chapter 15

Researchers estimate that as many as - percent of child deaths from abuse and neglect are not recorded. Of child abuse that is reported, about - percent happens at the hands of a parent.

50 90

The practice of unmarried couples living together without getting married, known as cohabitation, has increased in recent decades. In 2016, what percentage of women participated in this kind of union by age 30?

75

young, never-married mother (head of household)

A high proportion of this group is poor.

Which of the following are examples of how families perform the role of personality stabilization, according to the functionalist perspective?

A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. Two adult brothers keep in touch with weekly phone calls from across the country.

Identify the following statements as a common reason for cohabitating, or not.

"I just love spending time with him!" "We were spending most nights together, anyway."

Which of the following best represents what sociological studies show about the children of same-sex parents?

The children of same-sex parents fare the same emotionally and academically as children of heterosexual parents.

Select the bolded phrases that accurately describe research findings about child-free women.

less stigmatized now than in the past. increased steadily through the 1980s and 1990s

Which of the following household types is most common in the United States today?

married couples without children

Mexican families often face unique challenges due to -, where fathers will move to the United States first and send - back to their families, until eventually they can bring their families to the United States. After family members arrive, they face the risk of -, or forcible removal from the country.

migration remittances deportation

According to the textbook, which factors have contributed to the movement away from traditional family forms and toward nuclear family arrangements in many societies?

migration from rural to urban areas employment in institutions, rather than on the land the development of centralized governments

In Western societies, marriage is typically associated with -, in which only two romantic partners are joined in marriage at one time. In other parts of the world, however, -, where one partner can have multiple spouses, is sometimes the norm.

monogamy polygamy

Lower Rates

overall births

Which of the following factors are related to an increased risk of divorce?

premarital cohabitation marrying at an early age

Based on the figure shown, place the four decades in order from the youngest to oldest average age at marriage for women.

1960 1920 1890 2000

Stacey

Children need loving caretakers, regardless of their gender.

U.S. law and social policy toward same-sex marriage has changed markedly over the past two decades. Place the following three related landmark moments in order from earliest to most recent.

1. Passage of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) 2. Windsor v. United States of America Supreme Court decision 3. Supreme Court ruling invalidating state same-sex marriage bans

Which reasons do Edin and Kefalas give for high rates of nonmarital birth among low-income women?

1. Poor men and women often stop using contraception when they are in a serious relationship, even when they don't want or plan to have children. 2. In poor communities, people often share a belief that remaining childless is a bad thing, and that children can bring happiness and order. 3. Poor women often prefer nonmarital childbearing than marrying the wrong man.

Identify the reasons why it is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on intimate partner violence.

1. Victims of severe abuse may not have the time and freedom to answer survey questions. 2. There are different types of intimate partner violence, which may lead to confusion. 3. Perpetrators of domestic abuse may underreport.

concerted cultivation

Children are enrolled in numerous extracurricular activities. Children are comfortable expressing themselves and questioning authority.

According to Whalen's research, what is a common outcome for white working-class young adult opioid addicts with small children?

Children are raised by older adult relatives.

accomplishment of natural growth

Children are very close to extended kin. Children are independent in entertaining themselves and playing with friends. Parents speak briefly to children and use command statements.

In the United States, cohabitation is often seen as an alternative to marriage. Many single people say they would prefer to cohabit than marry.

False

Sociological research has found that adults who live alone are less happy and fulfilled than those who live in family units.

False

According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed?

High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.

cultural

Hispanics are often described as adhering to strong "familism" norms, which suggest close ties to and obligations toward family members. Moynihan blamed the legacy of slavery, in which black families were often forcibly separated, for continuing "disorganization" among black families.

Stacey

In the postmodern economy, it is increasingly difficult for one spouse to earn enough to support a family.

What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone?

Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old.

How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans?

Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage.

Third Phase

Marriage ties were based on individual choice and romantic love. Correct label: Women were relegated to the domestic sphere, while men more often worked outside the home.

Some men do better, financially, after divorce. Others do worse. Which variable predicts men's financial well-being after divorce?

how much the man contributed to family income before divorce

Popenoe

Mothers and fathers play different and essential roles in socializing their children.

structural

Poor families have closer relationships to extended family because they tend to live close by and must rely on these kin for occasional financial or practical help. An emerging family form among black middle-class young adults is the single-person household, due to the lack of employment opportunities for black men.

Second Phase

The nuclear family became distinct from extended family and community.

Click on the family member expected to play an "instrumental role," according to the functionalist perspective.

The Dad

First Phase

The nuclear family was deeply embedded in extended family and community ties. Correct label: Parents or community members typically made marital matches for couples.

What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average?

The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes.

Popenoe

The increase in divorce, cohabitation, nonmarital births, and decrease in marriage are associated with social ills such as child poverty, substance abuse, and juvenile crime.

widowed mother (head of household)

They comprise a small proportion of single-parent households but are relatively economically stable; more than half of this group are homeowners.

divorced mother (head of household)

They comprise more than 60 percent of single-parent households.

What reason do most couples give for wanting to cohabit in recent years?

They love spending time together and want to share intimacy.

Which statement correctly uses the concept of affective individualism?

This belief in romantic attachment results in people wanting to choose marriage partners on the basis of personal choice and romantic love.

older, never-married, and financially stable mother (head of household)

This group is expanding most rapidly among single-parent households.

extended family

a household comprised of close adult relatives, some of whom are not related by marriage

Among the following examples, who would not be considered kin?

an engaged couple who live together

Higher Rates

divorce teen births births outside of marriage intermarriage by race

Diane Vaughan's research on "uncoupling" focuses on how previously married individuals and their children are affected by divorce in the long run (10 or more years after divorce).

false

Following a divorce, all members of the family experience a significant financial toll.

false

families of procreation

the family in which one enters as an adult and may have one's own children

families of orientation

the family in which one is brought up

What was the major legal change that occurred in the 1960s to make divorce more widely available?

the implementation of the "no-fault divorce"

Betty Friedan argued that housewives trapped in a cycle of child care and housework was the "problem with no name."

true

Most children experience short-term negative emotions in response to their parents' divorce, but most recover over time and develop normally.

true

nuclear family

two adults living in a household with their own or adopted children

Which topics primarily focus on feminist approaches to understanding family life?

unequal power relationships care activities domestic division of labor

Prior to 1900, most remarriages included one - person. Now, fully 40 percent of marriages include one - person.

widowed previously married