, and reassembly E) detection, bleaching, and absorption
activation, bleaching, and reassembly
62) The ciliary muscle contracts to A) control the amount of light reaching the retina. B) adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision. C) adjust the shape of the lens for close vision. D) control the production of aqueous humor. E) adjust the shape of the cornea and vitreous.
adjust the shape of the lens for close vision
26) Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places? A) surface of the epiglottis B) surface of the tongue C) portions of the pharynx D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
all of the answers are correct
86) All of the following are true regarding the retina except A) Ganglion cells send axons to the brain as cranial nerve II. B) Axons carrying its output synapse in the lateral geniculate bodies in the thalamus. C) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to dim light. D) It has photoreceptors that do not respond to red light. E) All of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex.
all of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex
115) The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the A) saccules. B) ampullae. C) perilymph. D) utricles. E) cupulae.
ampullae
67) In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A) an object 10 inches away from your nose B) an object 20 feet away C) It doesn't matter, focal distance doesn't change with how far away an object is.
and object 10 inches away from your nose
48) The space between the cornea and the iris is the A) anterior chamber. B) posterior chamber. C) canal of Schlemm. D) aqueous humor. E) pupil.
anterior chamber
107) The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) tensor tympani. E) stapedius muscle.
auditory ossicles
Figure 15-1 102) Identify the structures labeled "8." A) cochlea B) auditory ossicles C) auricle D) tympanic membrane E) vestibule
auditory ossicles
123) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells D) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) seal the oval window
bending these products receptor potential in hair cells
167) What are the two configurations of retinal? (Module 15.12A) A) linear form and planar form B) linear form and ring form C) R enantiomer and S enantiomer D) bent 11-cis form and the linear 11-trans form E) depolarized form and repolarized form
bent 11-cis form and the linear 11-trans form
3) Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to A) contact a specialized olfactory cell. B) bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites. C) gate open ion channels. D) respond to applied pressure. E) be transported to the olfactory bulbs.
bind receptors in olfactory dendrites
70) ________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells. A) Rod B) Cone C) Bipolar D) Amacrine E) Horizontal
bipolar
145) Which taste receptors offer a survival advantage when tasting something for the first time? (Module 15.3C) A) bitter and sour receptors B) salty receptors C) sweet receptors D) water receptors E) umami receptors
bitter and sour receptors
69) The neural layer contains all of the following except A) ganglion cells. B) photoreceptor cones. C) supporting cells. D) photoreceptor rods. E) blood vessels.
blood vessels
111) The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth. A) bony callus B) bony labyrinth C) membranous callus D) vestibule E) auditory ossicle
bony labryinth
137) The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as A) myopia. B) hyperopia. C) cataracts. D) color blindness. E) vertigo.
cataracts
9) Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain? A) frontal lobe B) cerebellum C) parietal lobe D) cerebrum E) medulla oblongata
cerebrum
181) Where is the spiral organ located? (Module 15.19A) A) utricle of the internal ear B) semicircular ducts of the internal ear C) tympanic membrane of the middle ear D) cochlea of the internal ear E) saccule of the internal ear
cochlea of the internal ear
135) Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness. A) tone B) conductive C) nerve D) neural E) vertigo
conductive
189) Identify two common classes of hearing-related disorders. (Module 15.22C) A) cataracts and glaucoma B) vertigo and motion sickness C) conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss D) vertigo and conductive hearing loss E) presbyopia and sensorineural hearing loss
conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss
72) ________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color. A) Rods B) Cones
cones
153) Which layer of the eye would be the first affected by inadequate tear production? (Module 15.6B) A) pupil B) iris C) retina D) sclera E) conjunctiva
conjunctiva
36) The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye. A) conjunctiva B) cornea C) iris D) anterior chamber E) canthus
conjunctiva
41) ________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface. A) Cataract B) Conjunctivitis C) Myopia D) Hyperopia E) Emmetropia
conjunctivitis
50) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor? A) gelatinous fluid that fills posterior chamber B) secreted in bright light C) constantly produced and recycled D) produced by lacrimal glands E) surround the retina
constantly produced and recycled
58) Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________. A) dilation; constriction B) dilation; dilation C) constriction; dilation D) constriction; constriction E) vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction
constriction; dilation
44) Which of the following is not true of the vascular layer of the eye? A) provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye B) regulates the amount of light entering the eye C) secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor D) controls the shape of the lens E) contains photoreceptors
contains photoreceptors
60) A sudden rise of room brightness would cause A) contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles. B) contraction of the pupillary dilator muscles. C) conversion of 11-trans to 11-cis retinal. D) an increase in the size of the pupil. E) All of the answers are correct.
contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles
173) Which type of lens would correct hyperopia? (Module 15.14B) A) diverging lens (with at least one concave surface) B) converging lens (with at least one convex surface)
converging lens (with at least one convex surface)
169) When during photoreception is ATP required? (Module 15.12C) A) activation B) absorbing a photon C) release of neurotransmitters D) depolarization of the membrane E) conversion of 11-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal
conversion of 11-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal
157) Which eye structure does not contain blood vessels? (Module 15.8A) A) cornea B) iris C) sclera D) retina E) choroid
cornea
46) The transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the A) conjunctiva. B) cornea. C) iris. D) pupil. E) canthus.
cornea
65) In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the A) iris. B) cornea. C) lens. D) aqueous humor. E) vitreous humor.
cornea
61) A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order? A) cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid B) vitreous body - retina - choroids - aqueous humor - lens - cornea C) cornea - aqueous humor - vitreous body - lens - choroids - retina D) cornea - lens - aqueous humor - vitreous body - retina - choroid
cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid
11) Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the A) superior nasal concha. B) sphenoid bone. C) cribriform plate. D) nasal septum. E) frontal bone.
cribriform plate
121) The elevated ridges within the ampullae of the semicircular canals that support the hair cells are known as a A) concha. B) cupula. C) crista ampullaris. D) macula. E) papilla.
crista ampullaris
113) ________ fills the membranous labyrinth. A) Interstitial fluid B) Perilymph C) Endolymph D) CSF E) Plasma
endolymph
151) Which cells develop into the photoreceptors? (Module 15.5C) A) optic vesicles B) cornea C) ependymal cells of the inner layer of the optic cup D) ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup E) nervous tissue of the outer layer of the optic cup
ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup
112) The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of A) proprioception. B) hearing. C) nociception. D) equilibrium. E) vision.
equilibrium
108) Sound travels directly to the eardrum through the A) pinna. B) external auditory canal. C) cochlea. D) vestibule. E) ear ossicles.
external auditory canal
152) Identify the accessory structures of the eye. (Module 15.6A) A) eyelids, eyelashes, the superficial epithelium of the eye, and the structures associated with the production, secretion, and removal of tears B) vitreous humor and aqueous humor C) eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea D) tarsal glands, palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, fornix, lacrimal caruncle E) pupil, iris, cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor
eyelids, eyelashes, the superficial epithelium of the eye, and the structures associated with the production, secretion, and removal of tears
147) Identify the cranial nerves that carry gustatory information. (Module 15.4B) A) trigeminal, facial, and accessory nerves B) facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves C) glossopharyngeal, trigeminal, and abducens nerves D) hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and accessory nerves E) hypoglossal, olfactory, and trochlear nerves
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves
42) The cornea is part of the A) fibrous layer. B) iris. C) neural layer. D) uvea. E) fibrous layer and the neural layer.
fibrous layer
159) Light passing through the eye along the visual axis strikes what part of the retina? (Module 15.8C) A) optic nerve B) optic disc C) fovea centralis D) ganglion cells E) bipolar cells
fovea centralis
52) An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the A) outer segment. B) inner segment. C) fovea centralis. D) optic disc. E) tapetum lucidum.
fovea centralis
174) What kind of stimuli can the internal ear sense? (Module 15.15C) A) touch B) odorants C) visual photons of light D) gravity and acceleration, rotation, or sound E) dissolved chemicals
gravity and acceleration, rotation, or sound
18) The sense of taste is also known as A) gustation. B) olfaction. C) equilibrium. D) proprioception. E) interoception.
gustation
21) All of the following compose the epithelial projections found on the tongue except A) fungiform papillae. B) circumvallate papillae. C) filiform papillae. D) gustatory papillae. E) None of the answers is correct.
gustatory papillae
30) The membrane proteins that respond to chemical stimuli to produce sweet, bitter, and umami sensations are called A) photoreceptors. B) proprioceptors. C) nociceptors. D) transducins. E) gustducins.
gustducins
45) The vitreous body A) fills the anterior cavity. B) helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina. C) is removed and recycled every few hours. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
helps stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina
132) A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would be A) very loud. B) barely audible. C) high-pitched. D) low-pitched. E) barely audible and low-pitched.
high-pitched
90) A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close. A) myopia B) hyperopia C) cataracts D) color blindness E) vertigo
hyperopia
156) Where in the eye is aqueous humor located? (Module 15.7C) A) in the anterior cavity, between the cornea and the retina B) in the posterior cavity, between the lens and the retina C) in the anterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens D) in the posterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens E) in the anterior cavity, between the ciliary body and the ora serrata
in the anterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens
150) Which structures develop into the retina? (Module 15.5B) A) optic vesicles B) cornea C) optic nerve D) inner and outer layers of the optic cup E) lacrimal apparatus
inner and outer layers of the optic cup
92) The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the A) membranous endolymph. B) organ of Schlemm. C) internal ear. D) bony labyrinth. E) perilymph.
internal ear
47) The part of the eye that determines eye color is the A) lens B) cornea. C) iris. D) pupil. E) retina
iris
124) The quantity of neurotransmitter that is released by a hair cell corresponds to all of the following except A) responds to almost any mechanical stimulation of the hair cell. B) is sensitive to which way stereocilia are bent with respect to the kinocilium. C) determines if a sensory neuron will be excited. D) is greatest when the hair cell is at a neutral position. E) None of the answers is correct.
is greatest when the hair cell is at a neutral position
10) How would a molecule that mimics cAMP not affect an olfactory receptor? A) It would increase sodium permeability. B) It would open chemically gated sodium channels. C) It would depolarize the olfactory receptor. D) It could trigger an afferent action potential. E) It would decrease sodium permeability.
it would decrease sodium permeability
34) A structure that is located at the medial angle of the eye and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the A) palpebra. B) lacrimal caruncle. C) lacrimal gland. D) Meibomian gland. E) conjunctiva.
lacrimal caruncle
33) The palpebrae are connected at the A) eyelids. B) lateral and medial angles of the eye. C) lacrimal caruncle. D) medial canthus only. E) conjunctiva.
lateral and medial angles of the eye
127) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane? A) moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli C) supports the olfactory organ D) tiny duct necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) covers over the oval windq
moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth
89) A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred. A) myopia B) hyperopia C) cataracts D) color blindness E) vertigo
myopia
14) The olfactory receptors are highly modified A) neurons. B) epithelial cells. C) goblet or mucous cells. D) olfactory glands. E) areolar connective tissue cells.
neurons
5) Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors? A) olfaction B) hearing C) equilibrium D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.
olfaction
141) Describe olfaction. (Module 15.2A) A) Olfaction is the sense of smell. B) Olfaction is the sense of taste. C) Olfaction is the sense of equilibrium. D) Olfaction is the sense of sight. E) Olfaction is the sense of hearing.
olfaction is the sense of smell
6) Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the A) medulla oblongata. B) medial geniculate. C) cerebral cortex. D) olfactory bulb. E) olfactory tract.
olfactory bulb
12) The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria. A) olfactory bulb B) olfactory nerve C) olfactory epithelium D) cribriform plate E) olfactory tract
olfactory epithelium
7) Which of the following is not a component of the lamina propria of the olfactory organ? A) areolar tissue B) blood vessels C) nerves D) olfactory glands E) olfactory epithelium
olfactory epithelium
25) The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of A) light receptors in the eye. B) mechanoreceptors in the ear. C) olfactory receptors. D) lamellar corpuscles. E) Meissner corpuscles.
olfactory receptors
19) Gustatory receptors are not located A) on the inferior surface of the tongue. B) in the epiglottis. C) on the superior surface of the tongue. D) in the larynx. E) in the pharynx.
on the inferior surface of the tongue
163) What is the eye's blind spot? (Module 15.10A) A) macula B) fovea centralis C) neural layer of the retina D) optic disc E) lens
optic disc
149) What are the first structures that form during eye development? (Module 15.5A) A) optic nerve B) retina C) optic vesicles D) cornea E) optic cups
optic vesicles
128) The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the A) semicircular canal. B) utricle. C) saccule. D) organ of Corti. E) spiral ganglion.
organ of Corti
154) Name the three layers of the eye. (Module 15.7A) A) outer corneal layer, middle aqueous humor layer, inner vitreous humor layer B) outer corneal layer, middle vitreous humor layer, inner aqueous humor layer C) outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, deep inner layer D) outer vascular layer, middle fibrous layer, deep inner layer E) outer scleral layer, middle corneal layer, deep retinal layer
outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, deep inner layer
98) The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles. A) inner; middle B) outer; middle C) outer; inner D) middle; inner E) None of the answers is correct.
outer; middle
40) The gap that separates the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids is the A) cornea. B) palpebral fissure. C) conjunctiva. D) lacrimal punctum. E) medial angle of the eye.
palpebral fissure
22) Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? A) sweet B) peppery C) sour D) salty E) umami
peppery
29) Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of A) intensely sweet. B) intensely sour. C) quite salty. D) peppery hot. E) decidedly bitter.
peppery hot
96) The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the A) auricle. B) membranous labyrinth. C) bony labyrinth. D) pharyngotympanic tube E) auditory meatus.
pharyngotmypanic tube
122) When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling? A) semicircular canal B) utricle C) saccule D) maculae E) spiral ganglion
semicircular canal
134) The vestibular nuclei at the boundary of the pons and the medulla function in all of the following except that they A) integrate the vestibular information arriving from each side of the head. B) relay vestibular information to the cerebellum. C) relay vestibular information to the cerebral cortex. D) send commands to motor nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord. E) send information to the vestibular complex of the inner ear.
send information to the vestibular complex of the inner ear
116) Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals A) produces a rushing sound. B) allows us to hear low tones. C) signals rotational movements. D) signals body position with respect to gravity. E) signals linear acceleration.
signals rotational movements
161) When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, are you viewing something close up or something in the distance? (Module 15.9B) A) something close up B) something in the distance
something in the distance
138) Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A) A) Special senses originate at the axon of the sensory neuron. B) Special senses originate at the interneurons of the brain. C) Special senses originate at the sensory receptor. D) Special senses originate in the thalamus where sensations are relayed. E) Special senses originate in the association areas of the cerebral cortex.
special senses originate at the sensory receptors
129) The cell bodies of sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells of the cochlea form the ________ ganglion. A) vestibular B) spiral C) cochlear D) acoustic E) auditory
spiral
35) Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges? A) palpebra B) lacrimal caruncle C) chalazion D) tarsal gland E) conjunctiva
tarsal gland
148) Trace the gustatory pathway from the taste receptors to the cerebral cortex. (Module 15.4C) A) taste receptors � facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves � synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata � medial lemniscus � synapse in the thalamus � gustatory cortex of the insula B) taste receptors � hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and accessory nerves � synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata � medial lemniscus � synapse in the thalamus � gustatory cortex of the insula C) taste receptors � facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves � lateral lemniscus � synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata � synapse in the thalamus � gustatory cortex of the insula D) taste receptors � hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal, and accessory nerves � medial lemniscus � synapse in the thalamus � synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata �gustatory cortex of the insula E) taste receptors � facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves � medial lemniscus � synapse in the thalamus � synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata � gustatory cortex of the insula
taste receptors � facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves � synapse in the solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata � medial lemniscus � synapse in the thalamus � gustatory cortex of the
125) The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the A) basilar membrane. B) tectorial membrane. C) stapedius. D) perilymph. E) endolymph.
tectorial membrane
155) What gives eyes their characteristic color? (Module 15.7B) A) the density and distribution of melanocytes in the pupil B) the density and distribution of melanocytes in the iris C) the density and distribution of blood vessels in the vascular layer D) the density and distribution of blood vessels in the retina E) the density and distribution of melanocytes in the retina
the density and distribution of melanocytes in the iris
87) Which of the following statements concerning vision is false? A) Approximately half of the fibers in each optic nerve cross to opposite sides of the brain at the optic chiasm. B) Fibers of the optic nerve synapse at the lateral geniculates of the thalamus. C) The image that is formed on the retina is inverted. D) The entire retina receives equal representation in the visual cortex. E) The visual cortex of the brain receives the entire field of vision.
the entire retina receives equal representation in the visual cortex
91) All of the following descriptions applies/apply to the term myopia except A) nearsightedness. B) corrected with diverging lens. C) image focused in front of retina. D) the eyeball is elongated. E) the eyeball is too shallow.
the eyeball is too shallow
118) Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on A) changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. B) vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. C) the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule. D) the movement of endolymph within the semicircular canals. E) All of the answers are correct.
the force exerted by the otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule
79) When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive A) red. B) blue. C) green. D) white. E) blackness.
white
133) A loud noise does not cause A) a large movement of the tympanic membrane. B) an alerting reaction leading to sympathetic activation. C) a large number of hair cells to be stimulated. D) a big pressure pulse entering the cochlear duct at that oval window. E) the generation of a wave with a high frequency.
the generation of a wave with a high frequency
158) What happens to the pupils when light intensity decreases? (Module 15.8B) A) the pupils constrict to let in more light B) the pupils dilate to let in more light C) the pupils constrict to let in less light D) the pupils dilate to let in less light E) the pupils reflect more light onto the lens
the pupils dilate to let in more light
93) When an external force bends the stereocilia of the inner ear hair cells, A) the force is converted into mechanical energy. B) the hair cells are temporarily damaged. C) there is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells. D) dizziness results. E) the cells become unresponsive.
there is a chnage in the transmembrane potential of the hair
4) All of the following are true of olfactory pathways except A) they project first to the mammillary bodies and then to the thalamus. B) the first synapse is in the olfactory bulb. C) information flows to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system. D) they reach the forebrain without first synapsing in the thalamus. E) they exhibit a considerable amount of convergence.
they project first to the mammilary bodies and then to the thalamus
119) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells D) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) seal the oval window
tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equalibrium
176) What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B) A) to house the adenoids B) to resonate sounds C) to amplify sounds before they enter the inner ear D) to drain excess perilymph if it builds up in the inner ear E) to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane
to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane
101) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term ossicles? A) move up and down when the stapes moves back and forth B) transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear C) bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells D) tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium E) seal the oval window
transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
187) What is your reflexive response to hearing a loud noise, such as a firecracker? (Module 15.21C) A) close your eyes B) cover your ears C) turn away from the source of the noise D) turn your head and eyes toward the source of the noise E) close your eyes and cover your ears
turn your head and eyes toward the source of the noise
106) Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the A) auditory ossicles. B) cochlea. C) oval window. D) round window. E) tympanic membrane.
tympanic membrane
94) The external ear ends at the A) vestibule. B) cochlea. C) ossicles. D) tympanic membrane. E) pinna.
tympanic membrane
95) The auditory ossicles connect the A) tympanic membrane to the oval window. B) tympanic membrane to the round window. C) oval window to the round window. D) stapedius to the tympanic membrane. E) otitis to the media.
tympanic membrane to the oval window
100) Which of the following anatomical sequences is correct? A) tympanum - incus - malleus - stapes - oval window - round window B) tympanum - incus - malleus - stapes - round window - oval window C) tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window D) tympanum - incus - stapes - malleus - oval window - round window E) tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - round window - oval window
tympanum, mallus, incus, staples, oval window, round window
23) The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as A) sweet. B) umami. C) salty. D) peppery. E) sour.
unami
120) The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity. A) cochlea B) utricle C) ampulla D) saccule E) utricle and saccule
utricel and saccule
136) An abnormal illusion of movement is called A) conductive hearing loss. B) nerve hearing loss. C) vertigo. D) cataracts. E) myopia.
vertigo
185) Where are the hair cell receptors for equilibrium located? (Module 15.21A) A) cochlear ducts B) vestibule and semicircular ducts C) oval window D) round window E) tectorial membrane
vestibule and semicircular ducts
171) Where are visual images perceived? (Module 15.13B) A) visual association areas of the cerebral cortex B) visual cortex of the occipital lobe C) insula of the cerebrum D) lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus E) lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus and the insula of the cerebrum
visual cortex of the occipital lobe
51) The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the A) vitreous humor. B) aqueous humor. C) ora serrata. D) perilymph. E) tears.
vitreous humor
130) The frequency of a perceived sound depends on A) the frequency of kinocilia vibration. B) the number of hair cells that are stimulated. C) which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated. D) the amplitude of the wave. E) the frequency of vibration of the tectorial membrane.
which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated
