Chapter 15: Innate and Adaptive Immunity Prep U
A blood smear is being examined and a stain has been added that will identify granulocytes. Which cell types will be visible with the stain? Select all that apply. Basophil Monocytes Eosinophil Macrophage Neutrophil
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
A client experiencing severe neck pain and fever comes to the emergency room and is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis. Knowing that the client's immune system is fighting the infection, the infectious disease nurse correctly identifies which pathway as the activation of the complement system? The lectin The classical Compliment has not been activated The alternative
The classical
A teenager has been exposed to a person infected with chicken pox. After 2 weeks, the client has not contracted the virus. How is this possible? Select all that apply. The client was previously exposed to chickenpox. The client is naturally immune from birth. The client was vaccinated for chickenpox. The chickenpox virus is not contagious. Only children are at risk of contracting chickenpox; teens and adults are immune.
The client was vaccinated for chickenpox. The client was previously exposed to chickenpox.
A client seeks treatment in the clinic for exposure to poison ivy with a rash over the right arm and hand. The nurse is aware that what toxin is found in the oils on poison ivy that is responsible for eliciting an allergic reaction? Urushiol Streptococcus pneumonia Lymphocytes Kupffer cells
Urushiol
A client diagnosed with sepsis has a critically low neutrophil count. The nurse expects which drug or drug class to be used to stimulate white blood cell production? Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as epoetin alfa Monocolonal antibodies such as adalimumab Interferons Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) such as filgrastim
Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) such as filgrastim
A nurse is evaluating lab results of a client newly diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia. Which immunoglobulin will elevate during the early stage of the infection? IgM IgA IgG IgE
IgM
A nurse is teaching a new mother diagnosed with HIV about the transfer of the infection to her newborn. The mother begins to cry and states, "It's too late, the lab tests on my baby are already positive for HIV." How should the nurse respond? "I understand you are upset; would you like me to call someone to come and talk with you?" "Just because the test is positive for HIV does not mean your baby is infected with the virus." "Let's discuss the progression of HIV and plan for your baby's care once you go home." "I'm sorry I did not realize the test results were back yet; let me check your baby's chart."
"Just because the test is positive for HIV does not mean your baby is infected with the virus."
The nurse is administering a measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination to a pediatric client. When the nurse explains immunity to the mother, which type of immunity will she explain that this vaccination provides? Passive natural immunity Active artificial immunity Active natural immunity Passive artificial immunity
Active artificial immunity
Which cells block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides within the mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tract? Epithelial Immune Leukocytes Lymphatic
Epithelial
Immunologically active sites on antigens are recognized as: Epitopes Opsonins Effector cells Antigens
Epitopes
A nurse is providing care for a client who is immunocompromised following chemotherapy. The nurse knows that which characterization of the adaptive immune system is responsible for the client's disruption in normal immune function? Epitopes on antigens are recognized by immunoglobulin receptors following presentation by accessory cells. Haptens combine to form epitopes that stimulate the response of regulatory and effector cells. Effector cells orchestrate the immune response of regulatory cells toward an antigen. Accessory cells such as macrophages are engulfed by regulatory cells, stimulating effector cells.
Epitopes on antigens are recognized by immunoglobulin receptors following presentation by accessory cells.
Select the statement that best describes the effectiveness of vaccination in the older adult population. Age does not influence the effectiveness; it depends on the amount of medication you receive. Vaccinations are only effective in older adult populations if their families have been vaccinated. Older adults who are immunized have the same effective response in immunity as younger persons do. Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.
Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.
The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what? Maternal exposure to an infection in a sexual partner Maternal reaction to an infection in the fetus Fetal reaction to an infection acquired at birth Fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection
Fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection
A woman experiences a viral infection while pregnant. Which type of immunity does an infant have at birth against this infection?
Passive
A client is being evaluated for atopic dermatitis possibly caused by a latex-related allergic reaction. The nurse will review which lab results to determine if an allergy is present? Basophils Serum IgE Serum IgG Neutrophils
Serum IgE
A client has been identified as having an excess of macrophage inhibitory factor, causing the client to have inhibited movement and activity of macrophages. Which process should the health care team expect to remain unaffected? Destruction of virus-infected or tumor cells Amplification of the immune response Specificity and memory of the immune response Initiation of adaptive immunity
Specificity and memory of the immune response
Which of the following is a secondary lymphoid structure located high in the left abdominal cavity? Spleen Peyer patch Thymus Lymph node
Spleen
Which type of immunity provides a defense against intracellular microbes such as viruses? T lymphocytes Antibodies Suppressor B cells Histamines
T lymphocytes
Which statement explains how T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes differ? T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow. T lymphocytes are helpers that assist B lymphocytes to amplify the lysis of antigens. T lymphocytes secrete antibodies; B lymphocytes provide cellular response to antigens. T lymphocytes recognize bacteria; B lymphocytes recognize viruses and cancer.
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland; B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow.
The nurse knows that the cells primarily programmed to remove the invading organisms and remember the antigen to respond rapidly during the next exposure are: T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. White blood cells and platelets. Natural Killer (NK) cells and macrophages. CD4 and CD8 cells.
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
The nurse knows which component is needed for long-lasting immunity in a client with a diagnosis of sepsis without the causative agent identified? Natural killer cells Colony-stimulating factors Neutrophils Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
A client is being treated for lupus, an autoimmune disease. The nurse is teaching the client how the immune system normally differentiates between self and non-self (foreign peptides). The nurse knows teaching has been effective when the client correctly identifies which molecule as the self-recognition protein? Deoxynucleotidyl transferase Immunoglobulins Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Complement
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A pregnant client gets immunized for influenza while in the second trimester. What response occurs in the newborn after birth with regard to protection from the flu? Maternal vaccination may offer fetal and neonatal passive immunity against the flu. Only the mother will receive the benefits of immunization. The newborn will not require further immunization against the flu for at least 12 months. The newborn will have to receive immunization against influenza to have any immunity.
Maternal vaccination may offer fetal and neonatal passive immunity against the flu.
A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and a now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response? Antibodies Memory T cells Macrophages Immunity
Memory T cells
A mother brings her 5-month-old infant to the pediatrician for recurrent colds. The mother has never breast-fed and the infant is fed iron-fortified formula. The mother asks, "My baby has been perfectly healthy up until last month—now it seems like she has been sick constantly. Why?" How should the physician respond? "An infant must contract multiple viruses in order to help the immune system fully mature." "There is a possibility that your infant is allergic to the formula. Switching brands of formula may alleviate the problem." "We will need to complete some additional lab tests to help identify the problem with your infant's immune system." "An infant gets immunity from the mother at birth and from breast milk; this provides protection from infection but wears off in approximately 3 to 6 months. An infant still needs time for his own immune system to mature."
"An infant gets immunity from the mother at birth and from breast milk; this provides protection from infection but wears off in approximately 3 to 6 months. An infant still needs time for his own immune system to mature."
A lactation nurse visits a new mother after delivery of her first child and encourages the mother to breast-feed her infant, even for a short time. Which statement made by the nurse correctly explains the importance of breast-feeding? Colostrum will provide the infant with innate immunity to diseases to which the mother is immune. Colostrum will provide the infant with active immunity to many childhood illnesses for several years. For several months, colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to diseases to which the mother has immunity. Colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to all childhood illnesses for several months.
For several months, colostrum will provide the infant with passive immunity to diseases to which the mother has immunity.
A client has been identified as having an excess of macrophage inhibitory factor, causing the client to have inhibited movement and activity of macrophages. Which process listed below would the health care team member expect to remain unaffected? Destruction of virus-infected or tumor cells Amplification of the immune response Specificity and memory of the immune response Initiation of adaptive immunity
Specificity and memory of the immune response
The most important function of the thymus is: to filter antigens from the blood and respond to systemic infections. to remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the bloodstream. to serve as a center for proliferation and response of immune cells. immune cell production and maturation.
immune cell production and maturation.
A client receives an interleukin-2 (IL-2) infusion to treat cancer. Which response explains how this cytokine will affect the growth of cancer cells? IL-2 delays synthesis of malignant cells. IL-2 stimulates growth of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. IL-2 increases B cell production of antibodies. IL-2 induces inflammation and fever to slow cancer growth.
IL-2 stimulates growth of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
The nurse is assisting a new mother with breastfeeding. What does the nurse understand is a primary secretory immunoglobulin (Ig) that is found in the colostrum? IgM IgE IgA IgD
IgA
A client experiences an allergic reaction. Select the immunoglobulin that would bind to mast cells and release histamine. IgG IgE IgA IgD
IgE
Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is the most abundant of circulating antibodies? IgE IgG IgA IgM
IgG
Which immunoglobulin is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made by a newborn? IgM IgA IgG IgD
IgM
A nurse is teaching a group of seniors about the decline of the immune system due to aging. Which topic should be included in the teaching plan regarding the immune response of older adults? Select all that apply. Higher incidence of cancer Increase in susceptibility to infections Weakened response to vaccinations Increase in activation of immune responsiveness Decrease in autoimmune disorders
Increase in susceptibility to infections Higher incidence of cancer Weakened response to vaccinations
A client with infectious mononucleosis asks the nurse why the lymph nodes are enlarged. Which statement is the nurse's appropriate response? "Your lymph nodes multiply to fight infection." "Your lymph nodes are blocked and need to be drained." "Your lymph nodes are infected and should be removed." "Your lymph nodes trap and destroy viruses."
"Your lymph nodes trap and destroy viruses."
A client called the physician's office with symptoms of the common cold. The nurse educates the client on supportive treatment for symptoms and explains that the body's immune system is fighting the virus but will take approximately how long for a response? 2-3 weeks 72 hours 1 month 1-2 weeks
1-2 weeks
Which individual situation listed below best exemplifies the processes of innate immunity? A child who has experienced heat and swelling of his skinned knuckle A client who has experienced rejection of a donor liver after transplantation A client whose blood work indicates increased antibody titers during an acute illness An adult who complains of itching and is sneezing because he is allergic to pollen
A child who has experienced heat and swelling of his skinned knuckle
A middle school student is scheduled to receive booster immunizations and the father asks the nurse why the booster is necessary. What characteristic of the adaptive immune system listed below would provide the rationale for the nurse's response? Antigen receptors on CD4+ cells require multiple exposures separated by time. A secondary response causes a sharp rise in antibody levels. Some antibodies require a repeat of the primary immune response. Some antibodies have a duration measured in months rather than years.
A secondary response causes a sharp rise in antibody levels.
A nurse is planning to teach a parent group about the spread of infection, the importance of vaccines, and active immunity. Which statements should be included in the teaching plan? Select all that apply. Active immunity is long-lasting and can improve on repeated exposures to an antigen. Active immunity can be acquired through the process of vaccination or from environmental exposure to an antigen. Immunization with IgG antibodies will provide long-term immunity against many infectious diseases. Active immunity can be passed from mother to fetus in order to provide temporary immune protection to a newborn. Active immunity allows the host's own immune system to develop an immunologic response.
Active immunity can be acquired through the process of vaccination or from environmental exposure to an antigen. Active immunity allows the host's own immune system to develop an immunologic response. Active immunity is long-lasting and can improve on repeated exposures to an antigen.
A client is brought to the physician's office with a raised, red macular rash on the trunk and arms accompanied by a fever. A diagnosis of measles is made. Which type of immunity does this disease process provide? Passive natural immunity Active artificial immunity Active natural immunity Passive artificial immunity
Active natural immunity
A client is brought to the physician's office with a raised, red macular rash on the trunk and arms accompanied by a fever. A diagnosis of measles is made. Which type of immunity does this disease process provide? Passive natural immunity Active natural immunity Active artificial immunity Passive artificial immunity
Active natural immunity
A client is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. The nurse teaches the client about the body's natural defenses and identifies which of the following as most likely to be fighting the antigen? Self-antigens Helper T cells Antibodies Cytotoxic T cell
Antibodies
Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response are known as: MHC proteins Antigens Cytokines Antibodies
Antigens
A client receiving chemotherapy has leukopenia. Which type of medication would promote long-term improvement in the client's immune response? Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) Live vaccine Antiretroviral agent Gamma globulin (IgG)
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
What is the term for a subset of cytokines that stimulate the production of large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells? Natural killer (NK) cells Immunoglobulins Chemokines Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens by punching holes in their cell membrane and by secreting cytokines/lymphokines? Helper T cells Memory T cells Cytotoxic T cells Regulatory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
A nurse who works in a long-term care facility has observed the high incidence of infectious illnesses among the older adults who reside there. What is the best explanation for a diminished immune capacity in older adults? Decreased numbers and responsiveness of T lymphocytes Altered function in peripheral lymphocytes Overexpression of cytokines and receptors Decreased antigen recognition by B lymphocytes
Decreased numbers and responsiveness of T lymphocytes
A clinical research study is evaluating cells that bridge both the innate and adaptive immune systems. A nurse has identified the dendritic cells (DCs) as a key component. Which statement validates this finding? Dendritic cells (DCs) can also act as opsonins and can coat cellular particles on pathogens and enhance the phagocytic function of innate cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) spontaneously kill target tumor and/or infected cells without previous exposure to surface antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) directly sense pathogens, capture foreign agents, and transport them to secondary lymphoid tissues. Once activated, they undergo a maturation process and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) destroy the invading organism through the process of phagocytosis.
Dendritic cells (DCs) directly sense pathogens, capture foreign agents, and transport them to secondary lymphoid tissues. Once activated, they undergo a maturation process and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity.
A clinical research study is evaluating cells that bridge both the innate and adaptive immune systems. A nurse has identified the dendritic cells (DCs) as a key component. Which statement validates this finding? Dendritic cells (DCs) destroy the invading organism through the process of phagocytosis. Dendritic cells (DCs) directly sense pathogens, capture foreign agents, and transport them to secondary lymphoid tissues. Once activated, they undergo a maturation process and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) can also act as opsonins and can coat cellular particles on pathogens and enhance the phagocytic function of innate cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) spontaneously kill target tumor and/or infected cells without previous exposure to surface antigens.
Dendritic cells (DCs) directly sense pathogens, capture foreign agents, and transport them to secondary lymphoid tissues. Once activated, they undergo a maturation process and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) capable of initiating adaptive immunity.
During a blood transfusion, a client begins to have chills, back pain, and develops a fever. The nurse determines the client is experiencing a transfusion reaction. The nurse educates the client about transfusion reactions. Which statement indicates the cause of the reaction? There is no known cause for blood reactions. Even if the correct haplotypes are identified the body can still activate the immune system and reject the blood. Each person has two HLA haplotypes that identify human cells. Blood typing involves the identification of these haplotypes (ABO compatibility). The closer the matching of HLA types, the greater is the probability of identical antigens and the lower the chance of rejection. A reaction occurs if the immune system views the HLA types as foreign. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are the major target involved in rejection. ABO blood compatibility must be determined to avoid transfusion reactions. If the blood is correctly typed, the reaction is being caused by another antigen in the body. Blood is typed based on the haplotype compatibility. A reaction occurs when the blood is not typed correctly.
Each person has two HLA haplotypes that identify human cells. Blood typing involves the identification of these haplotypes (ABO compatibility). The closer the matching of HLA types, the greater is the probability of identical antigens and the lower the chance of rejection. A reaction occurs if the immune system views the HLA types as foreign.
A client is experiencing a decrease in the number of circulating neutrophils (neutropenia) during an active bacterial infection. The nurse examines the client's lab results looking for which cytokines that is responsible for promoting growth and maturation of neutrophils during inflammatory reactions? Monocyte CSF (M-CSF) Histamine Interferon (IFN) Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF)
Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF)
A client diagnosed with sepsis has a critically low neutrophil count. The nurse expects which drug or drug class to be used to stimulate white blood cell production? Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as epoetin alfa Monocolonal antibodies such as adalimumab Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) such as filgrastim Interferons
Granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) such as filgrastim
Three days ago, a mother delivered her full-term infant who had been identified as having an in utero infection. The infant is receiving antibiotic and phototherapy, and the mother is breast-feeding. Which types of immunoglobulins could most reasonably be expected to predominate in the infant's immune system? IgE, IgG, IgD IgA, IgM, IgD IgG, IgA, IgM IgM, IgD, Igm
IgG, IgA, IgM
A nurse is teaching a group of seniors about the decline of the immune system due to aging. Which topic should be included in the teaching plan regarding the immune response of older adults? Select all that apply. Increase in susceptibility to infections Weakened response to vaccinations Decrease in autoimmune disorders Higher incidence of cancer Increase in activation of immune responsiveness
Increase in susceptibility to infections Higher incidence of cancer Weakened response to vaccinations
A nurse is caring for a child diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome with thymic hypoplasia. Which immune response would the nurse anticipate in this child? No change in immunity Reduced antigen response Increased risk of infection Reduced risk of infection
Increased risk of infection
A client tells the nurse she is at risk to prematurely deliver her baby and is concerned that the baby does not have a developed immune system. The best response would be: Antibiotics are available; do not worry. All babies have deficient systems. Infants born prematurely may have deficient immunity. The immune system and protection are completed early in pregnancy.
Infants born prematurely may have deficient immunity.
Select the phases that make up the reaction of the complement system. Initial activation, amplification of inflammation, membrane attack response Primary phase, secondary phase, tertiary phase Initial activation, memory phase, resolution phase Emulsification phase, recovery phase, reactivation phase
Initial activation, amplification of inflammation, membrane attack response
A client being treated for a bacterial infection is improving and preparing for discharge. The nurse explains the disease process and functioning of the immune system to the client. Which cytokine is identified as responsible for decreasing the inflammatory immune response? Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
A client being treated for a bacterial infection is improving and preparing for discharge. The nurse explains the disease process and functioning of the immune system to the client. Which cytokine is identified as responsible for decreasing the inflammatory immune response? Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
A hospital client with a diagnosis of sepsis is in need of a specific response to microorganisms and a long-lasting immunity to the pathogens in question. Which component of the client's immune system is most able to meet these criteria? Natural killer cells Lymphocytes Neutrophils Macrophages
Lymphocytes
An obstetrics nurse is counseling an expectant mother. The mother is concerned about letting people hold her baby once the baby is born, fearing that the infant will get sick. What should the nurse explain to the mother? The innate immune system will protect the baby. IgA that is present at birth, and which originates with the mother, will protect the baby, Abundant lymphoid tissues protect the infant in the first few months of life. Maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta and protect the newborn early in life.
Maternal immunoglobulins cross the placenta and protect the newborn early in life.
Which type of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk? Artificially acquired active immunity Naturally acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
A child has a congenital condition in which the thymus gland is absent. What should the nurse include in the education of care of this client to the parents? Observe and report any signs of bleeding. Report if the child has 2 to 3 loose stools in a day. Observe and report signs and symptoms of infection. Do not immunize the child with inactive or live viruses.
Observe and report signs and symptoms of infection.
Which statement correctly identifies the role of the C3b subcomponent of the complement system? Opsonizes microbes to facilitate phagocytosis Lyses cells Induces rapid degranulation of mast cells Dilates arterioles
Opsonizes microbes to facilitate phagocytosis
A client who has a diagnosis of an autoimmune disease asks his nurse why it is that their immune system does not attack all of the cells that make up his body. Which of the following aspects of pathogen recognition in the innate immune system listed below would underlie the nurse's response? Normal host cells excrete inhibitory proteins that are detected by natural killer cells. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ensure cells are correctly identified. Leukocytes possess pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) Intraepithelial lymphocytes and natural killer cells possess specific, highly diverse receptors.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ensure cells are correctly identified.
Which actions would be considered an effector response of innate immunity? Select all that apply. Phagocytosis Recruitment of the complement system Viral destruction Initiation of inflammatory response Bacterial destruction
Phagocytosis Viral destruction Initiation of inflammatory response Recruitment of the complement system
Which statements are true regarding the effects of aging on the immune system? Select all that apply. Older adults tend to have more evidence of autoimmune disorders as we age. The size of the thymus gland increases with age. The number of lymphocytes increases as we age. The incidence of cancer increases as we age. Vaccinations are less effective as we age.
The incidence of cancer increases as we age. Vaccinations are less effective as we age. Older adults tend to have more evidence of autoimmune disorders as we age.
In an attempt to best explain the innate immune system to a class of first-year nursing students, the instructor should describe what characteristic? The innate immune system consists of lymphocytes and their products, including antibodies. The innate immune system is mediated by molecules called antibodies and is the principal defense against extracellular microbes and toxins. The response of the innate immune system is rapid, usually within minutes to hours, and prevents the establishment of infection and deeper tissue penetration of microorganisms. The innate immune system is mediated by specific T-cells and defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses.
The response of the innate immune system is rapid, usually within minutes to hours, and prevents the establishment of infection and deeper tissue penetration of microorganisms.
The nurse is explaining to a colleague the basis of a client's allergy to dust. What statement by the nurse most accurately describes antigens in this situation? They have a characteristic four-polypeptide structure consisting of at least two identical binding sites. They possess the ability to communicate critical information by cell-to-cell contact. Synthesis by leukocytes and the ability to act on other leukocytes interferes with virus multiplication. They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.
They are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response.
Select the response that correctly identifies B lymphocytes. They have a subset of T cells called helper T cells. They do not differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibody. They are the only cells capable of producing antibodies. They are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
They are the only cells capable of producing antibodies.
A mother is diagnosed with a bacterial infection and is worried that her newborn infant will also contract the infection. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the client? Since you are not immune to this infection, your infant is also at risk for contracting the infection. Your infant will require a vaccination to avoid getting the infection. Your newborn has maternal IgG antibodies that were transferred through the placenta before birth, providing some protection from infection. Since the newborn immune system is not mature your infant cannot contract the infection.
Your newborn has maternal IgG antibodies that were transferred through the placenta before birth, providing some protection from infection.
The nurse is explaining the quality of pleiotropism that is possessed by many cytokines. The quality of pleiotropism implies that such cytokines: perform unique functions in a specific body cell. can perform different functions in the same cells. have a unique function in all cells. are able to act on different types of cells.
are able to act on different types of cells.
A 10 year old child with strep throat asks the nurse, "Why are there large bumps [lymph nodes] on my neck when my throat gets sore?" The nurse replies that lymph nodes: bring in cells into the lymph node [your bump] to stop the germs from going anywhere else in the body. help your body fight off infections by allowing special cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] to move through the lymph chain and engulf and destroy germs. help your tonsils get bigger with cells that will bring immune cells into your throat to prevent any other infections. bring all kind of good cells to your throat so that they can wall the strep off and keep the germs from getting any food or water.
help your body fight off infections by allowing special cells [lymphocytes and macrophages] to move through the lymph chain and engulf and destroy germs.
The most important function of the thymus is: to serve as a center for proliferation and response of immune cells. immune cell production and maturation. to remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the bloodstream. to filter antigens from the blood and respond to systemic infections.
immune cell production and maturation.
The nurse knows a drug in a category identified as a colony-stimulating factor (CSF) helps: stimulate the person's immune system so that they can kill their own cancer cells. cells engulf and digest microbes that want to attach to cell membranes and destroy normal cell function. produce cells that will be the first responder cells to protect against cancer formation. to stimulate bone marrow to produce large numbers of mature cells such as platelets and erythrocytes.
to stimulate bone marrow to produce large numbers of mature cells such as platelets and erythrocytes.