Chapter 15

63. ____ is a mechanism through which we observe behavior and then assign causes to it. a. Attribution b. Stereotyping c. Perception d. Selective perception e. Attitude formation

a. Attribution

12. ____ refers to the number of goals on which a person focuses. a. Conscientiousness b. Openness c. Selfefficacy d. Agreeableness e. Positive affectivity

a. Conscientiousness

21. Lynn has two projects to choose from. She knows the big one takes weeks and is important. The small one, she can finish by the end of the day, but it is not that important. Her decision to work on the small one illustrates her ____ dimension of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator. a. Judging b. Perceiving c. Thinking d. Feeling e. sensing

a. Judging

In which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome will an individual do whatever he or she can to cope with the situation? a. Resistance b. Denial c. Exhaustion

a. Resistance

24. ____ is the term used to describe an individual's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task. a. Selfefficacy b. Selfesteem c. Selfmonitoring d. Confidence e. Machiavellianism

a. Selfefficacy

34. ____ is the extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving individual. a. Selfesteem b. Conformity c. Selfmonitoring d. Risk propensity e. Selfimage

a. Selfesteem

102. ____ usually causes an organization to incur costs for replacing individuals. a. Turnover b. Absenteeism c. Workplace behavior d. Performance behavior e. Perceptual attitude

a. Turnover

71. People want to flee or fight in the ____ stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome. a. alarm b. panic c. resistance d. affective e. emotional

a. alarm

65. The basic framework around which we form attributions is a. consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. b. synergy, empathy, and compassion. c. consensus, continuity, and consistency. d. empathy, consensus, and differentiation. e. empathy, distinctiveness, and continuity.

a. consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness.

60. Someone who categorizes people based on a single attribute a. is engaged in stereotyping. b. is exhibiting selective perception. c. has an external locus of control. d. believes in authoritarianism. e. is exhibiting burnout.

a. is engaged in stereotyping.

13. A person's range of interest is captured in the personality trait of a. openness. b. positive affectivity. c. agreeableness. d. selfefficacy. e. low conscientiousness.

a. openness.

14. When Jerre Stead took over as the CEO of Ingram Micro, he was following a CEO who was strongly authoritarian. Stead immediately removed all office doors. This gesture indicated his willingness to consider new ideas and his a. openness. b. positive affectivity. c. agreeableness. d. selfefficacy. e. conscientiousness.

a. openness.

Juwan is judgmental. He tends to stereotype people and has a great deal of trouble adjusting to change. He doesn't like new ideas, and his interests outside of work are limited to fishing and hunting. From this description, you would describe Juwan as having a low level of a. openness. b. negative emotionality. c. agreeableness. d. selfefficacy. e. conscientiousness.

a. openness.

51. Corinne observed her company laying people off without notice or explanation. Her ____ will likely decrease. a. organizational commitment b. job satisfaction c. selective perception d. external locus of control e. high authoritarianism

a. organizational commitment

52. Howard Schultz, the CEO of Starbucks, hires managers by looking for two qualities⎯integrity and passion. According to Schultz, these qualities are as important as experience and abilities because he wants people to become passionate about helping the company succeed while maintaining high ethical standards that promote the organization's responsibility to society. In other words, Schultz values a. organizational commitment. b. job satisfaction. c. selective perception. d. an external locus of control. e. high authoritarianism.

a. organizational commitment.

7. The extent to which the contributions made by an individual match the inducements offered by the organization is referred to as the a. personjob fit. b. individual/task match. c. contributioncompetency fit. d. cognitive component. e. contribution component.

a. personjob fit.

86. Michael wants to become a surgeon. One of his goals is to be assigned to surgeries whenever possible. He wants to perform his job well in the emergency room. He also wants to provide the care that his child needs. He desires to have a satisfying relationship with his wife. He wants to do a good job mentoring a group of residents and interns. He would like to help his sister deal with the loss of her son. Michael is likely to experience stress as a result of ____ demand. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological

a. role

25. Dr. Blalock is a surgeon who was recently involved in a malpractice suit that proved that Dr. Blalock had experienced an error in judgment during a surgery; as a result, a former patient was left paralyzed. Since he has realized his mistake, Dr. Blalock has doubted his capabilities as a surgeon. In other words, he has had low a. selfefficacy. b. selfesteem. c. selfmonitoring. d. risk propensity. e. dogmatism.

a. selfefficacy.

3. ____ is the set of expectations that an individual holds about what he or she will contribute to the organization and what it will provide in return. a. Cognitive dissonance b. A psychological contract c. An organizational contract d. Collaboration e. Organizational citizenship

b. A psychological contract

18. James gets his energy from other people, likes the big picture, makes gut decisions, and completes work before moving on to the next project. His traits illustrate the ____ dimensions of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator. a. Extrovert, intuitive, thinking, judge b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, judge c. Introvert, intuitive, feeling, judge d. Introvert, sensing, thinking, judge e. Introvert, sensing, feeling, perceiver

b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, judge

Isabelle gets her energy from others, likes abstract concepts, feels her way through decisions, and leaves her schedule open and flexible. Her traits illustrate the ____ dimensions of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator. a. Extrovert, intuitive, thinking, judge b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, perceiver c. Introvert, intuitive, feeling, judge d. Introvert, sensing, thinking, judge e. Introvert, sensing, feeling, perceiver

b. Extrovert, intuitive, feeling, perceiver

20. Isabelle likes abstract concepts. This trait illustrates the ____ dimension of the MyersBriggs Type Indicator. a. Judging b. Intuitive c. Thinking d. Feeling e. Sensing

b. Intuitive

9. Which of the following personality traits is NOT one of the "Big Five"? a. Agreeableness b. Locus of control c. Extraversion d. Conscientiousness e. Negative emotionality

b. Locus of control

49. ____ is an attitude that reflects an individual's identification with an attachment to an organization. a. Job involvement b. Organizational commitment c. Organizational citizenship d. Job satisfaction e. Job identification

b. Organizational commitment

78. Which of the following statements about Type A personalities is FALSE? a. They are extremely competitive. b. They are less likely to experience conflict with other people. c. They are more likely to experience stress. d. They are very workoriented.

b. They are less likely to experience conflict with other people.

77. Which of the following statements describes the major differences between Type B and Type A individuals? a. Type B individuals have less patience b. Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life. c. Type B individuals are usually less healthy. d. Type B individuals are less intelligent. e. Type B individuals are more competitive.

b. Type B individuals have a more balanced approach to life.

79. Herman believes he needs balance between work and his personal life. He will not work on weekends and frequently asks for deadline extensions. He exhibits a. Type A behavior. b. Type B personality. c. selective perception. d. an internal locus of control. e. cognitive dissonance.

b. Type B personality.

100. ____ is the pattern of action by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly influences organizational effectiveness. a. Organizational behavior b. Workplace action c. Workplace behavior d. Performance behavior e. Withdrawal behavior

b. Workplace action

105. Paula works as a safety engineer for a large petroleumprocessing company. She is always willing to look at possible dangerous situations, talk to employee groups about developing safety habits, and monitor the organization to make sure it complies with OSHA standards. She never complains if she needs to work overtime on holidays or weekends. Paula is a. experiencing cognitive dissonance. b. a good organizational citizen. c. experiencing burnout. d. a Type B personality. e. a person with an external locus of control.

b. a good organizational citizen.

39. The beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas, situations, and people are known as a. personality attributes. b. attitudes. c. perceptions. d. characteristics. e. behaviors.

b. attitudes.

53. Joan has a tendency to complain a lot and expect things to go poorly. This is known as a. being realistic. b. negative affectivity. c. an external locus of control. d. cognitive dissonance. e. the cognition part of an attitude.

b. negative affectivity.

15. Tadashi is relatively poised, calm, resilient, and secure in the face of daytoday stress. According to the "Big Five" personality traits, Tadashi has low a. openness. b. negative emotionality. c. agreeableness. d. selfefficacy. e. conscientiousness.

b. negative emotionality.

101. If you are a reporter for a newspaper, you are expected to write, edit, and proofread stories by the paper's deadline. These expectations are referred to as a. workplace behaviors. b. performance behaviors. c. withdrawal behaviors. d. job attributes. e. organizational citizenship.

b. performance behaviors.

83. At work there is a conference room nicknamed "the meat locker." If Royce has a meeting in there, he is too cold to concentrate. This is an example of ____ demands that can lead to stress. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal

b. physical

84. As the average age of American workers increases, employers are changing lighting, installing fitness centers, and changing parking in an effort to decrease ____ demand. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological

b. physical

104. Marcy's work is above average as far as quality and quantity of production goes. However, she refuses to work overtime and won't help newcomers. This is an example of a. cognitive dissonance. b. poor organizational citizenship. c. burnout. d. a Type B personality. e. a person with an external locus of control.

b. poor organizational citizenship.

1. You formulate a(n) ____ with your employer when you accept a job. a. Inducement b. psychological contract c. organizational commitment d. contributory expectation e. mental picture

b. psychological contract

Ingrid is excited about her new job. She thinks it will be exciting, fulfilling, and rewarding, and will allow her the standard of living she is looking for. She has made a(n) ____ with her new employer. a. Inducements b. psychological contracts c. organizational commitments d. contributory expectations e. mental pictures

b. psychological contracts

70. Stressors are defined as a. the result of cognitive dissonance. b. the stimuli that cause stress. c. situations that should be avoided. d. stress on the job. e. anything that decreases performance.

b. the stimuli that cause stress.

68. Which of the following statements BEST describes the general relationship between stress and performance? a. As stress increases, performance will decrease. b. As performance increases, so does stress. c. As stress increases, performance will increase for a time. d. As stress increases, performance will steadily increase. e. As performance decreases, so does stress.

c. As stress increases, performance will increase for a time.

27. ____ is the extent to which a person believes that power and status differences are appropriate within organizations. a. Dogmatism b. Locus of control c. Authoritarianism d. Risk propensity e. Selfefficiency

c. Authoritarianism

87. Roberto feels a strong need for consensus, but his team member loves to debate everything and play devil's advocate. This is an example of which type of organizational stressor? a. Role demands b. Task demands c. Interpersonal demands d. Physical demands e. Personal demands

c. Interpersonal demands

29. Alan enjoys manipulating others to his own benefit. He sees telling lies as a gray area and is loyal only to himself. He is highly a. authoritative. b. dogmatism. c. Machiavellian. d. effective. e. risk propensity.

c. Machiavellian.

69. Stress may be defined as a. the result of diminishing capacities. b. an uncommon but serious reaction to too much change. c. a physical or psychological response to strain. d. an environmental force that affects performance. e. pressure on the worker.

c. a physical or psychological response to strain.

10. A person's ability to get along with others in an organization is known as a. extraversion. b. positive affectivity. c. agreeableness. d. selfefficacy. e. conscientiousness.

c. agreeableness.

11. Mary is abrasive and makes sarcastic comments to anyone who comes into the office. She is critical of every facet of people she works with. In terms of the "Big Five" personality traits, she has low a. locus of control. b. positive affectivity. c. agreeableness. d. selfefficacy. e. conscientiousness.

c. agreeableness.

28. If you accept everything your professor says solely because he or she is "the professor," you are highly a. dogmatic. b. selfmonitoring. c. authoritarian. d. motivated. e. perceptive.

c. authoritarian.

66. The manager of Abigail's Fabrics is upset because the workers' lounge looks like a pigsty. She has determined that there is no one individual responsible for the mess, and in fact, she is the only one who is bothered by the trash. She has also determined that her employees keep their cars and their lockers just as slovenly. The attribution she forms about her subordinates is BEST described as a. low consensus and low distinctiveness. b. low consistency and high distinctiveness. c. high consensus and high consistency. d. low distinctiveness, high consensus, and low consistency. e. None of these choices

c. high consensus and high consistency

22. Tatiana thinks she is responsible for everything. When something goes wrong, she seems to always think it is her fault. Tatiana has a(n) a. highrisk propensity. b. dogmatic set of beliefs. c. internal locus of control. d. external locus of control. e. high level of competency.

c. internal locus of control.

23. Charlie thinks he can anticipate and prevent just about all bad things. Charlie has a(n) a. highrisk propensity. b. dogmatic set of beliefs. c. internal locus of control. d. external locus of control. e. high level of competency.

c. internal locus of control.

67. Stress a. is an attitude. b. has no impact on personality type. c. is an individual's response to a strong stimulus. d. is a consequence of burnout. e. All of these choices

c. is an individual's response to a strong stimulus.

61. Dale wants to work for a company that offers stock options. He used to work for a German company that did not offer its employees stock options. Now Dale has an offer from BASF, a Germanowned corporation, but he is not very interested. Dale is using a. sexism. b. racism. c. stereotyping. d. attribution. e. selective perception.

c. stereotyping.

85. A surgeon, who is responsible for life and death decisions, would be a likely candidate for stress caused by ____ demand. a. role b. physical c. task d. interpersonal e. psychological

c. task

31. An individual who has been described as Machiavellian would a. put a high value on friendship. b. get little personal pleasure from manipulating others. c. tend to be rational and unemotional. d. not be willing to lie to get a promotion or a bonus. e. want his or her superiors to be authoritarian.

c. tend to be rational and unemotional.

At the death of her husband Bronson Ingram, Martha Ingram unexpectedly became the CEO of Ingram Industries, a billiondollar conglomerate with holdings in the publishing, music, barge, dredging, computer distribution industries, and others. As she took on the duties of Ingram Industries CEO, Martha Ingram was at which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome? a. Resistance b. Denial c. Exhaustion d. Alarm e. Affective

d. Alarm

36. Bernard Madoff enjoyed having power over others. This indicates a high level of a. authoritarianism. b. risk propensity. c. external locus of control. d. Machiavellianism. e. conformity.

d. Machiavellianism.

82. Which of the following is NOT an example of a stressor from the task demand category? a. Having to make decisions quickly b. Making decisions that have serious consequences c. Making decisions without complete information d. Making decisions between job and family responsibilities e. Making a decision that could endanger someone's life

d. Making decisions between job and family responsibilities

103. ____ is the behavior of individuals that makes a positive overall contribution to the organization. a. Performance behavior b. Collaboration c. Organizational attitude d. Organizational citizenship e. Turnover

d. Organizational citizenship

8. ____ is the relatively stable set of psychological and behavioral attributes that distinguish one person from another. a. Behavior b. Attitude c. Attribution d. Personality e. Motivation

d. Personality

40. The ____ component of an attitude reflects feelings and emotions that an individual has toward something. a. cognitive b. intentional c. dissonance d. affective e. affirmative

d. affective

44. Jack has a negative attitude toward his job. He says, "My job is boring and no one appreciates what I do." This statement reflects the ____ component of his attitude toward his job. a. cognitive b. intentional c. dissonance d. affective e. affirmative

d. affective

72. The first stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is a. resistance. b. denial. c. exhaustion. d. alarm. e. selective perception.

d. alarm.

64. Individuals form ____ for behavior by recognizing that the three types of patterns are consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. a. perceptions b. attitudes c. stereotypes d. attributions e. personalities

d. attributions

41. If you perceive that one method of completing a task is the most efficient, but your coworker perceives that her idea is better, the ____ components of your attitudes differ. a. intentional b. intellectual c. affective d. cognitive e. emotional

d. cognitive

43. Jocelyn knows that Al Gore won the presidential election of 2000, but the Supreme Court was not given enough time to figure that out. Michelle knows that George W. Bush won the election because he is president. The ____ components of their attitudes differ. a. intentional b. intellectual c. affective d. cognitive e. behavioral

d. cognitive

75. The final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is a. resistance. b. decline. c. recognition. d. exhaustion. e. acceptance.

d. exhaustion.

42. The ____ component of an attitude reflects how a person expects to behave in a situation. a. cognitive b. perceptive c. affective d. intentional e. intellectual

d. intentional

48. Personal factors such as an individual's needs and aspirations, as well as organizational factors such as relationships with coworkers and supervisors, working conditions, work policies, and compensation, all help determine an individual's level of a. intrinsic selfrelevance. b. authoritarianism. c. attribution. d. job satisfaction. e. behavior.

d. job satisfaction.

54. Juan has a tendency to see the good side of each situation. This is known as a. cognitive dissonance. b. selfefficacy. c. an internal locus of control. d. positive affectivity. e. the cognition part of an attitude.

d. positive affectivity.

30. Machiavellianism is a. a term used to describe behavior directed at gaining power and controlling the behavior of others. b. a personality trait. c. not consistently present in all people. d. used by individuals who are rational and unemotional. e. All of these choices

e. All of these choices

32. An employee with high selfesteem is likely to a. seek higherstatus jobs. b. be confident in his ability to perform. c. derive intrinsic satisfaction from accomplishments. d. believe she is a worthwhile person. e. All of these choices

e. All of these choices

80. Organizational stressors include a. task demands. b. physical demands. c. role demands. d. interpersonal demands. e. All of these choices

e. All of these choices

93. Research suggests that creative people have which of the following personality traits? a. Openness b. Independence c. An attraction to complexity d. Strong selfconfidence e. All of these choices

e. All of these choices

16. ____ refers to a person's comfort level with relationships. a. Conscientiousness b. Openness c. Selfefficacy d. Agreeableness e. Extraversion

e. Extraversion

26. Mazda does not have reserved parking spaces for its managers, nor does it have an executive dining room. These actions would indicate that management at Mazda tends to a. be dogmatic. b. be highly authoritarian. c. have an internal locus of control. d. have an external locus of control. e. None of these choices

e. None of these choices

76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Type A person? a. Anxiety b. Hostility c. Compulsiveness d. Competitiveness e. Patience

e. Patience

35. ____ is the degree to which an individual is willing to take chances and make decisions. a. Selfesteem b. Conformity c. Competency d. Selfmonitoring e. Risk propensity

e. Risk propensity

81. Work stress can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT a. promotion. b. interpersonal relationships. c. pay increase. d. work demands. e. burnout.

e. burnout.

38. A manager who is willing to lose it all on one product has high a. locus of control. b. selfesteem. c. Machiavellianism. d. emotional intelligence. e. risk propensity.

e. risk propensity.

33. If you are proud of your accomplishments yet look forward to achieving higher levels of performance and are confident in your abilities, you have high a. conformity. b. risk propensity. c. selfmonitoring. d. locus of control. e. selfesteem.

e. selfesteem.

37. Martha had parents who were perfectionists. She has been very successful in running her business, but she is overly critical of herself. Martha has low a. conformity. b. risk propensity. c. selfmonitoring. d. locus of control. e. selfesteem.

e. selfesteem.