Chapter 15: Cardiovascular
The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries about __ centimeters above its origin. 5 8 10 12 30
5
The heart pumps about ____ liters of blood a day and contracts about _____ times in a lifetime. -1,000 liters; 1 billion -1,200 liters; 2 billion -3,000 liters; 2 billion -7,000 liters; 2.5 billion -8,256 liters; 3 billion
7,000 liters; 2.5 billion
Which of the following helps return blood to the heart? -Positive intrathoracic pressure -Valves in the arteries -Contracting skeletal muscles -Capillary action -None of the above
Contracting skeletal muscles
Once cells in the SA node reach threshold, -an action potential is triggered. -a heart attack occurs. -nothing happens until the AV node is innervated. -the heart stops beating. -the pacemaker is deactivated.
an action potential is triggered.
The structures that contain chemoreceptors that detect blood concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen are -aortic bodies. -aortic sinuses. -aortic arterioles. -capillary buds. -venules.
aortic bodies.
When smooth muscles in the walls of the veins are stimulated to contract -blood flow slows. -blood flow speeds up. -blood pressure decreases. -blood pressure increases. -heart rate decreases.
blood pressure increases.
A sphygmomanometer measures -clotting time. -the white blood cell differential. -hematocrit. -brain function. -blood pressure.
blood pressure.
Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the -external jugular vein. -subclavian vein. -inferior vena cava. -cephalic vein. -superior vena cava.
external jugular vein.
Small areas of the myocardium contracting chaotically is called -ventriculation. -fibrillation. -bradycardia. -tachycardia. -myocardial infarction.
fibrillation
The pain of angina pectoris comes from a blockage in an artery that supplies the -left arm and shoulder. -neck and jaw. -heart. -sternum. -legs.
heart.
Plasma proteins in capillaries help to -maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood. -decrease the osmotic pressure of the blood. -maintain the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. -decrease the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. -none of the above.
maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood.
When the ventricular walls contract, -the mitral valve opens and the tricuspid valve closes. -the tricuspid valve opens and the mitral valve closes. -the mitral and tricuspid valves close. -the mitral and tricuspid valves open. -the aortic and pulmonary valves close.
the mitral and tricuspid valves close
Listening with a stethoscope just to the right near the tip of the sternum, sounds come most distinctly from the -aortic valve. -tricuspid valve. -pulmonary valve. -mitral valve. -venular valve.
tricuspid valve
The mechanism that ensures the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering its chambers is ______ law of the heart. -Boyle's -Frank-Starling's -Dalton's -Newton's -Copernicus'
Frank-Starling's
Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by -increasing peripheral resistance. -releasing renin. -inhibiting the release of aldosterone. -promoting the excretion of sodium. -releasing testosterone.
increasing peripheral resistance.
Marjorie suffers from phlebitis. She has -inflammation of her veins. -too much phlegm in her throat. -extra capillaries in her legs. -inflammation of her arteries. -inflammation of capillaries.
inflammation of her veins.
The celiac artery provides blood to the -diaphragm. -large intestine. -liver and spleen. -adrenal glands. -gonads.
liver and spleen.
Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries -more fluid flows into the capillaries than moves out. -the lymphatic vessels push fluid into the capillaries. -the pressure in the venules increases. -more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns. -none of the above occurs.
more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns
The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the -parietal pericardium. -visceral pericardium. -epicardium. -endocardium. -exocardium.
parietal pericardium.
Kidney disease can cause hypertension by -activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism. -stimulating the secretion of aldosterone -increasing retention of sodium and water. -narrowing the lumens of renal blood vessels. -all of the above
all of the above
In the arterial disease atherosclerosis -plaque accumulates on the interior walls of arteries. -blood flow through affected arteries slows. -risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases. -arteriosclerosis may develop. -all of the above may happen.
all of the above may happen.
Sudden cardiac arrest can result from -an artery blocked with plaque. -scar tissue from a previous heart attack. -accelerated heart rate. -an irregular heartbeat. -all of the above.
all of the above.
The external carotid arteries branch to structures in the -scalp. -face. -jaw. -base of the skull. -all of the above.
all of the above.
Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart -are parasympathetic and increase heart rate. -are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate. -are sympathetic and increase heart rate. -are sympathetic and decrease heart rate. -do not affect heart rate.
are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate.
Astronauts returning to earth feel unsteady because -blood volume dropped during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth. -blood volume rose during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth. -blood volume dropped during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too high back on earth. -blood volume rose during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too high back on earth. -the body adapted to a faster heart rate in microgravity and on earth it suddenly slows.
blood volume dropped during prolonged exposure to microgravity so blood pressure is too low back on earth.
An abnormally slow heart rate is termed -tachycardia. -bradycardia. -fibrillation. -cardioversion. -lagocardia.
bradycardia.
In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve -is missing as a result of abnormal development. -has an extra cusp. -bulges into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation. -bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. -shreds.
bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
A left ventricular assist device -can replace a heart permanently. -can substitute for the atria. -can maintain cardiac function until a donor heart becomes available. -is used in people who have less than a month to live and are not candidates for a heart transplant. -is routinely used in people who have had heart attacks.
can maintain cardiac function until a donor heart becomes available.
The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is -increased rate and increased force of contraction. -decreased rate and increased force of contraction. -decreased rate and decreased force of contraction. -increased rate and decreased force of contraction. -cessation of the heartbeat.
decreased rate and decreased force of contraction.
In an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by -polarization of atrial muscle fibers. -polarization of ventricular muscle fibers. -depolarization of atrial muscle fibers. -depolarization of ventricular muscle fibers. -none of the above.
depolarization of atrial muscle fibers.
The inner lining of the heart is the -epicardium. -myocardium. -endocardium. -pericardium. -exocardium.
endocardium.
The skeleton of the heart consists of -bone within the myocardium. -bone within the interatrial septum. -fibrous connective tissue in the endocardium. -fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices. -connective tissue and adipose tissue.
fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices.
The longest vein in the body is the -superior vena cava. -great saphenous vein. -internal iliac vein. -hepatic portal vein. -aorta.
great saphenous vein.
Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______. -hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; active transport being greater than osmotic pressure -osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure; hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure -hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure -osmosis; active transport -none of the above
hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure
A person warming up after being cold feels a warm rush as blood flows quickly to the peripheral appendages. Nitric oxide is important in this situation because it -raises blood pressure. -raises blood temperature. -relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall. -enhances gas exchange. -all of the above.
relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall.
In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by -polarization of atrial muscle fibers. -repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers. -depolarization of atrial muscle fibers. -depolarization of ventricular muscle fibers. -defibrillation.
repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.
Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the _____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _____. -left coronary artery; mitral valve prolapse -right pulmonary artery; endocarditis -right coronary artery; ischemia -left coronary vein; myocardial infarction -none of the above
right coronary artery; ischemia
The pulmonary circuit -sends deoxygenated blood to the heart. -brings deoxygenated blood from the tissues. -sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs. -brings oxygenated blood to the tissues. -none of the above.
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
The systemic circuit -sends deoxygenated blood to the heart -brings oxygenated blood from the tissues -sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs -sends oxygenated blood to the tissues -none of the above.
sends oxygenated blood to the tissues
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the -Purkinje fibers. -bundle of His. -sinoatrial node. -atrioventricular node. -AV bundle.
sinoatrial node.
Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by -stimulating new blood vessels to serve tissue damaged by the cancer. -starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies. -halting cell division only in tumor cells. -cutting off the supply of ATP to cancer cells. -rerouting blood vessels to overwhelm and strangle the tumor.
starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies.
Pulse pressure is calculated by -adding systolic and diastolic pressures. -multiplying systolic and diastolic pressures. -subtracting systolic pressure from diastolic pressure. -subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure. -dividing diastolic pressure by systolic pressure.
subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure.
Circulation is vital because it -supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues. -keeps the heart pumping. -delivers carbon dioxide to tissues and removes excess oxygen. -keeps the blood vessels supple. -inflates the lungs.
supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues.
When venous pressure is too low, ____________ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract. -parasympathetic reflexes -sympathetic reflexes -somatic reflexes -carbon dioxide levels -none of the above.
sympathetic reflexes
The right atrium receives blood directly from -the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava only. -the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. -the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary veins. -the aorta. -the pulmonary veins.
the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated with -atrial contraction. -ventricular contraction. -atrial relaxation. -ventricular relaxation. -aortic relaxation.
ventricular contraction.
The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during -atrial systole. -ventricular systole. -ventricular diastole. -atrial diastole. -ventricular relaxation.
ventricular systole.
Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart? -AV node -Purkinje fibers -Both AV node and Purkinje fibers -Neither AV node nor Purkinje fibers -The tricuspid valve.
Both AV node and Purkinje fibers
Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise? -Increased heart rate -Increased ventricular contraction -Increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles -Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera -Maintenance of blood flow to the kidneys and brain
Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis? -A diet high in unsaturated fats -High blood pressure -Lack of physical exercise -Obesity -Low blood pressure
Low blood pressure
Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function? -Tricuspid valve-permits one-way blood flow from the right to the left atrium -Pulmonary valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta -Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle -Aortic valve-permits one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk -Ventricular valve-permits two way blood flow, depending upon needs.
Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched? -Epicardium-protective inner lining of the heart chambers and valves -Myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart -Endocardium-protective outer covering -Exocardium-protection of the pericardium. -none of the above
Myocardium-muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart
Cells of the conducting system in the heart are more sensitive to which ion? -Sodium -Iron -Potassium -Chloride -Lithium
Potassium
Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract? -Phrenic arteries -Superior mesenteric artery -Lumbar artery -Middle sacral artery -Brachiocephalic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Which of the following is due to an aging cardiovascular system? -The tunica interna thickens -The direction of blood flow in some capillaries reverses. -Arteries become less rigid. -Veins lose collagen. -All of the above.
The tunica interna thickens
Which artery is incorrectly matched to its location? -Inferior mesenteric artery; colon and rectum -Thyrocervical arteries; thymus. -Celiac arteries; liver, spleen, and upper gastrointestinal tract -Phrenic arteries; diaphragm -Popliteal; behind the knee
Thyrocervical arteries; thymus.
The radial and ulnar veins merge to form the _______ vein. -jugular -azygos -brachial -cephalic -axillary
brachial
Sympathetic stimulation increases -end-diastolic volume. -stroke volume. -end-systolic volume. -cardiac output. -none of the above.
stroke volume
Heart rate in a fetus is about ____, in a newborn about _____, and in an adult about ___. -145; 140; 70 -70; 140; 145 -100; 100; 100 -200; 160; 120 -120; 100; 80
145; 140; 70
Atrial natriuretic factor is a peptide hormone that -is released from certain muscle cells of the heart. -inhibits the release of renin from kidney cells. -inhibits the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex -lowers blood pressure. -all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following gases does endothelium release? -Nitric oxide -Oxygen -Nitrogen -Methane -Nitrous oxide
Nitric oxide
Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is/are correctly described? -P wave-depolarization of atria -QRS complex-repolarization of ventricles -T wave-depolarization of ventricles -QRST complex-depolarization of ventricles -all of the above
P wave- depolarization of atria
Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta? -Right coronary artery -Pulmonary artery -Brachiocephalic artery -Left subclavian artery -Left common carotid artery
Pulmonary artery
When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt? -Brachial artery -Ulnar artery -Radial artery -Palmar arch arteries -Lumbar artery
Radial artery
Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs? -Right atrium, pulmonary valve, right ventricle, tricuspid valve -Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve -Tricuspid valve, right atrium, pulmonary valve, right ventricle -Pulmonary valve, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle -Right ventricle, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve
Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve
In an ECG pattern, the PQ interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the -SA node to the atrial muscle fibers. -SA node to the Purkinje fibers. -AV node to the atrial muscle fibers. -AV node to the ventricular muscle fibers. -SA node through the AV node.
SA node through the AV node.
The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is -AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle -AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, SA node -SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle -SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers -Purkinje fibers, SA node, AV node, AV bundle
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
Which of the following is true about the heart? -The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space. -The heart is located lateral to the lungs. -The average adult heart is about 8 cm long and 5 cm wide. -The base of the heart lies beneath the fourth rib. -Its wall has four layers.
The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.
Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood? -Artery -Arteriole -Capillary -Vein -Heart vessel
Vein
Which of the following is most life threatening? -Atrial flutter -Ventricular flutter -Atrial fibrillation -Ventricular fibrillation -Tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Factors that increase heart rate and blood pressure include -emotional responses. -exercise -increase in body temperature. -epinephrine secretion. -all of the above.
all of the above
Tim runs 5 to 8 miles a day. He has an enlarged heart and low heart rate and blood pressure. He most likely has -coronary artery disease. -an arrhythmia. -a very healthy cardiovascular system. -Marfan syndrome. -atherosclerosis.
a very healthy cardiovascular system